扩髓与非扩髓髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折的系统评价

目的对扩髓与非扩髓髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折的疗效进行系统评价.方法计算机检索MEDLINE(1966～2004.5)、EMBASE(1966～2004.5)、Cochrane图书馆(2004年第2期)、Cochrane协作网肌骨创伤组试验数据库(2004.5)和中国生物医学文献数据库(1979～2004.5),手工检索<中华骨科杂志>(创刊～2004.5)和<中华创伤骨科杂志>(创刊～2004.5),收集所有相关随机对照试验及半随机对照试验,并采用RevMan 4.2.3进行Meta分析.结果共纳入5个随机对照试验,2个半随机对照试验.Meta分析显示,与非扩髓髓内钉固定相比,扩髓髓内钉固定能降低股骨干骨折的不愈合率[RR=0.38,95%CI(0.17,0.83),P=0.01]和内固定失效率[RR=0.42,95%CI(0.20,0.89),P=0.02].结论与非扩髓髓内钉固定相比,扩髓髓内钉固定能降低股骨干骨折的不愈合率及内固定失效率.但扩髓与否与肺部并发症、骨折愈合时间、感染、畸形愈合的发生及手术时间、失血量等的关系,以及骨折开放与否、是否合并多发伤、及骨折的部位等对上述指标的影响有待于进一步研究.     

带锁髓内钉治疗长骨干骨折并发脂肪栓塞11例分析

目的：总结1999年1月-2003年10月11例带锁髓内钉固定长骨干骨折并发脂肪栓塞的治疗体会，探讨减少脂肪栓塞并发症的注意点及其治疗方法。方法：男性428例，女性348例，平均年龄35岁（19～71岁）。股骨骨折251例，胫骨骨折275例，肱骨骨折218例，尺桡骨骨折32例。其中新鲜骨折6％例，陈旧骨折70例。全部用交锁髓内钉治疗。结果：776例中并发脂肪栓塞11例，10例抢救成功，1例死亡。结论：（1）预防措施：术前充分准备，包括制动、抗休克、患者全身情况的检查和医师的技术培训；术中按操作规程施术和术后必要的监护。（2）治疗措施：呼吸支持疗法；保护脑部；输血，抗休克；药物的应用和加强监护。     

带锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折266例临床分析

目的:探讨带锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折的疗效。方法:回顾性分析采用带锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折266例(闭合复位或开放复位)的临床资料。结果:随访8～20个月,265例在术后6～16W出现骨痂,肢体功能恢复正常。1例发生骨不连,二期更换髓内钉加植骨术后14月骨折愈合。其余患者均未出现并发症。结论:采用带锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折疗效可靠,适合推广使用。     

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折，可以防止骨折端旋转分离移位畸形，具有手术创伤小，感染率低，骨折愈合率高，功能恢复快等优点。我院自2000年以来应用小切口直视下骨折复位，交锁髓内钉内固定并自创植骨术治疗股骨干新鲜骨折18例，疗效满意，值得推广。现介绍如下：     

股骨干切开复位内固定术中发生脂肪栓塞综合征1例

患者，男，25岁，因车祸伤及右下肢而入院，X线片示右股骨干骨折，伴骨盆骨折．拟于连续硬膜外麻醉下行股骨干切开复位髓内针固定术。术前肌注苯巴比妥钠0.1g，阿托品0.5mg。术前ECG检查正常。BP112／76mmHg，HR103次，min。于L2-3间隙穿刺置管，用2％利多卡因麻醉，效果佳。当髓内针固定后大约30min，正在为患者缝皮时，患者出现胸闷、气促，心率增至140—155次／min，收缩压降至76—85mmHg，SpO2陡降为75％～84％，ECG示S-T段抬高，继而意识丧失且双侧瞳孔散大。此时怀疑发生脂肪栓塞综合征。立即行气管内插管，吸氧浓度分数为0.6，呼气末正压为0.8kPa。同时给予氢化考的松200mg．甘露醇250mL快速输注。回到骨科病房后给予适量白蛋白及低分子右旋糖酐等治疗．低氧血症很快得到纠正。病人于第3天清醒．6d后恢复正常。     

股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉内固定术后影响患者下肢功能恢复的因素分析

目的：通过对股骨带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折患者分析，探讨影响术后下肢功能恢复的不利因素。方法：对329例股骨干骨折行带锁髓内钉内固定术患者进行随访，其中单纯股骨干骨折294例、股骨干骨折合并转子下骨折35例。结果：平均随访15个月(6～24个月)，患者总有效率为95．44％．Barthel指数评分较术前显著改善。出现远端锁钉失败21例、骨折端劈裂5例、骨折延迟愈合12例、骨不连3例、膝关节屈曲受限23例、断主钉1例。结论：扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折，疗效肯定，但需注意术前选钉合理、术中操作规范、术后康复训练指导应及时科学。     

股骨干骨折并发脂肪栓塞综合征1例的护理体会

股骨干骨折易并发脂肪栓塞综合征,脂肪栓塞早期易与创伤性休克、颅脑外伤昏迷症状相混淆,尤其轻型脂肪栓塞往往由于临床症状不典型被漏诊。如不密切观察,精心护理,则易延误诊断,影响治疗,危及生命。现将我院收治的1例股骨干骨折并发脂肪栓塞综合征患的情况汇报如下。     

扩髓与不扩髓条件下髓内钉置入内固定治疗成人股骨干骨折的系统评价

背景:髓内钉扩髓与不扩髓治疗股骨干骨折仍存在争议.目的:比较扩髓与不扩髓髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折的临床效果,评价两种治疗方法的疗效差异.方法:计算机检索Cochrane图书馆(2011年第9期)、MEDLINE(1966-01/2011-09)、EMbase(1984-01/2011-09)、CNKI(1979-01/2011-09)等数据库,收集比较扩髓和不扩髓治疗股骨干骨折的随机对照试验,利用Cochrane 协作网提供的RevMan5.1.2软件对纳入研究结果进行Meta 分析,使用GRADEpro version3.2.2软件对纳入研究进行证据评级.结果与结论:纳入10个随机对照试验,共1 360例股骨干骨折患者,其中扩随组 656例,不扩髓组704例.Meta分析表明,与不扩髓髓内钉相比,扩髓髓内钉固定能降低成人股骨干骨折不愈合率(RR = 0.20,95%CI 0.07～0.82,P=0.02)、再次手术率(RR=0.25,95%CI 0.11～0.59,P=0.002)、延迟愈合率(RR = 0.30,95%CI 0.14～0.64,P=0.002)等,对于内固定失败率(RR=0.68,95% CI 0.28～1.70,P = 0.41)、病死率(RR 0.94,95% CI 0.19～4.58,P=0.94)、呼吸窘迫综合征发生率(RR 1.53,95% CI 0.37～6.32,P=0.78)差异无显著性意义.结果提示扩髓髓内钉比不扩髓髓内钉治疗成人股骨干骨折有较好的临床疗效.     

Cerebral oedema and the fat embolism syndrome

A 19-year-old woman who sustained multiple trauma, but no head injury, developed, the fat embolism syndrome. Her severe, fulminant and reversible neurological deterioration was associated with cerebral oedema. We suggest that cerebral oedema may contribute to the neurological deterioration in the fat embolism syndrome.     

Long-term functional implications of the iatrogenic rotational malalignment of healed diaphyseal femur fractures following intramedullary nailing

Background

The long-term functional implications for patients with iatrogenic femoral malrotation following femoral intramedullary nail fixation remain unclear. This study examined the extent and direction of rotational alignment of the femur treated with intramedullary nail fixation and its long-term functional effects on patients' standing, walking, and subjective outcome.

Methods

Rotational alignment was measured using a CT-based protocol. Foot alignment while standing or walking was determined bilaterally using a pressure mat. Subjective functional outcome was assessed using a questionnaire.

Findings

Sixteen patients (5 F, 11 M; age: mean 44.3 years, range 24–75 years) with a healed femur fracture were included. Femur alignment demonstrated internal rotation in five patients (mean 6°; range 2–13°), and external rotation in 11 (mean 18°; range 3–32°). Static foot rotation demonstrated neutral rotation in two patients, internal rotation in four (mean 13°; range 5–22°), and external rotation in 10 (mean 15°; range 5–24°). Dynamic foot rotation demonstrated neutral rotation in two patients, internal rotation in two (mean 11°; range 4–26°), and external rotation in 12 (mean 11°; range 3–22°). There was a trend for increasing dynamic malrotation with femoral rotation (r² = 0.27; p = 0.055). In half the patients, dynamic foot rotation correlated with the extent of femoral malrotation. There was no association (p = 0.6) between overall patient satisfaction (10 fully satisfied; 5 partially satisfied; and 1 dissatisfied) and foot alignment.

Interpretation

Patients can compensate for even significant femoral malrotation and tolerate it well. External femoral malrotation appears to be better compensated/tolerated than internal malrotation.     

Postoperative complications of concomitant fat embolism syndrome,pulmonary embolism and tympanic membrane perforation after tibiofibular fracture: A case report

BACKGROUNDFat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare disease characterized by pulmonary distress, neurologic symptoms, and petechial rash and seriously threatens human life and health. It is still neglected clinically because of the lack of verifiable diagnostic criteria and atypical clinical symptoms. No studies on FES with pulmonary embolism (PE) and tympanic membrane perforation have been reported to date. Here, we report a rare case of concomitant FES, PE and tympanic membrane perforation after surgery in a patient with a tibiofibular fracture.CASE SUMMARYA 39-year-old man presented with right lower extremity pain due to a car accident while driving a motorbike on the road. X-ray and computed tomography scans revealed a fracture of the right mid-shaft tibia and proximal fibula categorized as a type A2 fracture according to the AO classification. A successful minimally invasive operation was performed 3 d after the injury. Postoperatively, the patient developed sudden symptoms of respiratory distress and hearing loss. Early diagnosis was made, and supportive treatments were used at the early stage of FES. Seven days after surgery, he presented a clear recovery from respiratory symptoms. The outcome of fracture healing was excellent, and his hearing of the left ear was mildly impaired at the last follow-up of 4 mo.CONCLUSIONConcomitant FES, PE and tympanic membrane perforation are very rare but represent potentially fatal complications of trauma or orthopedic surgery and present with predominantly pulmonary symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the mortality of FES, and prevention is better than a cure.     

脂肪栓塞综合征在严重创伤患者延迟诊断的临床分析

目的：分析脂肪栓塞综合征（FES）在严重创伤患者中诊断延迟的原因,总结其诊治经验。方法：收集2007-01-2012-06我科收治多发伤患者5074例,其中发生FES患者25例,其中10例出现早期漏诊导致诊断延迟,发生率为40%。总结了该组患者临床资料,分析其延迟诊治的可能原因、临床治疗和预防措施。结果：10例并发长骨骨折的多发伤患者均为严重创伤（ISS≥16）,伤后来我院就诊得到4~13 d明确诊断。最常见致伤原因为道路交通事故,其次为高处坠落和重物砸伤。10例患者中,7例治愈出院。2例转当地医院治疗,1例死亡,病死率10%。结论：提高对多发伤患者FES的认识,动态监测病情变化、及时处理骨折有助于减少创伤后脂肪栓塞综合征的发生。根据患者病情,选择恰当的治疗方案和内固定手术方式有助于改善创伤后脂肪栓塞综合征患者的预后。     

浅析脂肪栓塞综合征的诊治

目的探讨脂肪栓塞综合征（FES）的诊断和治疗要点。方法对11例脂肪栓塞综合征病例的诊断、治疗过程进行回顾分析。结果本组11例患者,死亡1例,其余10例临床治愈,未发现后遗症。结论对脂肪栓塞综合征（FES）的诊断和治疗贵在早,休克防治、骨折处理、糖皮质激素应用、高压氧治疗和呼吸支持疗法都非常关键。     

外固定架固定后二期行扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗多发伤股骨干骨折

目的确定对于不适于立即行带锁髓内钉内固定合适的方法。方法自2004年1至2006年12月，16例患者用外固定架固定股骨干骨折二期行扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗多发伤股骨干骨折，其中男性9例，女性7例，平均年龄43岁（17～44岁〉，损伤严重评分为28分（14～44分），平均格拉斯哥评分为12分（4～15分）。股骨骨折在受伤后24h内行单侧外固定架外固定，手术平均时间平均为30min。外固定架时间为7d（1～49d）。结果15例患者随访，15例骨折6个月内愈合。有2例发生并发症，1例为肺栓塞，1例为骨不连，平均膝关节活动度为120°。结论外固定架固定股骨干骨折二期行扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗多发伤股骨干骨折，病死率低，骨折愈合快，感染率低，患肢功能恢复好。     

Late-onset isolated cerebral fat embolism syndrome after a simple tibial plateau fracture: a rare case report

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a complication of long bone fractures that often occurs within 72 hours of injury. Early-onset isolated cerebral fat embolism is catastrophic and rarely reported. We herein present a rare case of delayed-onset isolated cerebral FES that developed 10 days after definite fixation of a left tibial plateau fracture. A 70-year-old woman was injured in a traffic accident and diagnosed with a left tibial plateau fracture. However, she developed sudden loss of consciousness (E4V1M1) and quadriplegia 10 days after fracture fixation. Her vital signs showed no respiratory distress. Diagnosis of isolated cerebral FES was made based on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, the findings of which were compatible with the clinical neurological findings. After supportive care and rehabilitation, her consciousness became clear on the second day of admission, and her consciousness changed to E4V5M6. She gradually regained strength in her right limbs but had residual left limb paraplegia. Isolated cerebral FES should always be considered for patients who develop a change in consciousness, even beyond 72 hours after injury. Imaging may not initially show definitive abnormalities. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging should be considered if the initial clinical presentation does not fully meet Gurd’s criteria.     

早期评判脂肪栓塞综合征的诊断性试验研究

目的 探讨应用“十分法”诊断标准对脂肪栓塞综合征早期诊断的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析宁夏医科大学总医院1993年1月至2012年2月收住院,采用Gurd“金标准”确诊为脂肪栓塞综合征,包括暴发型、典型及非典型脂肪栓塞综合征患者共计129例设为脂栓组.另外抽取2005年7月至2012年2月住院的单发或多发长骨干和/或骨盆骨折经临床观察无脂肪栓塞综合征临床表现者97例设为非脂栓组.剔除的标准:单纯的颅脑伤、胸部外伤、脊柱骨折、创伤失血性休克或合并心肺脑复苏术后患者.两组基本情况和原发病种具有可比性.应用“十分法”诊断标准对入组病例逐个进行量化评分,结果采用x2检验分析.结果 对脂肪栓塞综合征早期诊断价值以D-二聚体升高所占比例最高(74.1％),其次为血红蛋白进行性下降(63.6％)及低氧血症(57.4％).脂栓组≥10分的阳性率显著高于非脂栓组,差异具有统计学意义(x2=202.6,P＜0.01).“十分法”诊断标准的灵敏度为96.12％,特异度为99.8％.结论 应用“十分法”评分标准进行量化,能对脂肪栓塞综合征患者做出早期诊断,极大地降低误诊、漏诊率.     

交锁髓内钉固定术治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的围手术期护理

目的:分析35例股骨干粉碎性骨折行交锁髓内钉固定术的护理资料,探讨其护理体会。方法:患者入院后予以术前心理护理,加强术前宣教;术中加强呼吸道和体位管理,术后予以严密监测生命体征并及时恰当康复锻炼。结果:1例死于肝破裂,34例行股骨干交锁髓内钉固定术,其中1例死于胸外伤继发呼吸衰竭,合并骨筋膜室综合征、深静脉血栓、腹膜炎和腓神经麻痹各1例,保守治疗后恢复。结论:规范股骨干粉碎性骨折行交锁髓内钉固定术的围手术期护理,可减少相关并发症,加快患者康复。