腱鞘囊肿致腓总神经卡压一例

笔者于2010年4月收治1例腱鞘囊肿致腓总神经卡压患者,现报告如下。1病例报告患者,男,9个月前无明显诱因出现左小腿外侧胀痛,向远端放射,左拇趾、足趾背伸无力,左踝关节背伸好,未经任何诊治。3个月前自觉左踝、左足趾背伸无力,左足背中内侧麻木,     

踝关节骨折脱位与下胫腓联合分离的手术治疗(附65例报告)

作者对65例踝关节骨折脱位与下胫腓联合分离的患者进行了手术治疗.对外踝骨折伴有下胫腓联合分离者至少行4孔或6孔普通钢板固定,下胫腓联合行长螺钉固定.随访60例,随访时间4个月～4年8个月,优47例,良9例,可4例.认为按照Lauge-Hansen分类标准进行分类,可阐明受伤机制,指导临床做出正确的治疗方案.恢复外踝长度和稳定下胫腓关节,对踝关节的稳定和防止发生创伤性关节炎具有重要的意义.术中应注意固定下胫腓关节的松紧度,以防止踝关节背伸受限.     

双腓总神经急性卡压征1例

1　临床资料患者,女,26岁,农民,汉族。因双膝关节连续屈曲蹲位劳动12ｈ,出现双小腿麻木、足及足趾背伸障碍,逐渐加重,8天入院。体检:患者行走呈跨越步态,双小腿及足背外侧触觉、痛觉减退,双侧腓骨颈部Ｔｉｎｅｌ征阳性,双侧拇长伸肌、趾长伸肌、胫前肌、腓骨长短肌的肌力均为Ⅲ级,双侧屈趾肌及小腿三头肌的肌力正常。临床诊断:双腓总神经急性卡压征。手术探查发现,右腓总神经在腓管内有4ｃｍ长明显充血、水肿、灰暗无光泽、柔软性不良,左腓总神经在腓管内有3ｃｍ长轻度充血、水肿,伴行血管淤滞、扩张。为证明此病理改变的病因,模拟下蹲的姿…     

踝关节外伤性腓总神经卡压综合征的治疗

目的探讨踝关节外伤性腓总神经卡压综合征的发生机制及治疗效果。方法对16例踝关节外伤性腓总神经卡压综合征进行综合治疗,其中11例保守治疗,5例进行手术治疗,术中发现腓总神经有不同程度的水肿、黏连,色泽苍白或暗淡,外膜增厚。结果本组均获随访,随访时间8个月～6年,平均4年。观察双下肢胫骨前肌、腓骨长短肌、伸足母长肌及伸趾长肌等肌力及小腿外侧、足背皮肤感觉恢复情况。16例患者腓总神经损伤的功能有不同程度恢复,其中优10例,良4例,可1例,差1例。结论对于踝关节损伤引起腓总神经卡压综合征予以保守治疗为主,但对于诊断完全性神经损伤保守治疗无效的患者及早行神经松解术,疗效比较满意。     

腓总神经继发性卡压的治疗

目的　探讨坐骨神经损伤后腓总神经继发性卡压的发生机制、诊断及治疗。方法　对 5例坐骨神经损伤后患者的临床表现、腓管 Tinel征及治疗情况等进行综合分析 ,发现 5例患者均存在腓总神经继发性卡压 ,均行腓管切开减压松解。结果　术后随访 13～ 37个月 ,平均 2 5个月 ,4例足背伸肌力由术前 0～ 级恢复至 ～ 级 ,1例未恢复。结论　坐骨神经损伤后腓管处产生腓总神经继发性卡压 ,一旦诊断明确 ,须尽早行腓管切开减压 ,亦可在早期修复坐骨神经时行腓管松解术 ,预防继发性卡压发生     

显微外科手术治疗腓总神经卡压综合征26例

目的 评价应用显微外科手术治疗腓总神经卡压综合征的临床疗效. 方法 从2005年11月至201 1年12月,对腓总神经卡压综合征26例应用显微外科手术治疗,除全部行常规手术及神经外膜松解外,其中18例又进一步行神经束膜松解,术后辅以神经营养药物等治疗. 结果 术后随访时间为10个月～6年,平均3.5年.术前20例肌力下降的患者术后肌力恢复优良率为75.0％;术前感觉减退及消失者10例,术后感觉恢复率为80.0％;术前疼痛16例,术后缓解有效率为87.5％. 结论 应用显微外科手术行腓总神经松解治疗腓总神经卡压综合征较简便易行,其临床疗效可靠且副损伤小.     

踝关节内翻扭伤致腓总神经损伤的诊治

目的 探讨踝关节内翻扭伤致腓总神经损伤的诊治方法。方法 对２０例踝关节扭伤出现腓总神经损伤症状者行腓总神经探查术,切开减压,松解腓总神经。结果 １５例３个月感觉功能部分恢复,６个月～１年内肌力恢复至４级。结论 踝扭伤出现腓总神经损伤者应作探查松解减压术。     

特殊运动致腓总神经损伤一例

患者 男，21岁，体育专业学员，7个月前在一次三级跳远运动后，自觉右小腿外侧及足背麻木，右踝背伸、外翻不能，于当地诊断为“右腓总神经损伤”，行腓骨颈部腓总神经探查松解术，术后半年无明显恢复。于2002年11月入院，检查：右小腿腓骨颈部见陈旧刀口瘢痕，右小腿远端外侧及足背皮肤感觉缺如，右足下垂，不能主动背伸、外翻，小腿前群及外侧群肌力为0级。肌电图：右腓总神经损伤。     

胫后肌腱转位术治疗腓总神经损伤致足下垂的近期效果观察

目的探讨胫后肌腱转位治疗腓总神经损伤致足下垂的近期效果。方法选取2002-01—2017-06间在郑州市骨科医院接受胫后肌腱转位术的19例腓总神经损伤致足下垂患者,对重建足背伸功能的效果进行分析。结果术后随访8～24个月,未出现切口感染、开裂、异物反应及肌腱断裂等并发症。步态及踝关节背伸功能均得到显著改善。结论胫后肌腱转位术治疗腓总神经损伤所致的足下垂,手术操作简单、损伤小、近期效果理想。     

腘窝手术失误致腓总神经损伤

腘窝的解剖结构复杂,神经、血管集中,临床上此处手术损伤血管神经的报道并不少见,近期我科收治1例腓总神经损伤患者,报道如下。1病例资料患者,女,59岁。2005年5月10日,因“右腘窝囊肿”在外院行“腘窝囊肿切除术”。术后出现右小腿及右足麻木,右足背伸不能,经保守治疗1个月后右小腿浅感觉有所改善,但右足仍背伸不能,转来我院就诊。查体:右下肢跛行,右腘窝处一长约6cm横行切口瘢痕显足总肌神下位围被离深行痕,右小腿前侧及外侧浅感觉较左侧明显减退,右足及右足趾背伸肌力0级,右足背侧浅感觉减退。肌电图检查:右腓总神经、腓骨小头、踝部、伸…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.