喉癌临床N0患者颈淋巴结转移的病理研究

目的探讨喉癌临床Ｎ０患者颈淋巴结转移特点,为颈淋巴结处理方式选择提供根据。方法４０例临床Ｎ０喉癌患者被随机分为选择性根治性颈廓清术（ｒａｄｉｃａｌｎｅｃｋｄｉｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＲＮＤ）及功能性颈廓清术（ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｎｅｃｋｄｉｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＦＮＤ）两组,分别完成１３及２７例。将获得淋巴结逐一行病理检查,以确定转移情况。结果ＲＮＤ组平均每侧获淋巴结３４．２枚,ＦＮＤ组为２７．４枚,差异无显著性（ｔ＝０．８６,Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组颈淋巴结转移率分别为３０．８％（４／１３）及３３．３％（９／２７）,总转移率为３２．５％（１３／４０）。１３例颈淋巴结转移阳性病例中１２例（９２．３％）转移淋巴结位于Ⅱ,Ⅲ区。３３枚转移阳性淋巴结中３２枚（９６．９％）位于第Ⅱ和Ⅲ区。两组３年生存率分别为６９．２％（９／１３）及７７．８％（２１／２７）,统计学差异无显著性（χ２＝０．３４１８,Ｐ＞０．５）,总的３年生存率为７５％（３０／４０）。结论对临床Ｎ０喉癌患者行肩胛舌骨肌上或侧颈廓清术较为适宜。     

声门上型喉癌cN0患者颈淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

为探讨声门上型临床颈淋巴结一喉癌病人颈淋巴结转移规律并为外科治疗的选择提供理论根据，对３５例ＣＮ０声门上型喉癌被随机分为选择性根治性颈廓清（ＥＲＮＤ）及选择性功能性颈廓清（ＥＦＮＤ）两组，分别完成１２及２３例。ＥＲＮＤ组平均每颈获取淋巴结３２．５枚，ＥＦＮＤ组２９．８枚，差异不显著。两组颈淋巴结转移率分别为３３．３％及３０．４％，总转移率为３１．４％，１１例颈淋巴结ＰＮ病例中有１０例（９０．９％）     

声门上型喉癌临床N_0病理转移的观察

目的：为探讨喉癌颈淋巴结转移的规律，选择手术方法。方法：采用１１０例临床Ｎ０声门上型喉癌的１６４侧颈廓清术标本淋巴结连续切片方法观察。结果：发现颈淋巴结转移率为３５．５％（３９／１００）。提出临床Ｎ０病理转移的特点：１）转移淋巴结大小大多数介于０．５～１．５之间占８４．２％。２）转移淋巴结大多数为早期侵入期和生长发展期占８６．０％。３）转移淋巴结绝大多数为单发型占７４．４％。４）各个Ｔ分期均有转移淋巴结。结论：在颈淋巴结处理上，我们支持尽可能同期行选择性颈廓清术的观点     

声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结隐匿性转移

目的探讨声门上型喉癌隐匿性颈淋巴结转移的特点和规律。方法对１００例声门上型喉癌临床Ｎ０患者和颈廓清标本（１５３侧）进行连续切片,光镜观察。结果隐匿性转移率为３８％,发现转移淋巴结５１个,Ⅰ区１个（２％）,Ⅱ区３７个（７３％）,Ⅲ区１２个（２３％）,Ⅳ区１个（２％）,转移淋巴结的长径０．５～２．６ｃｍ,平均为１．１ｃｍ。５１个淋巴结中癌早期２１个（４１％）,癌长期１８个（３５％）,癌满期７个（１４％）,破膜期５个（１０％）。结论声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结的隐匿性转移率高,早期不易诊断,应积极行选择性颈廓清术。     

声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结隐匿性转移

探讨声门上型喉癌隐若性颈淋巴结转移的特点和规律。方法对１００例声门上型喉癌临床Ｎ０患者和颈廓清标本进行连续切片,光镜观察。结果隐匿性转移率为３８％,发现转移淋巴结５１个,Ⅰ区１个,Ⅱ区３７个,Ⅲ区１２个,Ⅳ区１个,     

声门上型喉癌cN_0患者颈淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

为探讨声门上型临床颈淋巴结阴性(cN_0)喉癌病人颈淋巴结转移规律并为外科治疗方式的选择提供理论根据,对35例cN_0声门上型喉癌被随机分为选择性根治性颈廓清(ERND)及选择性功能性颈廓清(EFND)两组,分别完成12及23例。ERND组平均每颈获取淋巴结32.5枚,EFND组29.8枚,差异不显著(t=0.86,P>0.05)。两组颈淋巴结转移率(pN~+)分别为33.3％(4/12)及30.4％(7/23),总转移率为31.4％(11/35)。11例颈淋巴结pN~+病例中有10例(90.9％)转移癌位于Level Ⅱ、Ⅲ。31枚阳性淋巴结中30枚(96.8％)位于Level Ⅱ和Ⅲ。Level Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ均无癌转移。两组的3年生存率分别为66.7％(8/12)和82.6％(19/23),统计学差异不显著(x~2=1.1366,P>0.25),总的3年生存率为77.1％(27/35)。根据本研究结果,笔者认为对cN_0声门上型喉癌行主病变侧肩胛舌骨肌上或同侧颈廓清较为适宜。     

声门上癌术后颈淋巴结的转移与再发

目的探讨选择性颈廓清术在声门上癌手术治疗中的作用。方法总结１９８１～１９９３年治疗的５８２例声门上癌术后颈淋巴结转移及廓清侧转移淋巴结再发情况。结果Ｔ３、Ｔ４病例３９２例（６７．４％），而Ｔ３Ｎ＋、Ｔ４Ｎ＋１４７例（３７．５％）。Ｔ３、Ｔ４占全组Ｎ＋的８６．５％（１４７／１７０）。Ｎ０未行颈廓清术１２６例，术后发生同侧及双侧颈淋巴结转移３３例，其９０．９％在Ｔ３、Ｔ４组（３０／３３）。Ｎ０行选择性颈廓清术２８６例，术后发生对侧转移４０例，其７５％也在Ｔ３、Ｔ４组（３０／４０）。对二次住院治疗的１６３例进行了随访。二期选择性颈廓清组３、５年生存率为８６．７％及７７．８％，术后转移组及术后再发组分别为６４．８％、３２．５％及３３．３％、３０．８％。组间有明显差异。结论对声门上癌Ｔ３、Ｔ４的Ｎ０病例应行选择性颈廓清术。出现转移后再行颈廓清术者疗效明显下降。声门上癌部分Ｔ２Ｎ０病例（如杓会厌皱襞癌、杓区癌或杓区受累、肿瘤＞２．０ｃｍ、溃疡型、周边呈浸润生长等）也不属早期病例，应行选择性颈廓清术     

喉癌颈淋巴结转移的病理分型和临床意义

为研究喉癌颈淋巴结转移的病理分型及其临床意义，在光镜下观察５５例颈廓清标本的转移淋巴结。显示：单发型２１例（３８．２％），其中９０．０％是潜在性转移，３年生存率为９０．５％；多发型１０例（１８．２％），７０．０％是潜在性转移，术后病理均是Ｎ２，３年生存率是７０．０％；融合型２４例，９２％术前可触到淋巴结，３年生存率是５４．２％。提示喉癌颈淋巴结转移病理上可以分为３型。此种分型具有指导治疗和估计预后     

头颈部鳞癌颈淋巴结转移方式的临床病理学研究

为了探讨头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结转移的规律，对３８４侧根治性颈淋巴清扫标本进行连续切片观察。发现颈淋巴结转移病理阳性的总发生率为６０．４％，其中Ｎ０病例颈淋巴结转移率为３１．７％，Ｎ１～３颈转移率为８１．２％；口腔癌主要向Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ区转移，口咽癌、下咽癌和喉癌主要向Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区转移。转移的淋巴结主要分布于一个或相邻的三个解剖区。颈淋巴结转移病理阳性和淋巴结包膜破坏的发生率随着临床Ｎ分期的增加而升高，且后者在Ｎ２，３中的发生率明显高于Ｎ０，１。提示对Ｎ０，１的病例可行区域选择性颈清扫并追加术后放疗。对Ｎ２，３的病例应行根治性颈清扫术，以彻底清除转移灶并改善患者预后。     

声门上型喉癌的颈显微转移与迟发转移

对１４７例双侧或对侧无临床淋巴结转移（ｃＮ０）的声门型喉癌作了颈显微转移和迟发转移观察。结果显示Ｔ１～Ｔ４双侧ｃＮ０的同侧显微转移率分别为０／１、２２．５％、３１．６％和３７，５％，平均２６．３％；同侧迟发转移率分别为１／３、２／１１、２／６和２／３，平均３０．４％；对侧迟发转移率分别为０／４、６．１％、８．０％和１８．２％，平均７．９％。Ｔ２～Ｔ４对侧ｃＮ０的对侧迟发转移率分别为９．５％、２６．１％和２８．６％，平均１９．６％。此数据对于决定ｃＮ０者是否行预防性颈廓清术有重要参考意义。     

喉癌T2-4临床N0颈淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of the cervical lymph node metastasis in clinical N0 (cN0) patients with laryngeal carcinoma and its implication in clinical treatment. METHODS: 76 patients with laryngeal carcinomas of T2-4cN0 category were divided into two groups in random: 21(22 sides) radical neck dissection(RND) and 55(60 sides) functional neck dissection(FND) were performed. Lymph nodes were studied histologically according to the levels. RESULTS: On an average, 29.6 lymph nodes were obtained in one side of neck in RND group, and 24.7 in FND group(F = 3.145, P = 0.068). The occult metastasis rates were 33.3% (7/21) in RND group and 34.5% (19/55) in FND group. 25 of 26 patients (96.2%) who had positive nodes involved only the levels II and III. 2130 lymph nodes were obtained in all samples, 59 of 60 positive nodes(98.3%) were located in the level II and III. The 5 and 10-year survival rates of the two groups were 71.4% (15/21), 76.4% (42/55) and 61.9% (13/21), 68.9% (31/45), respectively with no statistical difference(chi 2 = 0.2394, P > 0.5; chi 2 = 0.3143, P > 0.05). Ipsilateral cervical recurrence rates in two groups were 9.5% (2/21) and 7.3% (4/55), respectively with no statistical difference (chi 2 = 0.1059, P > 0.900). 10-year mortalities with negative and positive cervical lymph nodes were 16.7% (7/42) and 62.5% (15/24) respectively, which had statistically difference (chi 2 = 14.4375, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The lateral neck (level II, III and IV) dissection may be suitable for the treatment laryngeal carcinoma patients with T2-4cN0.     

Lymphatic metastasis to the supraretrospinal recess in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

In order to evaluate lymphatic metastasis to the supraretrospinal recess (SRSR) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we separately dissected SRSR lymph nodes and submitted them to pathological examination. Fifty-three lateral neck dissections (LNDs), 2 radical neck dissections (RNDs), and 19 modified RNDs were performed in 49 previously untreated patients with laryngeal SCC. The nodal status of the patients was N0 in 29 patients, N1 in 17, and N2 in 3. The neck was pathologically positive in both RNDs (100%), in 7 of 19 modified RNDs (37%), and in 7 of 53 LNDs (13%). No SRSR lymph nodes were positive in any of the dissection materials. No metastasis was found in the SRSR lymph nodes in the N0 necks treated with LND, and none was found even in N1 and N2 necks treated with RND or modified RND. We conclude that the SRSR may be left undissected during treatment of an N0 neck with LND so that accessory nerve dysfunction can be minimized and operative time can be saved.     

Management of extensive cervical nodal metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy: a clinicopathological study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of afterloading brachytherapy following radical neck dissection (RND) in the management of extensive cervical lymph node disease in nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy; and to examine prospectively prognostic factors and the pathologic behavior of neck disease. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who had extensive cervical lymph node metastasis following external radiotherapy were treated with RND. Thirteen of them also underwent afterloading brachytherapy with iridium wire (Ir 192). The RND specimens of the 27 patients were also examined with step serial whole-specimen sectioning. RESULTS: All patients survived and their wounds healed primarily. Pathologic examination revealed 183 tumor-bearing lymph nodes that contained tumors in the neck: level I, 4% (8/183); level II, 53% (96/183); level III, 34% (62/183); level IV, 5% (9/183); and level V, 4% (8/183). Extracapsular tumor extension was seen in 84% of patients. Multivariate analysis identified the number of tumor-bearing lymph nodes detected in the specimens to be the only significant factor that affected control of disease. Although the neck disease in the group of patients who had afterloading brachytherapy was more extensive, the 3-year actuarial tumor control for the groups with and without brachytherapy were 60% and 61%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent cervical lymph nodes after radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma are extensive and RND is mandatory for a successful salvage. When the nodal metastasis infiltrate or adhere to surrounding tissue, afterloading brachytherapy with iridium wire can provide satisfactory local tumor control.     

声门上型喉癌临床N1患者转移颈淋巴结的分布

目的 分析声门上型喉癌病例早期颈淋巴转移(clinical N1，cN1)的特点，探讨合理的颈清扫手术方式。方法 1987年3月-1997年10月收治108例声门上型喉癌cN1的患者行喉原发灶切除时，先行改良或经典颈清扫术，将颈清扫标本的淋巴结分区行病理学检查，确定最常见颈淋巴转移的分布。结果 108例(147侧)颈清扫标本中检出转移淋巴结126个，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ区转移淋巴结占总数的89．7％(113／126)，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区占97．6％(123／126)。126个转移淋巴结分布在109个区次，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ区占88．1％(96／109)，Ⅱ，Ⅲ和Ⅳ区占97．2％(106／109)。45例(63侧)术后颈淋巴结病理检查阳性，声门上喉癌cN1的转移率为41．7％(45／108)，双颈转移率为18．5％(20／108)。随访5～14年，随访率为98％，颈部复发8例，复发率为7．4％(8／108)，复发部位分别位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区。5年生存率为81．5％(88／108)。结论 对声门上型喉癌cN1病例可行颈侧清扫术(即Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区的清扫)，Ⅰ、Ⅴ区在无明显转移证据时可避免行该区的清扫术；一侧术后病理证实有转移或对侧cN1的病例，对侧亦应行颈侧清扫术。     

鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结复发和残留的外科治疗

目的 分析鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留和复发者的4种清扫方式的疗效，希望能为临床提供更多手术方式的选择。方法 回顾性分析88例鼻咽癌患者资料，分析总体疗效：生存率、复发率、远处转移率和手术并发症；比较全颈清扫、改良性、择区性颈清扫术和颈淋巴结切除术4种手术方式的生存率、复发率；比较术后颈部放疗与否者的生存率、复发率。结果 采用生命表法统计88例鼻咽癌患者5年累积生存率42.8％，颈淋巴结复发率为22．7％。Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期患者的5年生存率(生命表法)分别为56.7％、36．1％、32.4％。全颈清扫术、改良性颈清扫术、择区性颈清扫术和颈淋巴结切除术组5年累积生存率(Kaplan-Meier法)分别为39．8％、60．0％、37．9％和44．1％，差异无统计学意义(Log Rank统计值=1．0，P=0.8011)，颈淋巴结复发率差异也无统计学意义(χ^2=0．470，P=0．493)。颈清扫术后颈部给予与未给予术后放疗者的5年累积生存率(Kaplan-Meier法)分别为39．1％和45．3％，差异无统计学意义(Log Rank统计值=0．06，P=0．8138)，颈淋巴结复发率差异也无统计学意义(χ^2=0．593，P=0．441)。结论 只要合理选择病例，配合必要的术后局部和浅表的放疗，4种清扫方式都能有效和安全地控制肿瘤。     

喉癌颈部转移淋巴结分布研究

目的 :回顾分析我院 1990年 4月～ 2 0 0 0年 4月收治的喉癌患者 2 89例颈部转移淋巴结的分布情况 ,指导颈清扫手术。方法 :将 2 89例分为 3组 :第 1组 :颈清扫术后有转移淋巴结的分布 (181例 ) ;第 2组 :术后病理诊断阴性淋巴结的免疫组化研究 (71例 ) ;第 3组 :未清扫者随访中再转移淋巴结的分布研究 (37例 )。结果 :第 1组清扫 2 4 2侧 ,颈部Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区转移率分别为 2 .8%、98.3%、32 .6 %、15 .0 %、13.0 %、2 1.4 % ;第 2组 71例 ,其中 4 6例 (5 0侧 )免疫组化研究发现 13个淋巴结内有微灶转移 ,分布于 11例患者中 ,所有转移淋巴结均分布在Ⅱ区 ;第 3组 37例 ,施行挽救性手术共 4 5侧 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区转移率分别为 2 .2 %、10 0 %、4 8.9%、2 6 .7%、13.3%。结论 :喉癌首先转移和主要转移部位为Ⅱ区 ,其次为Ⅲ区 ;Ⅳ、Ⅴ区发生率则较低 ,颌下区几乎不发生转移。喉癌患者的颈清扫应在常规清扫颈侧Ⅱ～Ⅳ区淋巴结的同时 ,根据病变范围情况行Ⅳ区的清扫 ,对颌下三角和颈后三角 (Ⅴ区 )在无影像学和术中证实的条件下 ,应予以保留 ,以缩短手术操作时间和减少术后并发症的发生     

改良性颈廓清术在声门上型喉癌患者中的应用

目的 :为提高声门上型喉癌患者的生存率和生存质量 ,总结颈廓清术中保留颈内静脉的临床经验。方法 :88例声门上型喉癌患者中 ,在原发灶切除同时 ,共进行 146侧 (双侧 116例 ,单侧 30例 )颈廓清术 ,其中改良颈廓清 (MND)10 6侧 ,根治颈廓清 (RND) 4 0侧。双颈廓清术 5 8例 ,其中同期双颈廓清 32例 ,18例保留双侧颈内静脉 ,14例保留一侧颈内静脉 ;分期双颈廓清 2 6例 ,第一次均为 RND,第二次均为 MND。 30例行一侧颈廓清术 ,术中均保留颈内静脉。结果 :患者 3年生存率同期双颈廓清 81.5 % (2 2 / 2 7) ,分期双颈廓清 6 0 .9% (14/ 2 3) ,一侧颈廓清 75 % (15 / 2 0 )。5年生存率同期双颈廓清 6 1.5 % (16 / 2 6 ) ,分期双颈廓清 40 .9% (9/ 2 2 ) ,一侧颈廓清 70 .6 % (12 / 17)。 MND最大淋巴结直径≤ 3cm,术后复发率 12 .9% (11/ 85 ) ,>3cm者复发率为 47.6 % (10 / 2 1) ,总复发率为 19.8% (2 1/ 10 6 )。 RND术后颈淋巴结复发率为2 2 .5 % (9/ 40 )。结论 :声门上型喉癌常有双颈淋巴结转移 ,需行双颈廓清术 ,并必须保留一侧颈内静脉。在淋巴结小于3cm ,肉眼观与颈内静脉无粘连时保留颈内静脉 ,不增加淋巴结复发率 ,减少并发症 ,并提高生存质量。     

Level IIb lymph node metastasis in thyroid papillary carcinoma

The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of level IIb lymph node metastases in neck dissections for thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) patients. 47 neck dissections of 33 patients with TPC were prospectively evaluated. Selective neck dissections (levels II, III, IV, and V) were performed in all cases. If level I lymph node metastasis was suspected during the procedure, level I dissection was also performed. All level IIb specimens were sent separately from the remainder of the neck dissection for the pathological examination. The number of dissected and metastatic lymph nodes in each specimen was recorded. Twenty-two of 47 neck dissections (46.8%) were positive for the lymph node metastasis. Among 47 neck dissection specimens, the incidence of lymph node metastasis at level II was 12.7% (6 of 47) and level IIb was 2.1% (1 of 47). The rate of level IIb lymph node involvement among patients with metastatic cervical lymph nodes was 4.5% (1 of 22). The specimen with metastatic lymph node at level IIb had also metastasis at levels IIa, III, IV, and V. The results of the present study suggested that lymph node metastases in level IIb are rare in patients with TPC undergoing neck dissection.     

Prognostic importance of lymphatic reaction pattern in laryngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Cervical lymph node status is a widely accepted important prognostic parameter in laryngeal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively reviewed neck specimens of 46 laryngeal carcinoma patients operated in our clinic. Presence of neck metastasis and pattern of reactivity in nonmetastatic nodes was correlated with recurrence and survival during a follow-up period of at least 2 years. RESULTS: Fourteen of the patients had at least one metastatic node and survival was 64%; 32 of the patients had reactional nodes only and the survival was 81%. Pattern of lymph node reactivity was evaluated as stimulated in type I (lymphocyte predominance) and type II (germinal center predominance); as unstimulated in type III (histiocytosis and/or normal) and type IV (lymphocyte depletion). Thirty two neck [-] patients had reactional nodes--16 of them were classified as stimulated and 16 of them as unstimulated; the 2-year survivals were 94% and 68%, respectively. In the 14 patients with cervical metastasis (classified according to nonmetastatic reactional nodes) 9 were stimulated and 5 were unstimulated with 2-year survivals of 100% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Stimulated lymphatic pattern reflects a better prognosis, especially in N+ neck laryngeal cancer patients.