儿科门诊应对手足口病的护理

肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤是肾上腺髓质产生儿茶酚胺的嗜铬细胞所发生的肿瘤，手术切除是嗜铬细胞瘤最有效的治疗方法。传统的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术对患者损伤重、创伤大、患者术后卧床时间长、恢复慢；Gagner于1992年首先报道了腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术（LA）。腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术具有创伤小、出血少、术后血压波动小、患者恢复快的优点心。我院2003年2月-2005年5月共行经腹入路腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术12例，取得满意效果，现报道如下。     

经腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术(附36例报道)

目的探讨经腹腔途径腹腔镜微创手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及临床价值。方法对36例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者采用腹腔镜经腹腔途径手术治疗。结果36例全部成功，无1例中转开放手术，术中及术后均未输血，无严重并发症发生。手术时间45～130min，平均75min。术中血压波动≥20mmHg 11例。术后住院时间4～7d，平均5．2d。病理报告均为嗜铬细胞瘤。全部病例获得随访6～72个月，患者术后血压正常，未见肿瘤复发。结论经腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术具有损伤小、安全有效、术后恢复快和住院时间短等优点，具有良好的临床应用前景。     

嗜铬细胞瘤合并肾上腺节细胞神经瘤一例

目的:分析嗜铬细胞瘤合并肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的诊治要点.方法:总结分析1例嗜铬细胞瘤合并肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的诊治经过.结果:该例患者有高血压、糖尿病病史,结合实验室检查及影像学检查可基本明确嗜铬细胞瘤,行后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术后,血压可降至正常范围,术后病理学检查符合混合性嗜铬细胞瘤和肾上腺节细胞神经瘤.结论:嗜铬细胞瘤合并肾上腺节细胞神经瘤是一种少见的良性肿瘤,临床症状以嗜铬细胞瘤表现为主,确诊靠病理学检查,手术切除是主要的治疗方法.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤(附8例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析了该院2004年10月～2008年5月后腹腔镜手术治疗8例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料.结果 8例手术全部成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间30～150min(平均55min),术中出血量40～120mL(平均60mL),均未输血,瘤体直径2.5～7.5 cm(平均4.5 cm),术后住院时间5～10 d(平均7 d).病理检查报告均为嗜铬细胞瘤.随访3个月～4年,患者血压均恢复正常,无需服用降压药物,肿瘤局部无复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术损伤小、手术时间短、出血少,术后恢复快,临床应用前景广泛.直径超过6cm的肿瘤也可以被经验丰富的外科医生顺利切除.     

经腹入路腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的护理12例

肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤是肾上腺髓质产生儿茶酚胺的嗜铬细胞所发生的肿瘤,手术切除是嗜铬细胞瘤最有效的治疗方法。传统的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术对患者损伤重、创伤大、患者术后卧床时间长、恢复慢;Gagner于1992年首先报道了腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术(LA)[1]。腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术具有创伤小、出血少、术后血压波动小、患者恢复快的优点[2,3]。我院2003年2月-2005年5月共行经腹入路腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术12例,取得满意效果,现报道如下。临床资料1.一般资料。本组12例,男7例,女5例,年龄21~60岁。病变位于左侧8例,右侧5例,肿瘤…     

机器人辅助手术治疗压迫大血管的复杂嗜铬细胞瘤的体会（附3例报告）

目的探讨机器人腹腔镜手术治疗压迫大血管复杂嗜铬细胞瘤的可行性及安全性。方法2013年2月至2013年3月采用达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜设备治疗3例压迫大血管复杂嗜铬细胞瘤患者。男1例,女2例。2例表现为阵发性头晕、心悸和血压升高,1例表现为心悸伴胸痛。CT、超声和实验室检查诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤。1例为左侧肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤（副神经节瘤）,肿瘤位于左肾中下极水平腹主动脉旁,大小为4．8cm×3．8cm。2例为右侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,肿瘤紧贴肝叶、压迫下腔静脉,大小分别为6．5cm×4．6cm和4．9cmX4．7cm。3例均采用经腹腔途径,对于左侧副神经节瘤,置入4个Trocar（3个机械臂和1个辅助孔）完成手术,对于右侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,置人5个Trocar（3个机械臂和2个辅助孔）完成手术。结果3例手术均成功完成,1例术中血压波动为50mmHg,2例术中血压波动≤30mmHg。达芬奇系统定位平均时间为10min,手术时间分别为120、60、85min,术中出血量分别为200、100、200ml,术后住院时间分别为5、7、4d。3例患者术后症状消失,血压恢复正常,均无继发性出血、感染等并发症。术后病理均诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤。术后随访2～3个月,未见肿瘤复发。结论压迫腔静脉、腹主动脉等大血管的嗜铬细胞瘤情况复杂,采用传统腹腔镜手术较为困难。采用达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜手术进行治疗具有操作精细、安全性高、并发症少等优点,值得临床应用。     

后腹腔镜肾上腺手术经验与体会

目的总结后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的经验体会并探讨其手术技巧。方法对260例肾上腺疾病患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺病变切除术,其中肾上腺肿瘤254例（原发性醛固酮增多症116例,皮质醇症29例,无功能腺瘤78例,嗜铬细胞瘤26例,肾上腺神经节瘤5例）,肾上腺囊肿6例。结果260例手术除2例嗜铬细胞瘤体积较大出血转开放手术外,其余均获得成功。手术时间25—65min,平均40min,术中出血20～150ml。引流管1～3d拔除,无大出血、气胸等并发症,术后均恢复良好,平均住院天数5d。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺手术创伤小,恢复快,提高手术技巧与总结经验为肾上腺外科疾病的治疗提供了更加安全的选择。     

后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术32例围术期护理

目的:探讨后腹腔镜下行肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术患者的围术期护理。方法:对32例经后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术患者做好术前护理、术中配合及术后护理。结果:本组手术时间70～140 min,平均110 min;平均出血25 ml。术后4例血压仍偏高,联合降压后逐渐平稳,其余均未发生并发症。结论:肾上腺肿瘤手术复杂、风险大,充分的术前准备、熟练科学的术中配合、预见性术后护理是提高手术成功率、减少并发症的重要保证。     

后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除15例围术期的护理

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术患者的围术期护理措施。方法回顾总结2010—03—2011-07实施后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术15例患者的临床资料及围术期护理措施。结果15例患者均顺利渡过手术关,血压恢复正常,无并发症发生。结论虽然后腹腔镜下肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术较传统的手术创伤小、痛苦轻、感染少、恢复快,但妥善的围术期护理仍是降低手术风险和使手术获得成功的关键。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术探讨

目的：探讨后腹腔镜在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术中的疗效和可行性。方法回顾分析15例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者行腹膜后腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果 l5例手术均获成功,无手术并发症发生。除3例术后血压略高外,余术后临床症状和体征均消失,激素水平恢复正常。结论腹膜后腹腔镜手术可作为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤首选的微创治疗方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.