AMP活化蛋白激酶研究进展

能量代谢失衡是肥胖、糖尿病及代谢综合征的主要原因.AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是一种重要的蛋白激酶,可以调节能量代谢,开启分解代谢途径,如脂肪酸氧化和糖酵解,从而增加ATP的产生,同时关闭合成代谢途径,如多种脂类、蛋白质及糖原的合成,减少ATP的消耗.在增加骨骼肌对匍萄糖的摄取、增强胰岛素敏感性、增加脂肪酸氧化以及调节基因转录等方面发挥重要作用.AMPK不仅町以在细胞水平作为"能量调节器",在整体水平还可以通过激素和细胞因子,如瘦素、脂联素和ghrelin调节机体的能量代谢.凼而,阐明AMPK在不同组织细胞及整体水平上调节糖脂代谢的机制是今后该领域的研究热点,也是临床治疗肥胖、2型糖尿病及代谢综合征等疾病的有效靶点.     

AMP活化蛋白激酶研究进展

能量代谢失衡是肥胖、糖尿病及代谢综合征的主要原因.AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是一种重要的蛋白激酶,可以调节能量代谢,开启分解代谢途径,如脂肪酸氧化和糖酵解,从而增加ATP的产生,同时关闭合成代谢途径,如多种脂类、蛋白质及糖原的合成,减少ATP的消耗.在增加骨骼肌对匍萄糖的摄取、增强胰岛素敏感性、增加脂肪酸氧化以及调节基因转录等方面发挥重要作用.AMPK不仅町以在细胞水平作为"能量调节器",在整体水平还可以通过激素和细胞因子,如瘦素、脂联素和ghrelin调节机体的能量代谢.凼而,阐明AMPK在不同组织细胞及整体水平上调节糖脂代谢的机制是今后该领域的研究热点,也是临床治疗肥胖、2型糖尿病及代谢综合征等疾病的有效靶点.     

AMP活化蛋白激酶研究进展

能量代谢失衡是肥胖、糖尿病及代谢综合征的主要原因.AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是一种重要的蛋白激酶,可以调节能量代谢,开启分解代谢途径,如脂肪酸氧化和糖酵解,从而增加ATP的产生,同时关闭合成代谢途径,如多种脂类、蛋白质及糖原的合成,减少ATP的消耗.在增加骨骼肌对匍萄糖的摄取、增强胰岛素敏感性、增加脂肪酸氧化以及调节基因转录等方面发挥重要作用.AMPK不仅町以在细胞水平作为"能量调节器",在整体水平还可以通过激素和细胞因子,如瘦素、脂联素和ghrelin调节机体的能量代谢.凼而,阐明AMPK在不同组织细胞及整体水平上调节糖脂代谢的机制是今后该领域的研究热点,也是临床治疗肥胖、2型糖尿病及代谢综合征等疾病的有效靶点.     

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶在酒精性肝病中的研究进展

腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）信号通路是调节细胞能量状态的中心环节,其激活后磷酸化下游的信号分子,抑制ATP合成,同时促进ATP分解,被称为“细胞能量调节器”,在增加脂肪酸氧化、胰岛素敏感性及氧化应激等方面发挥重要作用,可能参与酒精性肝病的发病过程。该文就AMPK在酒精性肝病发病机制中的作用作一综述。     

LKB1-AMPK信号通路与胰岛素抵抗

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP—activated protein kinase，AMPK）广泛存在于各种真核细胞中，被认为是真核生物的“细胞能量调节器”，受AMP／ATP比值的调节。一磷酸腺苷（AMP）与AMPK-7调节亚基相结合，启动上游激酶LKB1磷酸化AMPK一口催化亚基，从而致使AMPK活化，开启分解代谢途径产生ATP，同时关闭合成代谢途径以减少ATP消耗。新近的研究发现二甲双胍类和噻唑烷二酮类（TZDs）抗糖尿病药物可以激活AMPK，     

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶与胰岛素抵抗

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK）是一类重要的蛋白激酶,通过改变细胞代谢和调节基因转录恢复细胞ATP水平。AMPK参与了肌肉收缩介导的葡萄糖转运和脂肪酸氧化,抑制肝脏葡萄糖、胆固醇和甘油三酯产生,并具有调节食物摄取和体重的作用。AMPK信号通路是目前具有吸引力的治疗肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病和其它代谢病的药理靶点。     

AMPK对缺血心肌保护机制的研究进展

单磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase，AMPK)广泛存在于心肌细胞中，其是细胞的能量感受器，参与细胞能量代谢调节，在生理和病理情况下都发挥着重要的功能。当细胞发生缺血、缺氧等应激反应时，细胞中三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的浓度降低，AMP的浓度升高，AMP/ATP的比例升高，AMPK被激活。激活的AMPK一方面可抑制ATP的消耗，另一方面刺激细胞产生更多的ATP，使细胞内ATP总量增多，从而可有限地延长细胞内ATP的供应时间，发挥对缺血心肌细胞的保护作用。此外，AMPK激活后可抑制蛋白质合成，可能通过减轻内质网应激以减少缺血引起的心肌细胞凋亡，发挥对心肌的保护作用。     

腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶在脂肪组织中的作用

腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）是细胞和机体能量代谢的主要调节器。组织缺氧、低血糖、禁食和运动可以激活脂肪细胞中的AMPK。AMPK活化后能通过磷酸化下游信号分子,刺激能量生成途径（葡萄糖转运,脂肪酸氧化）关闭能量消耗的途径（脂肪、蛋白质、糖类的生成）。现在已经明确脂肪组织不仅是能量储存的场所,也在能量平衡以及其它很多过程中发挥作用。研究AMPK与脂肪组织的关系,将为AMPK作为防治肥胖的新靶点提供可靠的理论基础和应用依据。     

AMPK在肿瘤研究中的新进展

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是细胞内的能量感受器,在真核细胞生物中广泛存在.各种导致细胞内AMP/ATP比值升高的因素均可引起AMPK活化.AMPK活化后抑制消耗ATP的合成代谢过程,启动生成ATP的分解代谢过程,维持机体能量代谢平衡.AMPK家族成员与糖尿病等代谢性疾病关系密切.AMPK激活剂二甲双胍和噻唑烷二酮类,已作为2型糖尿病的治疗药物应用于临床.近来有研究表明肿瘤细胞中存在能量代谢异常,AMPK作为细胞能量代谢的调控因子,有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点.     

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶与心血管疾病

1973年,Gobson和Carlson分别报道了腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)广泛存在真核细胞生物中,通过影响细胞物质代谢的多个环节来维持细胞能量供求平衡和调节细胞功能.细胞能量不足时会激活AMPK,一方面抑制糖原、脂肪和胆固醇的合成,减少ATP的利用;另一方面,促进脂肪酸氧化、葡萄糖转运等,增加ATP的产生.反之,当细胞内存在高浓度的ATP则可以抑制该效应.……     

AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) system acts as a sensor of cellular energy status that is conserved in all eukaryotic cells. It is activated by increases in the cellular AMP:ATP ratio caused by metabolic stresses that either interfere with ATP production (eg, deprivation for glucose or oxygen) or that accelerate ATP consumption (eg, muscle contraction). Activation in response to increases in AMP involves phosphorylation by an upstream kinase, the tumor suppressor LKB1. In certain cells (eg, neurones, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes), AMPK can also be activated by a Ca(2+)-dependent and AMP-independent process involving phosphorylation by an alternate upstream kinase, CaMKKbeta. Once activated, AMPK switches on catabolic pathways that generate ATP, while switching off ATP-consuming processes such as biosynthesis and cell growth and proliferation. The AMPK complex contains 3 subunits, with the alpha subunit being catalytic, the beta subunit containing a glycogen-sensing domain, and the gamma subunits containing 2 regulatory sites that bind the activating and inhibitory nucleotides AMP and ATP. Although it may have evolved to respond to metabolic stress at the cellular level, hormones and cytokines such as insulin, leptin, and adiponectin can interact with the system, and it now appears to play a key role in maintaining energy balance at the whole body level. The AMPK system may be partly responsible for the health benefits of exercise and is the target for the antidiabetic drug metformin. It is a key player in the development of new treatments for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome.     

Hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase as a mediator of whole body energy balance

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the downstream constituent of a kinase cascade that acts as a sensor of cellular energy levels. Current data unequivocally indicate that hypothalamic AMPK plays a key role in the control of the whole body energy balance, by integrating peripheral signals, such as hormones and metabolites, with central signals, such as neuropeptides, and eliciting allostatic changes in energy homeostasis. Although the molecular details of these interactions are not fully understood, recent evidence has suggested that the interaction between AMPK with hypothalamic lipid metabolism and other metabolic sensors, such as the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), may play a main role in the hypothalamic control of feeding and energy expenditure. Here, we summarize the role of hypothalamic AMPK as whole body energy gauge. Understanding this key molecule and especially its functions at central level may provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic alterations and obesity.     

AMPK: a key regulator of energy balance in the single cell and the whole organism

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) system is a key player in regulating energy balance at both the cellular and whole-body levels, placing it at centre stage in studies of obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. It is switched on in response to metabolic stresses such as muscle contraction or hypoxia, and modulated by hormones and cytokines affecting whole-body energy balance such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin and cannabinoids. Once activated, it switches on catabolic pathways that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), while switching off ATP-consuming anabolic processes. AMPK exists as heterotrimeric complexes comprising a catalytic alpha-subunit and regulatory beta- and gamma-subunits. Binding of AMP to the gamma-subunit, which is antagonized by high ATP, causes activation of the kinase by promoting phosphorylation at threonine (Thr-172) on the alpha-subunit by the upstream kinase LKB1, allowing the system to act as a sensor of cellular energy status. In certain cells, AMPK is activated in response to elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ via phosphorylation of Thr-172 by calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-beta (CaMKKbeta). Activation of AMPK, either in response to exercise or to pharmacological agents, has considerable potential to reverse the metabolic abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Two existing classes of antidiabetic drugs, that is, biguanides (for example, metformin) and the thiazolidinediones (for example, rosiglitazone), both act (at least in part) by activation of AMPK. Novel drugs activating AMPK may also have potential for the treatment of obesity.     

Targeting AMP-activated protein kinase as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders

In the light of recent studies in humans and rodents, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a phylogenetically conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, has been described as an integrator of regulatory signals monitoring systemic and cellular energy status. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed to function as a 'fuel gauge' to monitor cellular energy status in response to nutritional environmental variations. Recently, it has been proposed that AMPK could provide a link in metabolic defects underlying progression to the metabolic syndrome. AMPK is a heterotrimeric enzyme complex consisting of a catalytic subunit and two regulatory subunits β and γ. AMPK is activated by rising AMP and falling ATP. AMP activates the system by binding to the γ subunit that triggers phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit by the upstream kinases LKB1 and CaMKKβ (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase). AMPK system is a regulator of energy balance that, once activated by low energy status, switches on ATP-producing catabolic pathways (such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis), and switches off ATP-consuming anabolic pathways (such as lipogenesis), both by short-term effect on phosphorylation of regulatory proteins and by long-term effect on gene expression. As well as acting at the level of the individual cell, the system also regulates food intake and energy expenditure at the whole body level, in particular by mediating the effects of insulin sensitizing adipokines leptin and adiponectin. AMPK is robustly activated during skeletal muscle contraction and myocardial ischaemia playing a role in glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation. In liver, activation of AMPK results in enhanced fatty acid oxidation as well as decreased glucose production. Moreover, the AMPK system is one of the probable targets for the anti-diabetic drugs biguanides and thiazolidinediones. Thus, the relationship between AMPK activation and beneficial metabolic effects provide the rationale for the development of new therapeutic strategies in metabolic disorders.     

Resveratrol stimulates AMP kinase activity in neurons

Resveratrol is a polyphenol produced by plants that has multiple beneficial activities similar to those associated with caloric restriction (CR), such as increased life span and delay in the onset of diseases associated with aging. CR improves neuronal health, and the global beneficial effects of CR have been postulated to be mediated by the nervous system. One key enzyme thought to be activated during CR is the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a sensor of cellular energy levels. AMPK is activated by increases in the cellular AMP:ATP ratio, whereupon it functions to help preserve cellular energy. In this regard, the regulation of dietary food intake by hypothalamic neurons is mediated by AMPK. The suppression of nonessential energy expenditure by activated AMPK along with the CR mimetic and neuroprotective properties of resveratrol led us to hypothesize that neuronal activation of AMPK could be an important component of resveratrol activity. Here, we show that resveratrol activated AMPK in Neuro2a cells and primary neurons in vitro as well as in the brain. Resveratrol and the AMPK-activating compound 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) promoted robust neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells, which was blocked by genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of AMPK. Resveratrol also stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in an AMPK-dependent manner. Resveratrol-stimulated AMPK activity in neurons depended on LKB1 activity but did not require the NAD-dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1 during this time frame. These findings suggest that neuronal activation of AMPK by resveratrol could affect neuronal energy homeostasis and contribute to the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol.     

Role of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle

5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is recognized as an important intracellular energy sensor, shutting down energy-consuming processes and turning on energy-generating processes. Discovery of target proteins of AMPK has dramatically increased in the past 10 years. Historically, AMPK was first shown to regulate fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, but is now hypothesized to take part in the regulation of energy/fuel balance not only at the cellular level but also at the level of the whole organism. In this brief review we will discuss some of the roles of AMPK in skeletal muscle.     

AMPK - Activated Protein Kinase and its Role in Energy Metabolism of the Heart

Adenosine monophosphate - activated kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in the coordination of the heart's anabolic and catabolic pathways. It induces a cellular cascade at the center of maintaining energy homeostasis in the cardiomyocytes.. The activated AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein, separated into a catalytic α - subunit (63kDa), a regulating β - subunit (38kDa) and a γ - subunit (38kDa), which is allosterically adjusted by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The actual binding of AMP to the γ - subunit is the step which activates AMPK. AMPK serves also as a protein kinase in several metabolic pathways of the heart, including cellular energy sensoring or cardiovascular protection. The AMPK cascade represents a sensitive system, activated by cellular stresses that deplete ATP and acts as an indicator of intracellular ATP/AMP. In the context of cellular stressors (i.e. hypoxia, pressure overload, hypertrophy or ATP deficiency) the increasing levels of AMP promote allosteric activation and phosphorylation of AMPK. As the concentration of AMP begins to increase, ATP competitively inhibits further phosphorylation of AMPK. The increase of AMP may also be induced either from an iatrogenic emboli, percutaneous coronary intervention, or from atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to an ischemia in the microcirculation. To modulate energy metabolism by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is vital in terms of ATP usage, maintaining transmembrane transporters and preserving membrane potential. In this article, we review AMPK and its role as an important regulatory enzyme during periods of myocardial stress, regulating energy metabolism, protein synthesis and cardiovascular protection.     

AMPK signalling and the control of substrate use in the heart

All mammalian cells rely on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain function and for survival. The heart has the highest basal ATP demand of any organ due to the necessity for continuous contraction. As such, the ability of the cardiomyocyte to monitor cellular energy status and adapt the supply of substrates to match the energy demand is crucial. One important serine/threonine protein kinase that monitors cellular energy status in the heart is adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is also a key enzyme that controls multiple catabolic and anabolic biochemical pathways in the heart and indirectly plays a crucial role in regulating cardiac function in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Herein, we review the involvement of AMPK in myocardial fatty acid and glucose transport and utilization, as it relates to basal cardiac function. We also assess the literature amassed on cardiac AMPK and discuss the controversies surrounding the role of AMPK in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the heart. The work reviewed herein also emphasizes areas that require further investigation for the purpose of eventually translating this information into improved patient care.     

AMP-activated Protein Kinase in the Control of Cardiac Metabolism and Remodeling

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can be firstly considered as a cellular fuel gauge. AMPK rapidly senses energy deprivation and orchestrates a metabolic response to maintain an acceptable energy level required for cell survival under such adverse condition. Its protective role during myocardial ischemia has been deeply documented. More recently, it has been shown that the role of AMPK extends to several nonmetabolic effects related to other cardiac pathologies comprising diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Here, we briefly review the different roles played by AMPK in the control of cardiac metabolism and function under normal and pathological conditions. The potential cardioprotective actions of AMPK and the relative importance of its energetic and nonmetabolic effects in these mechanisms are deeply discussed.     

AMPK isoform expression in the normal and failing hearts

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master metabolic switch that plays an important role in energy homeostasis at the cellular and whole body level, hence a promising drug target. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex composed of catalytic α-subunit and regulatory β- and γ-subunits with multiple isoforms for each subunit. It has been shown that AMPK activity is increased in cardiac hypertrophy and failure but it is unknown whether changes in subunit composition of AMPK contribute to the altered AMPK activity. In this study, we determined the protein expression pattern of AMPK subunit isoforms during cardiac development as well as during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in mouse heart. We also compared the findings in failing mouse heart to that of the human failing hearts in order to determine whether the mouse heart is a good model of AMPK in human diseases. In mouse developmental hearts, AMPK was highly expressed in the fetal stages and fell back to the adult level after birth. In the failing mouse heart, there was a significant increase in α2, β2, and γ2 subunits both at the mRNA and protein levels. In contrary, we found significant increases in the protein level of α1, β1 and γ2c subunits in human failing hearts with no change in the mRNA level. We also compared isoform-specific AMPK activity in the mouse and human failing hearts. Consistent with the literature, in the failing mouse heart, the α2 complexes accounted for ~2/3 of total AMPK activity while the α1 complexes accounted for the remaining 30-35%. In the human hearts, however, the contribution of α1-AMPK activity was significantly higher (>40%) in the non-failing hearts, and it further increased to 50% in the failing hearts. Thus, the human hearts have a greater amount of α1-AMPK activity compared to the rodent hearts. In summary, the protein level and the isoform distribution of AMPK in the heart change significantly during normal development as well as in heart failure. These observations provide a basis for future development of therapeutic strategies for targeting AMPK.