海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的影像特征和显微手术

目的 总结海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的诊断和手术治疗经验,探讨其影像特征和手术要点.方法 对2001年10月至2008年10月收治并手术切除的13例海绵窦海绵状血管瘤进行回顾性分析.病灶最大径3.5～6 0 cm,均经MRI证实和显微手术切除.结果 病变被全切除9例,大部切除3例,活检1例,无手术死亡.海绵窦神经保留情况:8例保留动眼神经;9例保留三叉神经第Ⅱ、Ⅲ支;其余均未能保留.结论 海绵窦海绵状血管瘤可以根据其MRI的特征性影像获得确诊.合适的手术人路、娴熟的显微外科技术是全切肿瘤的必备条件.海绵窦内神经的保留仍然是未能完全解决的问题.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the imaging character and surgical therapy of cavernous hemangiomas in cavernous sinus ( CSHs) .Method From 2001 to 2008, 13 patients with CSHs were surgically treated in our department.The diameters of CSHs varied from 3.5 cm to 6.0 cm.Results All the patients were operated on with no mortality.Complete tumor removal was achieved in 9 cases, partial tumor removal in 3 cases, and biopsy in 1 case.Cranial nerve Ⅲ was preserved in 8 cases and cranial nerves V2,V3 in 9 cases.In the other cases, cranial nerves in cavernous sinus were sacrificed unavoidably.Conclusions CSHs can be diagnosed preoperatively according to MRI and can be removed successfully by experienced surgeons who are familiar with operative approaches and microsurgical technique.However,great efforts should be made to decrease postoperative cranial nerve deficits.     

Mechanism of Kinect-based virtual reality training for motor functional recovery of upper limbs after subacute stroke

The Kinect-based virtual reality system for the Xbox 360 enables users to control and interact with the game console without the need to touch a game controller, and provides rehabilitation training for stroke patients with lower limb dysfunctions. However, the underlying mechanism remains un- clear. In this study, 18 healthy subjects and five patients after subacute stroke were included. The five patients were scanned using functional MRI prior to training, 3 weeks after training and at a 12-week follow-up, and then compared with healthy subjects. The FugI-Meyer Assessment and Wolf Motor Function Test scores of the hemiplegic upper limbs of stroke patients were significantly increased 3 weeks after training and at the 12-week follow-up. Functional MRI results showed that contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex was activated after Kinect-based virtual reality training in the stroke patients compared with the healthy subjects. Contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex, the bilateral supplementary motor area and the ipsilateral cerebellum were also activated during hand-clenching in all 18 healthy subjects. Our findings indicate that Kinect-based virtual reality training could promote the recovery of upper limb motor function in subacute stroke patients, and brain reorganization by Kinect-based virtual reality training may be linked to the contralateral sen- sorimotor cortex.     

海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的治疗方法.方法 对我院2000年6月至2010年7月以来收治的13例海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 2例患者仅行开颅探查术,其余11例行手术切除,肿瘤均完全切除,无手术死亡病例,术后视力改善者3例,5例出现动眼神经麻痹,其中3例伴有外展神经麻痹,4例出现手术同侧面部麻木.结论 选择合适的手术方式可成功切除海绵窦海绵状血管瘤并减少神经损伤的并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the treatment of cavernous sinus hemangioma Method The clinical data of 13 cavernous sinus hemangioma patients from June 2000 to July 2010 were analyzed. Results Exploratory craniotomy was used for 2 patients,the tumor was totally removed in 11 patients. There was no postoperative death. There were 3 patients having improved eyesight. The postoperative complications included oculomotor nerve palsy in 5 patients including abducens nerve palsy in 3 patients, and facial paralysis of ipsilateral side in 4 patients. Conclusions Through reasonable approach,cavernous sinus hemangioma could be totally removed with low complication rate.     

蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤术后眼睑下垂相关因素及并发症分析

目的 分析蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤显微手术术后眼睑下垂相关因素及并发症.方法 回顾性研究首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院颅底脑干病房从1993年4月到2008年12月的49例蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤的治疗情况,对可能导致术后眼睑下垂的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 男41例,女38例;平均年龄52.4岁;病史平均20.9个月.最常见症状为脑神经损害,MRI发现肿瘤平均最大径为5.09 cm.30例患者采用额颞人路,14例采用额颞断颧弓人路,5例选用眶颧入路切除肿瘤.肿瘤近全切除率52%,死亡率2%.随访到39例患者,平均随访73.7个月,4例随访中死亡,生存的35例患者中,22例正常生活.多因素分析发现,术后眼睑下垂与海绵窦分级、术前KPS评分及既往手术史相关.结论 蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤全切困难,术后最常见并发症是动眼神经麻痹,术后眼睑下垂与海绵窦分级、术前KPS评分及既往手术史相关.术后随访发现肿瘤复发可辅助放疗.

Abstract：

Objective To study the surgical results and complications for sphenocavernous (SC)meningioma patients with special reference to postoperative ptosis.Method 49 consecutive cases of SC meningiomas operated between April 1993 and Dec 2008 in our department were reviewed.All the probable risk factors related to postoperative ptosis were studied with Logistic regression analysis.Results There were 38 female and 11 male patients ( mean age 52.4 years, range 31 ～ 74 years).The mean duration of symptoms was 20.9 months( ranging from 1 week to 108 months).Cranial nerves palsy was the most common presenting symptoms.The mean maximal diameter of tumor on MRI was 5.09 cm.Frontotemporal approach was performed in 30 cases,frontotemporal zygomatic approach in 14 cases and frontotemporal orbitozygomatic osteotomy approach in 5 cases.Subtotal resection was achieved in 52% patients.The surgical mortality was 2%.Follow -up data were available for 39 patients,with a mean follow- up of 73.7 months.Four patients died during follow - up period.Of the 35 living patients, 22 lived a normal life.Multi - factors that might influence ptosis after operation included the grading of cavernous extension, pre - operation KPS and the history of surgery for tumors.Conclusions Complete and safe resection of SC meningioma is difficult.Our experience suggests that the most common complication after SC meningioma surgery is ocular CN dysfunction.The factors relative to postoperative ptosis include the extension to cavernous sinus,pre - operation KPS and history of surgery for meningioma.Gamma knife radiosurgery could be considered as an adjuvant therapy only for recurrent tumors during follow - up period.     

经耳前颧弓硬膜外入路切除海绵窦肿瘤60例分析

目的 总结回顾2002年至2009年经治的海绵窦病变60例的临床特点、手术人路及手术效果.方法 神经鞘瘤18例,海绵状血管瘤23例,皮样囊肿9例,脑膜瘤4例,脊索瘤3例,垂体瘤3例.均经耳前颧弓硬膜外入路切除.结果 神经鞘瘤18均全切,海绵状血管瘤23例,全切18例,5例有残留.皮样囊肿9例全切,脑膜瘤4例,全切3例,次全切1例.脊索瘤3例,结合经鼻蝶窦入路手术,均达到了全切.垂体瘤3例全切.结论 经耳前颧弓硬膜外入路切除海绵窦病变是一个理想的手术入路,可以充分显露病变,减少对脑组织的牵拉,也可以明确Ⅲ～Ⅵ脑神经和颈内动脉的位置,减少神经和血管损伤的概率.对与动脉或神经粘连无法彻底切除的病变可以辅以立体定向放射治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To review our experience of microsurgery for 60 cavernous sinus tumors from 2002 to 2009.The clinical features,surgical techniques and outcome of cavernous sinus tumor in 60 cases were investigated retrospectively.Methods The patients included 23 hemangiomas,18 shwannomas,9 dermoid cysts,4 meningiomas,3 chordomas,3 pituitary adenomas.AIl the tumors were removed with subtomperal preauricular extradural approach.Results The tumors were removed satisfactorily.The shwannomas were totally removed. The hemangiomas were totally removed in 18,near-totally removed in 5 cases.Nine dermoid cysts were removed totally.For the 4 meningiomas,3 were removed completely,neartotallv removed in 1 cases.The 3 Chordomas were resected near-totally and achieved a completely removal with combined approach.Conclusion The subtomperal preauricular extradural approach is a rational choice.It can reveal the cranial nerve branches and artery at an early stage so that cranial nerves Ⅲ～Ⅵ and internal carotid artery can be preserved during operation.The tumor exposure is ideal and brain traction and contusion are slightly.The adjunctive radiotherapy is demanded for residual tumors adhering to nerves and arteries severely.     

Virtual reality training improves balance function

Virtual reality is a new technology that simulates a three-dimensional virtual world on a com- puter and enables the generation of visual, audio, and haptic feedback for the full immersion of users. Users can interact with and observe objects in three-dimensional visual space without limitation. At present, virtual reality training has been widely used in rehabilitation therapy for balance dysfunction. This paper summarizes related articles and other articles suggesting that virtual reality training can improve balance dysfunction in patients after neurological diseases. When patients perform virtual reality training, the prefrontal, parietal cortical areas and other motor cortical networks are activated. These activations may be involved in the reconstruction of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Growing evidence from clinical studies reveals that virtual reality training improves the neurological function of patients with spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments. These findings suggest that virtual reality training can acti- vate the cerebral cortex and improve the spatial orientation capacity of patients, thus facilitating the cortex to control balance and increase motion function.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤显微手术治疗体会

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤手术入路选择、手术技巧及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2000年2月至2006年10月手术治疗的45例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料,14例经单侧额下入路,15例经翼点入路,9例经眶额翼点入路,7例扩大经额入路.结果 肿瘤全切除42例,大部分切除3例;术后视力改善33例,无明显变化9例,3例恶化.结论 根据肿瘤大小、部位、生长方式及毗邻关系选择正确的手术入路并结合熟练的显微外科手术操作是全切除肿瘤及获得良好临床疗效的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To study the surgical approaches, operative techniques and curative effects of tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Method Retrospective analysis was made on 45 cases of tuberculum sellae meningiomas operated with a variety of surgical approaches. In 14 patients,the tumors were removed through unilateral subfrontal approach, 15 through pterional approach,9 through fronto - orbital craniotomy and 7 through extended frontal approach. Results Of the 45 cases, tumor was totally removed in 42 cases, subtotally removed in 3. Postoperatively, the eyesight was improved in 33 cases, unchanged in 9 cases, and worse in 3 cases. Conclusions The surgical approach for tuberculum sellae meningioma should be chosen according to the size, location, growth pattern and adjacent relation of tumor. The microsurgical skill is the key for total removal of tumor and good curative effect.     

导航引导下内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨导航引导下完全内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除位于鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的可行性和有效性.方法 采用内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路、术中导航引导下切除3例位于鞍上区和第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 3例颅咽管瘤全切,手术效果好.术后随访10-14个月,患者生活正常,需要激素替代治疗.结论 内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路可以安全有效地切除位于鞍上区、第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤,这种手术方式不需要牵拉脑组织,并能完全暴露视交叉后、下方区域,在直视下操作,有利于对下丘脑、垂体柄及其他重要结构的保护.对于选择性的颅咽管瘤病例,内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路是切除肿瘤的一种新型微创手术入路.神经导航可以验证解剖标记点,引导手术方向,增加手术安全性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of image -guided extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach(EEETA) for the removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle. Method A pure EEETA with image -guided system was used. Three patients with a craniopharyngioma involving the suprasellar region and third ventricle were treated. Results Total craniopharyngioma removal was achieved in three cases. All the patients recovered uneventfully. The follow - up study was carried out for 10 to 14 months with good outcomes. Compensatory endocrine substitution therapy was needed in all of them. Conclusions The EEETA for removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle is feasible and effective. It has the advantages of no needing for brain retraction,offering panoramic view of retrochiasmatic and infrachiasmatic regions,manipulating under direct vision and protecting hypothalamus,pituitary stalk and other vital structures. The EEETA is a novel and minimally invasive approach for selected cases of craniopharyngioma. Neuronavigation plays an important role in identifying anatomic landmarks,guiding surgical direction and increasing safety of the operations.     

Virtual reality interface devices in the reorganization of neural networks in the brain of patients with neurological diseases

Two key characteristics of all virtual reality applications are interaction and immersion. Systemic interaction is achieved through a variety of multisensory channels （hearing, sight, touch, and smell）, permitting the user to interact with the virtual world in real time. Immersion is the degree to which a person can feel wrapped in the virtual world through a defined interface. Virtual real- ity interface devices such as the Nintendo~ Wii and its peripheral nunchuks-balance board, head mounted displays and joystick allow interaction and immersion in unreal environments created from computer software. Virtual environments are highly interactive, generating great activation of visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems during the execution of a video game. In addi- tion, they are entertaining and safe for the user. Recently, incorporating therapeutic purposes in virtual reality interface devices has allowed them to be used for the rehabilitation of neurological patients, e.g., balance training in older adults and dynamic stability in healthy participants. The improvements observed in neurological diseases （chronic stroke and cerebral palsy） have been shown by changes in the reorganization of neural networks in patients＇ brain, along with better hand function and other skills, contributing to their quality of life. The data generated by such studies could substantially contribute to physical rehabilitation strategies.     

hTe exciting potential of nanotherapy in brain-tumor targeted drug delivery approaches

Delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) and brain-tumor has been a major challenge. hTe current standard treatment approaches for the brain-tumor comprise of surgical resection followed by immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the current treatments are limited in provid-ing signiifcant beneifts to the patients and despite recent technological advancements; brain-tumor is still challenging to treat. Brain-tumor therapy is limited by the lack of effective and targeted strategies to deliver chemotherapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). hTe BBB is the main obstacle that must be overcome to allow compounds to reach their targets in the brain. Recent advances have boosted the nan-otherapeutic approaches in providing an attractive strategy in improving the drug delivery across the BBB and into the CNS. Compared to conventional formulations, nanoformulations offer signiifcant ad vantages in CNS drug delivery approaches. Considering the above facts, in this review, the physiological/anatomical features of the brain-tumor and the BBB are brielfy discussed. hTe drug transport mechanisms at the BBB are outlined. hTe approaches to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs across the CNS into the brain-tumor using nanocarriers are summarized. In addition, the challenges that need to be addressed in nanotherapeutic ap-proaches for their enhanced clinical application in brain-tumor therapy are discussed.     

虚拟现实技术量化经额入路显露海绵窦区显微解剖研究

目的利用Dextroscope虚拟现实系统定量评价经额入路显露海绵窦区的显微解剖特点。方法根据尸头CT和MRI影像数据,以Dextroscope虚拟现实系统构建海绵窦三维解剖模型,分别选择颅盖和颅底标识点连成三角形模拟手术骨窗和海绵窦不同显露术野（三角面A、B、c）。结果不同术野三角形面积比较,B面术野最大（均P=0．000）,但是到达术野前的操作空间和经过脑组织的体积A、B、C三面之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。经C面术野到达海绵窦前所需磨除前床突和显露颈内动脉及其分支的体积,分别大于经B面和经A面术野（均P=0．000）;经B面术野进入海绵窦后磨除前床突的体积,以及显露脑神经和颈内动脉的体积分别大于经c面和A面术野（均P=0．000）;经A面术野与经B面术野进入海绵窦后显露垂体的体积差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;经c面术野不显露垂体。结论虚拟现实技术模拟经额显露海绵窦显微手术人路具有快捷、直观、量化、可重复等优势。     

虚拟现实技术量化经额入路显露海绵窦区显微解剖研究

目的利用Dextroseope虚拟现实系统定量评价经额人路显露海绵窦区的显微解剖特点。方法根据尸头CT和MRI影像数据,以Dextroscope虚拟现实系统构建海绵窦三维解剖模型,分别选择颅盖和颅底标识点连成三角形模拟手术骨窗和海绵窦不同显露术野(三角面A、B、c)。结果不同术野三角形面积比较,B面术野最大(均P=0.000).但是到达术野前的操作空间和经过脑组织的体积A、B、c三面之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经C面术野到达海绵窦前所需磨除前床突和显露颈内动脉及其分支的体积,分别大于经B面和经A面术野(均P=0.000);经B面术野进入海绵窦后磨除前床突的体积,以及显露脑神经和颈内动脉的体积分别大于经C面和A面术野(均P=0.000);经A面术野与经B面术野进入海绵窦后显露垂体的体积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经C面术野不显露垂体。结论虚拟现实技术模拟经额显露海绵窦显微手术入路具有快捷、直观、量化、可重复等优势。     

虚拟影像术前计划系统在神经外科的临床应用研究

目的探讨三维立体虚拟影像术前计划系统在神经外科常规手术中的应用价值。方法应用Radio Dexter虚拟影像术前计划系统对颅内肿瘤及椎管内肿瘤等15例神经外科常规手术病例进行术前计划操作。结果15例病例均成功进行了术的计划操作。该系统形成的三维立体虚拟影像清晰、逼真，并可进行多种模拟操作，能更清楚、准确地显示手术区域解剖结构及毗邻关系。本组无严重并发症．无死亡病例。结论三维立体虚拟影像术前计划系统能够提高神经外科手术的精确性．降低手术创伤及手术风险，值得推广应用。     

海绵窦显微解剖及颅眶颧入路研究

目的为海绵窦的颅眶颧入路提供解剖学依据。方法成人头颅湿标本15例，血管内灌注乳胶染料后进行至海绵窦的相关手术入路操作，手术显微镜下观测海绵窦的解剖结构，每侧测量了12个海绵窦各壁上解剖三角的有关数据，将颅眶颧入路与其他手术入路进行比较。结果通过Hakuba三角和Parkinson三角几乎能暴露海绵窦内所有结构。结论经海绵窦三角直接手术，既不损伤重要神经血管又能进入海绵窦内，充分认识有关解剖三角是手术顺利进行的前提。颅眶颧入路能充分暴露海绵窦侧壁各解剖三角。有利于进行海绵窦复杂病变的手术。     

乙状窦前和乙状窦后入路微创显露膝状神经节的虚拟现实比较

目的：通过虚拟现实技术比较乙状窦前和乙状窦后入路微创显露膝状神经节的显微解剖特征。方法对15例尸体头颅行M RI和C T扫描,将影像数据输入虚拟现实系统,构建颞骨三维解剖模型,在颅盖和颅底选择骨性标志点勾勒乙状窦前和乙状窦后入路显露膝状神经节的手术路径。观察两种路径的解剖结构空间形态和顺序,测量解剖组织体积,采用配对 t检验进行比较分析。结果乙状窦前入路由乳突开始磨除岩骨,避开乙状窦和颈静脉球,经过面神经垂直段、听骨链、迷路,到达膝状神经节时,显露面神经。乙状窦后入路由横窦下方开颅,经过小脑半球,到达内听道时磨除岩骨,经过面听神经复合体,到达膝状神经节,路径中包含听骨链和迷路。手术路径和迷路体积测量：乙状窦后入路＞乙状窦前入路;面听神经复合体和听骨链体积：乙状窦前入路＞乙状窦后入路,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。乙状窦后入路中小脑半球体积为（462．72±20．87）mm3,乙状窦前入路不包含小脑半球。两种路径中骨性结构（不包含听骨链）体积的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论在磨除岩骨显露膝状神经节的路径中,乙状窦前入路有助于减少迷路损伤范围,乙状窦后入路有助于减少听骨链损伤范围并显露面听神经复合体。     

内镜下经鼻蝶入路海绵窦区的解剖研究

目的探讨经鼻蝶入路内镜手术和眶-颧入路开颅手术进入海绵窦区解剖学差异。方法选取12例成人尸颅标本,各选6例样本分别模拟经鼻蝶入路内镜手术和眶-颧入路开颅手术暴露海绵窦区,观察海绵窦内重要神经血管结构的暴露情况及位置关系,比较两科手术对于海绵窦区重要结构的显露程度及优缺点。结果眶-颧入路开颅手术,通过内侧三角、Parkinson三角、Kawase三角几乎可暴露海绵窦内所有结构;而经鼻蝶入路内镜手术,对于海绵窦前内侧及鞍旁区域暴露良好,不能暴露上斜坡区域。结论内镜下经鼻蝶入路进入海绵窦,操作简便,创伤小,可清楚暴露海绵窭内部结构,可用于临床上海绵窦病变的治疗。     

颞下经硬膜外锁孔入路显微解剖学研究

目的　应用锁孔入路的新理念进行显微解剖学研究，为临床应用颞下经硬膜外锁孔入路提供依据。方法　模拟颞下经硬膜外锁孔入路，对10具经10％甲醛固定的成人尸头标本在显微镜下进行观察并测量显露的解剖结构。结果　颞下经硬膜外锁孔入路可以充分暴露海绵窦外侧壁及其内部结构。结论　颞下经硬膜外锁孔入路可用于累及海绵窦肿瘤的手术治疗。     

扩大经鼻蝶入路海绵窦的内镜解剖研究

目的通过对扩大经鼻蝶窦入路的内镜解剖学研究,为临床应用提供形态学基础.方法在10具动脉灌注染料的成人尸头上模拟扩大经鼻蝶窦手术入路,测量海绵窦内重要结构与鞍底的距离.结果扩大经鼻蝶手术入路可清晰显示鞍底的骨膜、硬脑膜外层、海绵窦内侧壁,及海绵窦内的颈内动脉及其分支血管、动眼神经、滑车神经、展神经及视神经等结构.结论内镜下行扩大经鼻蝶手术入路可清晰显露海绵窦及其内的解剖结构,适用于鞍内病变侵犯海绵窦的外科治疗.     

经额颞硬膜外入路进行海绵窦手术

目的:研究经硬膜外人路进行海绵窦直接手术的方法。方法:在经福尔马林固定的尸体头颅标本上,模拟硬膜外入路进行海绵窦及其邻近结构的显露和解剖。结果与结论:经额颞硬膜外入路可以充分显露海绵窦,且神经、血管损伤少,优于传统的硬膜内入路,适合于大多数海绵窦手术。     

经额颞硬膜外入路进行海绵窦手术

目的研究经硬膜外入路进行海绵窦直接手术的手术方法。方法在经福尔马林固定的尸体头标本上,模拟硬膜外入路进行海绵窦及其邻近结构的显露和解剖。结果与结论经额颞硬膜外入路可以充分显露海绵窦,且神经血管损伤少,优于传统的硬膜内入路,适合于大多数海绵窦手术。