西安地区骨性Ⅱ类面型青年颅面部三维测量值研究

目的：对西安地区汉族骨性Ⅱ类面型青年进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,将该年龄组的骨性Ⅱ类面型颅面部各器官之间的三维测量值进行研究,为临床诊断和制定治疗计划提供参考依据.方法：采用Farkas的颅面部软组织表面测量方法,对西安地区面部形态为凸面型的60名汉族青年进行54项测量,将测量结果与司新芹用同法测量的正常面型青年面部软组织三维测量值进行对比.结果：通过抽样调查发现,西安地区西安籍骨性Ⅱ类面型青年相对正常面型青年在三维方向的特点是：上颌相对下颌前突,颏下点相对后缩（中面1/3弧＞t-gn-t下面1/3弧,P＜0.01）;面下1/3较窄（下颌宽：骨性Ⅱ类面型＜正常面型,P＜0.01）.结论：西安地区西安籍骨性Ⅱ类面型青年相对正常面型青年面部软组织在三维方向上存在较大的差异.     

西安地区骨性II类面型青年与正常人颅面部比例指数比较

目的:对西安地区汉族骨性II类面型青年进行颅面部的三维测量,将测量值相比较所得到的颅面部比例指数与正常人对比,力求发现骨性II类面型的颅面部三维特征,为治疗计划的制定提供参考。方法:采用Farkas的颅面部形态学测量方法,对60名西安地区骨性II类面型的汉族青年进行54项测量,将计算出的面部比例指数与正常面型青年进行对比。结果:通过研究发现,西安地区骨性II类面型男、女性相对正常面型男、女性有一些共同的特点:下颌宽比面宽,下唇红弧形长度比上唇红弧形长度、下唇高比上唇高、面下1/3深比面中1/3深、下颌高比面高均较正常人小。结论:西安地区骨性II类面型青年面部软组织三维结构与正常面型者有着较大差异,主要表现在面下1/3。     

西安地区骨性II类长短面型青年的三维测量研究

目的:对西安地区部分汉族骨性II类长短面型青年进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,将该年龄组的颅面部各器官之间的三维测量值及比例指数在长短面型之间进行对比研究,为临床诊断和制定治疗计划提供更可靠的依据。方法:采用Farkas的颅面部软组织表面测量方法,对西安地区骨性II类长短面型青年进行54项测量。结果:通过对西安地区部分汉族骨性II类长短面型患者进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,发现:1.从三维测量值中可见骨性II类长面型相对于短面型患者下颌角大(150.4°>120.8°,P<0.01)。2.从三维测量比例指数中可见骨性II类长面型相对于短面型较窄、长,前全面高较大,前上面高及前下面高均较大(P<0.01)。结论:西安地区骨性II类长短面型之间不仅面高比不同,颅面部软组织的其他三维测量值及比例指数也存在着较明显的差异。     

西安地区青年骨性II类面型与正常面型颅面形态的三维自动测量研究

目的:利用自主研发的颅面形态三维可视化自动测量系统对西安地区骨性II类与正常面型青年进行面部软组织三维自动测量比较研究。方法:采用激光扫描获取颅面部软组织三维信息,对20例正常面型和20例骨性II类面型进行颅面软组织自动测量,每个受试对象测量3次,测量结果进行SPSS12.0统计软件分析。结果:本样本骨性II类面型表现水平向前额宽、口宽、下颌宽比较窄,下唇弧长相对上唇弧长较短;垂直向面下1/3高、下颌高、颏高较短,下唇较短、下唇红暴露较多;矢状向下颌深、下1/3面深均较小。结论:本样本骨性II类与正常面型之间不仅有矢状向的不调,颅面部软组织其他三维测量值也存在较大的差异。     

西安地区骨性III类长短面型患者的三维测量研究

目的:对部分西安地区汉族骨性III类长短面型青年进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,将该年龄组的颅面部各器官之间的三维测量值及比例指数在长短面型之间进行对比研究,为临床诊断和制定治疗计划提供更可靠的依据。方法:采用Farkas的颅面部软组织表面测量方法,对西安地区骨性III类长短面型患者进行54项测量。结果:通过对部分西安地区汉族骨性III类长短面型患者进行颅面部软组织的三维测量发现:①骨性III类长面型相对于短面型下颌角较大(137.9°>117.8°,P<0.01)。②骨性III类长面型相对于短面型下颌宽较窄,前全面高、前下面高均较大(P<0.01)。结论:西安地区骨性III类长短面型青年之间不仅面高比不同,颅面部软组织的其他三维测量值及比例指数也存在着较明显的差异。     

西安地区骨性Ⅱ类面型青年与正常人颅面部比例指数比较

目的：对西安地区汉族骨性Ⅱ类面型青年进行颅面部的三维测量，将测量值相比较所得到的颅面部比例指教与正常人对比，力求发现骨性Ⅱ类面型的颅面部三维特征，为治疗计划的制定提供参考。方法：采用Farkas的颅面部形态学测量方法，对60名西安地区骨性Ⅱ类面型的汉族青年进行54项测量，将计算出的面部比例指教与正常面型青年进行对比。结果：通过研究发现，西安地区骨性Ⅱ类面型男、女性相对正常面型男、女性有一些共同的特点：下颌宽比面宽，下唇红弧形长度比上唇红弧形长度、下唇高比上唇高、面下1／3深比面中1／3深、下颌高比面高均较正常人小。结论：西安地区骨性Ⅱ类面型青年面部软组织三维结构与正常面型者有着较大差异，主要表现在面下1／3。     

西安地区骨性Ⅲ类长短面型患者的三维测量研究

目的对部分西安地区汉族骨性Ⅲ类长短面型青年进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,将该年龄组的颅面部各器官之间的三维测量值及比例指数在长短面型之间进行对比研究,为临床诊断和制定治疗计划提供更可靠的依据.方法采用Farkas的颅面部软组织表面测量方法,对西安地区骨性Ⅲ类长短面型患者进行54项测量.结果通过对部分西安地区汉族骨性Ⅲ类长短面型患者进行颅面部软组织的三维测量发现①骨性Ⅲ类长面型相对于短面型下颌角较大(137.9°＞117.8°,P＜0.01).②骨性Ⅲ类长面型相对于短面型下颌宽较窄,前全面高、前下面高均较大(P＜0.01).结论西安地区骨性Ⅲ类长短面型青年之间不仅面高比不同,颅面部软组织的其他三维测量值及比例指数也存在着较明显的差异.     

西安地区骨性Ⅱ类长短面型青年的三维测量研究

目的对西安地区部分汉族骨性Ⅱ类长短面型青年进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,将该年龄组的颅面部各器官之间的三维测量值及比例指数在长短面型之间进行对比研究,为临床诊断和制定治疗计划提供更可靠的依据.方法采用Farkas的颅面部软组织表面测量方法,对西安地区骨性Ⅱ类长短面型青年进行54项测量.结果通过对西安地区部分汉族骨性Ⅱ类长短面型患者进行颅面部软组织的三维测量,发现1.从三维测量值中可见骨性Ⅱ类长面型相对于短面型患者下颌角大(150.4°＞120.8°,P＜0.01).2.从三维测量比例指数中可见骨性Ⅱ类长面型相对于短面型较窄、长,前全面高较大,前上面高及前下面高均较大(P＜0.01).结论西安地区骨性Ⅱ类长短面型之间不仅面高比不同,颅面部软组织的其他三维测量值及比例指数也存在着较明显的差异.     

西安地区青年骨性III类面型与正常面型颅面形态的三维自动测量研究

目的:利用自主研发的颅面软组织形态三维自动测量系统对骨性III类与正常面型进行面部软组织自动测量比较研究。方法:对西安地区20例正常面型和20例骨性III类面型青年,采用激光扫描获取颅面部软组织三维信息,利用自行研发的自动测量软件系统进行颅面软组织自动测量,每个受试对象测量3次,测量结果进行SPSS12.0统计软件分析。结果:本样本骨性III类面型表现水平向面宽、眼裂宽、鼻翼宽、鼻翼基底宽较窄,鼻根宽、眶间距大,下唇红缘弧长较长,下唇红缘弧长相对上唇缘弧长明显长;垂直向上面高、鼻梁、上下唇均较短,上唇红暴露较少,下颌高、颏高明显长;矢状向上颊深、中颊深、中颊弧长明显短;颏唇角大,面角大。结论:骨性III类与正常面型比较不仅有矢状向的不调,颅面部软组织的其他三维测量值也存在较大的差异。     

西安地区青年骨性Ⅲ类面型与正常面型颅面形态的三维自动测量研究

目的：利用自主研发的颅面软组织形态三维自动测量系统对骨性Ⅲ类与正常面型进行面部软组织自动测量比较研究.方法：对西安地区20例正常面型和20例骨性Ⅲ类面型青年,采用激光扫描获取颅面部软组织三维信息,利用自行研发的自动测量软件系统进行颅面软组织自动测量,每个受试对象测量3次,测量结果进行SPSS12.0统计软件分析.结果：本样本骨性Ⅲ类面型表现水平向面宽、眼裂宽、鼻翼宽、鼻翼基底宽较窄,鼻根宽、眶间距大,下唇红缘弧长较长,下唇红缘弧长相对上唇缘弧长明显长;垂直向上面高、鼻梁、上下唇均较短,上唇红暴露较少,下颌高、颏高明显长;矢状向上颊深、中颊深、中颊弧长明显短;颏唇角大,面角大.结论：骨性Ⅲ类与正常面型比较不仅有矢状向的不调,颅面部软组织的其他三维测量值也存在较大的差异.     

基于X线的颅面部软组织三维重建及测量分析研究

目的：利用头颅定位X线片实现颅面部软组织的三维重建及测量。方法：同期分次摄取侧位、45°位和正位头颅定位X线片。利用侧位和45°位X线片上相匹配的外加金属标志点,获得颅面部软组织的三维信息,进行颅面部软组织形态的三维重建。在所建面部三维模型基础之上选8个解剖标志点,进行10项测量,并与人群的正常值进行比较研究。结果：利用侧位和45°位的两张X线片,对颅面部软组织实现三维重建。建立了颅面部软组织的三维测量系统,测量结果同正常值相比较,除面宽和下颌宽有较大的差异外,测量值都具有很好的同一性,面部比例指数除去面宽和下颌角宽的影响大多数都有较好的一致性。结论：本系统基于头颅定位X线片实现颅面部软组织的三维重建和测量,为面部畸形的诊断,正颌手术的定量化手术设计,术后疗效评价提供新的技术方法。     

Quantification of mentolabial profile using lateral roentgen cephalography and profile reconstruction by mandibular osteotomy in healthy adults and patients with scar contracture following severe facial burns

Here mentolabial form including lateral facial contour and bony contour in healthy adults was studied to refer to values of normal mentolabial form using lateral roentgen cephalography. In soft tissue of healthy adults, thickness of mentolabial soft tissue was greater for men than for women. Degree of mentolabial curvature was greater for men than for women. In severe facial burn patients, the micrognathia-like deformity was evaluated compared with the reference values. In soft tissue of severe facial burn patients, loss of mentolabial sulcus and eversion of the lower lip were characteristically analyzed, suspecting that the major cause was scar contracture. These statistical data contribute to reconstruction of micrognathia-like deformity after severe facial burn to lead to favorable mentolabial form. It is shown that osteotomized genio-advancement produced ideal mentolabial form in severe facial burn patients, who had not been satisfied with the form by conventional operative methods, free skin flap, skin flap or free skin graft. And that the analyzed data, especially in the parameter of thickness of mentolabial sulcus, was improved.     

Soft tissue facial volumes and shape in skeletal Class III patients before and after orthognathic surgery treatment.

BACKGROUND: To obtain the best surgical results in orthognathic surgery, treatment planning and the evaluation of results should be performed on measurable three-dimensional reproductions of the face of the patients, and compared to reference subjects. METHODS: Seven women aged 18-35 years, all with a skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry, were assessed both before (on average, 2 months) and after (on average, 10.7 months) surgical intervention (mandibular reduction by sagittal split osteotomy and LeFort I maxillary advancement). The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 soft tissue facial landmarks (face, eyes, nose, mouth and lips, ears) were collected with a noninvasive, electromagnetic digitizer; facial volumes were estimated, and compared to reference values collected in 87 healthy women of the same age and ethnic group. Inter-individual modifications in facial shape were also assessed. RESULTS: Before surgery the patients had smaller faces than the reference women, with larger lower lips and noses. A large within-group variability was found. Surgical treatment significantly reduced total facial volume and mandibular volume, increased total and upper lip volumes (Student's t test, p<0.05), and made all values more homogenous within the group. Shape differences were significantly larger before than after surgery. On average, right side gonion was the landmark that moved the most, closely followed by menton, while the tragi and ala nasi moved the least. The three-dimensional approach used in this study enabled quantitative evaluation of the final soft tissue results of surgery, without submitting the patients to invasive procedures.     

Three-dimensional facial contouring: utilizing upper-midface suspension technology and alloplastic augmentation

Facial aesthetic surgery procedures have evolved to the highest level possible, the three-dimensional restructuring of facial form. Repositioning of the deep soft tissue planes from the neck to the zygoma as well as subperiosteal, upper, and midface elevation have become commonplace. Alloplastic implant contouring is not only a useful adjunct, but it should be a fundamental tool used with the variety of new facial aesthetic techniques. It is now possible for the aesthetic surgeon to variously restore, rejuvenate, or enhance facial forms of either hereditary or aging origins. Infinite variations in facial contour are now possible. By using alloplastic techniques based on concepts of zonal anatomy and aesthetic deficiency typing, the bony and soft tissue contours of the face can be created or modified with a minimum of complications. The use of alloplastic implants on the "fourth skeletal plane" represents an optimum, significant, three-dimensional manipulation of both the soft tissues of the face and the skeletal anatomic elements of mass and volume.     

Facial rejuvenation and volumization using implants

Whereas traditional concepts of facial aging focus on the descent of soft tissue secondary to gravitational effects, it is now well established that volumetric changes involving different levels of soft tissue loss reveal craniofacial skeletal deficiencies that, together, contribute to the changes evident in the aging face. Thus, effective facial rejuvenation requires a comprehensive paradigm that identifies and addresses all anatomic elements involved in the aging process. Contemporary practices in facial rejuvenation have expanded far beyond the rhytidectomy procedure to involve deeper and more fundamental levels of dissection for the purpose of elevating and replacing volume. Alloplastic implants offer a long-term, multidimensional solution to facial rejuvenation by concomitantly augmenting skeletal deficiency, restoring lost soft tissue volume, and smoothing irregularities in the facial contour. Facial augmentation using implants represents a straightforward, simple procedure with minimal risks and long-lasting benefits. By applying accurate and judicious techniques for preoperative analysis, selecting the appropriate implant, and with correct surgical placement of the implants, the facial plastic surgeon can achieve successful facial volumization and restore the youthful appearance of the aging patient.     

Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis of Healthy Turkish Young Adults: Anthropometric Measurements

Background  The purpose of this study was to establish facial soft tissue norms for Turkish young adults. Methods  Anthropometric measurements of the facial soft tissue were taken from 281 female and 149 male Turkish adults aged between 18 and 24 years. The soft tissue facial profiles were digitally analyzed using linear (17 vertical and 10 horizontal) measurements made with standardized photographic records, taken in a natural head position, to determine the average soft tissue facial profile for males and females. Results  A statistically significant difference was found between males and females in 20 of 27 measurements taken (p < 0.001). The most prominent differences between the sexes were observed in the measurements taken from the face region. Results were compared with other ethnic groups.     

Craniofacial surgery: present and future.

The possibilities for radical craniofacial restructuring have increased dramatically in the past 6 years with the development of craniofacial surgery. The field developed from a background of patients with major craniofacial birth defects allowing orderly planning and expansion to correction of a multitude of other craniofacial structural problems. The procedures concentrate upon changing the skeletal structures using extensive subperiostial dissection of soft tissue, and adding bone to fill in areas of deficiency. There are three grades of complexity in craniofacial procedures. After extensive soft tissue sub-periostial stripping about the orbits and upper face, the simplest form consists of onlay bone grafts. The next most complicated involves osteotomies to shift the face into a more normal position. In its most complicated form, abnormal proportions of bone are removed and the orbits or cranium are shifted into a new or normal position. We have had experience with 69 patients since September, 1972. Thirty-six have had intracranial procedures. Infection has been the most serious problem, and there have been no instances of death or blindness. A number of lesser problems occur. Future applications of craniofacial surgery are appearing with great frequency as more experience is gained with its uses. It has particular application in acute and late reconstruction of patients with traumatic defects about the face. Preventive osteotomies are an area with great potential, by releasing stenotic areas of bone and allowing the developing brain to mold the upper face and orbits. There is also applicability in surgery of tumors about the craniofacial structure and in cosmetic surgery.