MRI诊断婴幼儿神经轴突营养不良

婴幼儿神经轴突营养不良(infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy INAD)系Seitelberger于1952年首次描述,1963年Cowen和Olmstead命名,属常染色体隐性遗传的神经变性疾病。临床表现为进行性步行困难、精神运动衰退、肌张力减低、肌肉萎缩、锥体束征及视神经萎缩。病理特点为轴突肿胀、CNS灰质轴浆呈球状。本病常通过皮肤、神经、结膜或肌肉活检确诊。作者应用MRI调查4例经腓肠神经或皮肤活检证实的INAD病人,年龄3～10岁。结果发现,     

慢性格林-巴利综合征49例临床、电生理与病理研究

目的研究慢性格林-巴利综合征(CIDP)的临床、电生理及病理特征,探讨腓肠神经活检的诊断价值.方法总结49例CIDP患者的临床表现,病程特点,腰穿脑脊液(CSF)检查、肌电图检查以及21例患者的腓肠神经活检病理结果.结果本组49例CIDP患者大多无明显前驱因素,临床表现为对称性肢体运动和感觉障碍,少数(16例)可伴颅神经损害;脑脊液蛋白量波动较大,单次腰穿24例可见蛋白细胞分离;大多数肌电图(39例/466例)提示有脱髓鞘损害,少数有轴索损害(15例/46例).21例患者行腓肠神经病理检查,显示明显脱髓鞘病灶17例,轴索变性5例,洋葱头样改变5例,炎性细胞浸润11例.结论电生理和病理检查均提示CIDP是以神经脱髓鞘改变为主,对临床表现不典型者腓肠神经活检有较大的诊断价值.     

神经活检在周围神经疾病诊断中的意义及与电生理检查相关性分析

目的探讨神经活检在周围神经疾病诊断中的意义,以及神经活检与电生理检查的相关性。方法 12例周围神经病患者均予腓肠神经活检、神经电生理检查,比较二者对轴索、髓鞘损害的诊断情况,统计电生理检查与神经活检诊断的符合率。结果 (1)电生理检查结果检出轴索损害/髓鞘损害9例,神经活检结果发现11例患者伴有髓鞘或轴索损害。(2)神经活检对于周围神经疾病诊断有决定性意义有3例,其余9例也均起到了证实临床诊断的作用。(3)光镜诊断、电镜诊断与电生理检查结果比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论神经活检技术对于发现间质改变及亚临床、亚电生理神经损害有明显优势,对于判断周围神经疾病患者的损害类型仍需联合电生理检查进行综合诊断。     

皮肤神经活检与神经电生理以及腓肠神经活检的初步对比观察

目的 对周围神经病的患者进行皮肤神经活检、临床特点、神经电生理和腓肠神经活检的对比观察。方法 观察7例周围神经病患者，进行皮肤神经活检、腓肠神经活检、神经电生理检查，并对这些检查的一致性进行比较。结果 7例患者的神经电生理检查均提示有周围神经损害，腓肠神经活检也有不同程度的神经病变。6例皮肤神经活检同时有远近端皮肤神经的异常，且与腓肠神经活检所见病变的严重程度相一致。此6例患者的皮肤神经异常远端重于近端，符合长度依赖性周围神经病变。结论 皮肤神经活检与临床特点、神经电生理以及腓肠神经活检的结果有高度一致性；皮肤神经活检可以反映长度依赖性周围神经病变。     

11例慢性格林-巴利综合征临床和神经病理研究

目的 探讨慢性格林-巴利综合征（CIDP）临床和神经病理特点。方法 对11例CIDP患者进行临床和腓肠神经活检分析。结果 11例CIDP例患者大多无明显前驱症状,临床表现为对称性肢体运动和感觉障碍,少数可伴颅神经损害;11例患者腰穿脑脊液检查均可见不同程度的蛋白细胞分离,全部患者肌电图均提示有脱髓鞘损害,11例腓肠神经活检显示以脱髓鞘为主要表现,其中5例伴有轻度轴索变性;全部患者均有不同程度的雪旺氏细胞增生,其中4例合并有洋葱头样神经改变。结论 慢性格林-巴利综合征病情迁延、表现复杂,激素冲击治疗有效,电生理和病理检查均提示CIDP以神经脱髓鞘改变为主,为临床表现不典型CIDP患者行腓肠神经活检有较大的诊断价值。     

神经活检在周围神经疾病诊断中的意义及与电生理检查相关性分析

目的探讨神经活检在周围神经病诊断中的意义,并分析病理检查与神经电生理检查结果的一致性。方法收集2009-2011年作者医院行腓肠神经活检的16例周围神经病患者的临床诊断、电生理诊断和病理诊断资料;分析电生理诊断、光镜诊断和电镜诊断在判断轴索损害或/合并髓鞘损害的一致性,并分析其结果不一致的可能原因。结果电生理检查结果示异常12例(12/16),其中表现为轴索损害为主5例(5/16),髓鞘损害为主7例(7/16);病理检查结果示15例(15/16)患者有不同程度的髓鞘或轴索损害;4例(4/16)患者经神经活检后原有的诊断得到了补充或修改;进一步分析神经病理对于周围神经损害的诊断与电生理诊断无统计学差异。结论 (1)神经活检能够发现一些间质改变和亚临床、亚电生理的神经损害,从而对疾病的认识和治疗提供帮助。(2)神经病理对于周围神经损害的诊断与电生理诊断相关性较好,但当电生理表现为轴索损害时其一致的趋势欠佳,可能与轴索损害的多样性有关。     

慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经病的轴索损害

目的探讨慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经病（CIDP）的轴索病理改变。方法对18例CIDP患者进行电生理和腓肠神经的病理检查，分析不同患者的腓肠神经病理改变特点，并对病理改变不同的两组进行临床、电生理及病理比较。结果5例以脱髓鞘改变为主者，主要出现薄髓鞘神经纤维和有髓神经纤维的洋葱球样结构，其中3例出现轴索损害。8例以轴索损害为主者，主要出现有髓神经纤维的Wallerian变性和再生簇结构。3例出现有髓神经纤维的髓鞘和轴索混合性损害。2例轻微病理改变。脱髓鞘损害为主者和轴索损害为主者的单核细胞浸润程度无明显差异，且两者可同时存在脱髓鞘和轴索损害的电生理改变特点。结论轴索损害是CIDP比较常见的病理改变，不应当作为该病的绝对排除标准。单核细胞的浸润是一种普遍改变。     

有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病的临床和神经病理四例

目的探讨有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病(OPIDP)的临床及神经病理改变特点。方法对4例口服有机磷后出现周围神经损害症状的患者进行电生理和腓肠神经活检检查。结果 4例患者于急性中毒后平均20.5(10～24)天出现以下肢受累为主的逆行性运动感觉周围神经病,其中2例患者存在锥体束征。电生理检查提示以运动神经受累为主的轴索性周围神经损害。腓肠神经活检主要表现为与病程相关的轴索损害及再生现象,可见急性期的炎性反应、小纤维损害和继发的髓鞘改变。结论有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病表现为以运动障碍为主的逆行性神经病,中枢神经系统亦可能受累及;周围神经病理表现为轴索损害为主,同时存在小纤维损害及继发的髓鞘改变。     

慢性特发性轴索性多神经病的病理及免疫组化研究

目的 研究慢性特发性轴索性多神经病(chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy,CIAP)病理改变特点,并探索腓肠神经炎细胞CD3、CD20、CD68抗体及其微小血管内皮细胞膜结合性血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)、内皮源性一氧化氮合酶(endothelial-nitricoxide synthase,e NOS)的表达规律。方法 10例经过临床、电生理、腓肠神经活检病理检查证实的CIAP患者,均进行腓肠神经活检标本的常规病理组织学染色以及以抗CD3、CD20、CD68、TM、e NOS、v WF(von Willebrand factor,v WF)抗体作为第一抗体的免疫组织化学染色。结果 10例患者腓肠神经病理检查显示有髓神经纤维轻-中度减少,伴随轴索变性和再生,部分可见轻微脱髓鞘改变,4例患者出现毛细血管基底膜肥厚。4例患者腓肠神经神经束衣间小血管周围有散在分布的CD68阳性单核细胞浸润。所有患者血管内皮细胞v WF、e NOS、TM均正常表达。结论 CIAP病理特点为轴索损害为主,发病可能和体液免疫异常有关,部分患者毛细血管基底膜肥厚提示血管内皮细胞可能受损,但内皮细胞功能相关蛋白表达初步提示正常。     

糖原累积病的临床电生理、骨骼肌和肝脏病理及基因研究

目的探讨和总结糖原累积病(GSD)的临床病理和基因突变特点。方法回顾性分析18例GSD患者EMG、骨骼肌病理、肝脏病理及二代测序结果。结果GSD慢性起病、波动性,主要表现为四肢近端肌无力,累及膈肌可发生呼吸困难。EMG多为肌源性损害,偶可正常或神经源性损害。骨骼肌活检可见肌纤维胞浆内出现空泡(糖原流失)及嗜碱性颗粒物(糖原蓄积);PAS染色示空泡内异常糖原颗粒沉积。电镜示肌原纤维间糖原贮积伴溶酶体或髓样小体形成。4例患者行肝脏活检示肝细胞肿胀,呈植物细胞壁样镶嵌状排列;胞质内见红色粉尘样物,PAS强阳性证实为糖原。6例患者行二代测序,5例发现GAA杂合突变。7例患者病情迅速进展,5年内死亡;7例缓慢进展,存活5~9年;4例失访。结论(1)GSD早期仅有单纯肌无力症状或低血糖、EMG缺少特异性,多系统受累伴有呼吸困难、肝肿大等提示本病。(2)肌肉和肝脏病理出现大量PAS染色阳性的糖原颗粒对确诊GSD有重要作用。肌活检空泡肌纤维抗线粒体抗体增高提示GSD伴发线粒体代谢紊乱。Dysferlin蛋白免疫组化呈斑片状肌膜和肌质染色,提示钙介导的肌膜融合修复受损可引起继发性肌膜受损。(3)GAA复合杂合突变导致Pompe病(GSDⅡ型)。     

Pathology of skeletal muscle and intramuscular nerves in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy

Summary Biopsies of the biceps muscle and sural nerve were taken from a girl aged 2 years with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD).In addition to the typical axonal spheroid bodies in a number of the i. m. nerve fibers, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and motor nerve endings also contained axonal swellings. The sural nerve, except for three dystrophic fibers, was almost completely normal.A teased nerve preparation showed four additional abnormal fibers with focal axonal enlargement similar to those in giant axonal neuropathy (GAN).These results suggest that a biceps muscle biopsy may be more useful than a sural nerve biopsy for the diagnosis of INAD, because the muscle contains abnormal peripheral nerves and NMJs in high frequency.     

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy: report of 2 cases

We describe two cases of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, which is a rare, neurodegenerative disease, with autosomal recessive inheritance. The first case was an 8 year old boy, with arrested motor and mental development, ataxia and muscle weakness. On physical examination there was horizontal and vertical nystagmus, optic disc atrophy, hypotonia; deep tendon reflexes were absent. The second case was a 1.6 year old boy with arrested motor and mental development, and seizures. On physical examination there was optic atrophy, hypertonia and hyperreflexia. Both patients had on sural nerve biopsy neuronal enlargement, consistent with neuroaxonal dystrophy. Diagnosis without pathological confirmation with neuroaxonal spheroids is very difficult, because the clinical picture is variable and the neurophysiological findings are non specific.     

MRI as an aid for diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy]

We experienced a 5-year-old girl, who had presented with nystagmus and psychomotor regression since 1 year old. No clinical diagnosis had been made despite various examinations including lysosomal enzymes and muscle biopsy. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed increased a T2 signal in bilateral cerebellar hemisphere. Recently this MRI finding was reported as a typical feature of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD). Then we performed the second biopsy from her peripheral nerve, and diagnosed her as having INAD. It was suggested that MRI was a useful aid for the diagnosis of INAD.     

Somatosensory evoked potentials in Hallervorden-Spatz-neuroaxonal-dystrophy complex with dorsal column involvement

Two patients with a marked hypointensity of the globus pallidus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is known to be diagnostic for Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD), are presented. Patient 1 fell ill at about 10 years of age with visual disturbance, spastic paraplegia and mild ataxia, while patient 2 was affected during the second year of life with clinical features compatible with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD). The two patients had certain clinical features in common; upper and lower motor neuron involvement, visual disturbance secondary to optic nerve atrophy, and dorsal column dysfunction, the evidence of which was seen from abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) obtained after posterior tibial nerve stimulation. In both patients, electron microscopic examination of the biopsied skin or sural nerve showed dystrophic axons, spheroids, and involvement of the peripheral nerve was indicated. Sharing of these clinical, pathological and MRI characteristics by the two patients supports the view of Seitelberger, who regarded HSD and INAD as constituents of a single disease entity, therefore the two patients were described as belonging to a disease spectrum of "Hallervorden-Spatz-neuroaxonal-dystrophy complex (HS-ND)." Sensory impairment has been a rare clinical feature in "HS-ND" complex, although its existence is not inconceivable considering the usual affection of the dorsal column/lemniscal pathway with spheroids. SEP was considered very useful in disclosing this often unmanifested sensory disturbance in "HS-ND" complex.     

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and giant axonal neuropathy--overlap diseases of neuronal cytoskeletal elements in childhood?

Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) are two progressive neurodegenerative disorders of childhood that have considerable clinical as well as histological overlap but are believed to be ultrastructurally distinct. The clinicopathological and ultrastructural features of three cases of INAD, two of whom are siblings and one case of GAN are described. The sural nerve biopsies in all four cases were essentially similar on light microscopy revealing giant axons. On electron microscopy, the findings in the case of GAN were typical with dense accumulation of neurofilaments within the giant axons. In the three cases of INAD, too, in addition to accumulation of mitochondria and organelles with vesiculotubular profiles, a similar increase in neurofilaments was evident. We, therefore, believe that these two disorders may represent a spectrum in evolution of intermediate filament pathology with various organelles participating in the temporal evolution of the disease process.     

The giant axonal neuropathy--clinical and hisotological aspects, differential diagnosis and a new case

The giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is morphologically characterized by axonal swellings and accumulations of neurofilaments in giant axons and other cell types. Curly hair is not a constant finding. The clinical course is progressive and mostly starts in early childhood. We report the case of a boy aged 6 years at the time of sural nerve and muscle biopsy. Suralis nerve showed a reduced numerical density of myelinated fibres with a consecutive endoneural fibrosis. Morphometric investigation revealed a pronounced reduction of fibres measuring 8-12 microm in diameter. Giant axons were seen in relatively low number and were not very large with a maximum diameter of 18 microm. They had a relatively thin myelin sheet proved also by the high G ratio in the histogram. Many onion bulb formations of Schwann cells were present. There are only few reports of giant axons with such low maximum diameter in cases with GAN, the lowest maximum diameters being reported in case reports on Japanese children. Up to now, this is the first report of a non-Japanese patient with a low maximum diameter of giant axons of less than 20 microm in peripheral nerve biopsy. Ultrastructurally, typical accumulations of neurofilaments and osmiophilic aggregates were found in giant axons. Other diagnoses with occurrence of giant axons could be excluded in view of the absence of specific findings. Sporadic or familial cases with giant axons are discussed. Sceletal muscle biopsy (M. quadriceps femoris) showed neurogenic affection with presence of small angulated atrophic muscle fibres.     

"Pseudo" hypertrophic neuropathy of childhood.

A 9 year old boy had chronic progressive motor-sensory neuropathy that started in early infancy. He had enlarged nerves and pes cavus deformity. Motor conduction studies showed very dispersed, polyphasic compound muscle action potentials with conduction velocities around 2 m/s. A sural nerve biopsy showed severe loss of myelinated fibres. Two months of treatment with corticosteroids restored muscle power. During this time the enlarged nerves became normal and electrophysiological recovery was achieved. Chronically acquired neuropathy in infancy is strikingly similar to genetically determined neuropathy.     

替比夫定与聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联用导致感觉神经病二例

目的 报道2例使用替比夫定和聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合治疗乙型肝炎导致的感觉神经病患者,对其临床、电生理和病理改变规律进行讨论.方法 2例男性患者分别为48岁和20岁,均为慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者,在应用替比夫定和聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗4个月后出现双下肢麻木和疼痛,症状进行性加重.体检发现均出现四肢远端痛觉减退,例2出现腱反射减低.2例均出现四肢远端无汗,例1出现手指和足趾的甲根部灰白样改变.例2伴随出现下肢轻度肌力下降和血清肌酸激酶轻度升高.对2例患者进行电生理检查及腓肠神经病理检查.结果 2例患者的电生理检查发现感觉神经动作电位波幅显著减低,传导速度轻度下降,其中1例出现运动神经动作电位波幅减低.腓肠神经活体组织检查显示有髓神经纤维中度减少、有髓神经纤维轴索变性和轻度再生簇形成.电镜检查进一步发现无髓神经纤维也出现减少.停止药物治疗并给予B族维生素、辅酶Q10和左旋肉碱治疗后症状好转.结论 替比夫定联合聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗可以导致感觉神经病,出现轴索性神经病的电生理和病理改变特点.此病具有可逆性.     

Neuroaxonal dystrophy with dystonia and pallidal involvement.

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is an autosomal recessive disease of infantile onset, characterised by progressive clinical course, multi-systemic involvement and widespread presence of dystrophic axons in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological criteria of the disease are established, but the occurrence of atypical cases is known. Since the availability of molecular markers is still lacking, diagnostic evidence in vivo is provided by the presence of specific axonal lesions distally in the peripheral nerve fibres. In two children who had a protracted course of the disease with dystonic postures of the upper limbs and showed dystrophic axons following sural nerve biopsy, bilateral pallidal hypointensity was observed after T2-weighted MRI scans. These findings are consistent with iron deposition, and are usually observed in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome (HSS), a condition which is also characterised by dystrophic axons diffusely present in the central nervous system, but without peripheral nervous system involvement. These observations raise the issue of different phenotypes of INAD, and are consistent with the existence of intermediate forms between INAD and HSS. Altered mechanisms of iron storage and transport to and from the cellular compartments may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.     

Comparative morphometric evaluation of peripheral nerves and muscle fibers in myotonic dystrophy

We compared peripheral nerve fibers and muscle fibers in myotonic dystrophy (MD) using a computer-assisted device for morphometry. In the 17 cases with MD studied, the sural nerves of 14 cases (82%) showed various degrees of reduction of the myelin sheath area (MSA) per endoneurial area. Of these, 8 cases (47%) presented with a mild reduction of the MSA, 5 cases (29.4%) with moderate reduction, and one case (6%) with severe reduction. The number of myelinated nerve fibers was not significantly reduced in MD when compared with control nerves, due to clusters of small regenerated nerve fibers. The mean diameter of the muscle fibers in 6 of the 17 cases was less than 40 microm. Of these 6 severely affected cases, 5 revealed a considerable reduction of the MSA. Other cases, which appeared to be normal in respect to the diameter of muscle fibers, showed various degrees of reduction of the MSA. Thus, there is usually, but not always a morphometric correlation of the severity of changes between peripheral nerves and muscle. The severity of the peripheral neuropathy appears to depend largely on the patient's age, the stage of the disorder, and the time of progression. Electron microscopic examination of sural nerves showed significant, though non-specific pathological changes.