CYTOKINES IN EXPERIMENTAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes productive and latent forms of infection in humans and experimental animals. The primary infection and reactivation of the latent infection evoke an immune response in the host organism, involving activities of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. Strong cytokine responses are associated with the acute and recurrent phases of HSV infection. Also, during the latent phase of HSV infection in the senory ganglia, expression of certain cytokines can be detected. The cytokine response to HSV infection is dominated by proinflammatory and Th1 type cytokines; however, Th2 type cytokines such as interleukin-4 also are expressed in the infected tissue. The use of novel HSV-derived, cytokine-expressing gene therapy vectors necessitates studies on the possible modulation of the host responses by the virus-encoded cytokine transgenes. This review focuses on the roles of certain Th1 and Th2 type cytokines in different phases of the experimental HSV infections.     

吉林省延边地区蜱类分布及其携带发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒调查

本文旨在探讨吉林省延边地区自然环境和动物体表蜱类分布及其消长规律,掌握其携带发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒(Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus,SFTSV)状况及传播病毒能力。2016年4~9月份按月采集延边州所辖8个县(市)自然环境中生长的蜱虫和放牧动物体表蜱虫进行形态学分类,对其进行构成分析。对其中部分蜱虫分组进行SFTSV核酸检测。SFTSV核酸检测方法采用了Real time RT-PCR和RT-PCR相结合的方法。结果共采集蜱虫3 446只,其中森林革蜱763只,嗜群血蜱222只,日本血蜱639只,长角血蜱515只,全沟硬蜱1 014只,其他血蜱293只;全沟硬蜱(29.43%)和森林革蜱(22.14%)为本地优势种。长角血蜱在图们市(70.88%)和珲春市(40.59%)分布较多。对部分蜱虫(1605只)SFTSV Real time RT-PCR检测结果总最低感染率为1.81%,分种最低感染率分别为嗜群血蜱8.65%、日本血蜱4.53%、长角血蜱1.59%。序列分析结果表明,本文检测到的SFTSV病毒与我国其他省份从患者身上分离到的大部分SFTSV有高度一致性(99%)且与2012年从浙江患者血清中分离到的SFTSV、2013年韩国国家疾病预防控制中心从人身上采集的长角血蜱中分离到的SFTSV处于同一分枝,把该病毒命名为YBHC-TICK1-2016/CHINA。     

蜱传脑炎病毒prM-E蛋白的真核表达及其在荧光素酶免疫共沉淀技术中的应用?

为了探索一种新型的血清学技术的荧光素酶免疫共沉淀技术（LIPS）,本研究利用真核表达系统制备了蜱传脑炎病毒结构蛋白prM?E与荧光素酶融合蛋白,并评价了其在LIPS系统中的检测效果。首先以蜱传脑炎病毒RNA为模板,采用RT?PCR技术扩增prM?E抗原基因,连接到pNLF1?secN质粒上构建真核表达载体pNLF?prM?E,使prM?E蛋白与荧光素酶串联融合表达,并将该质粒转染到Cos7细胞中。结果显示,转染重组质粒pNLF?prM?E的细胞上清中可检测到荧光素酶的高表达;进而用间接免疫荧光试验（ IFA）检测到转染的细胞与蜱传脑炎病毒抗体特异性结合;在此基础上,用LIPS方法对蜱传脑炎病毒感染患者血清进行检测,从20份患者血清中检出19份阳性,7份对照血清均为阴性。结果表明该重组抗原具有良好的特异性和灵敏性,可以用于LIPS系统中的候选检测抗原。     

ACTIVATION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION IN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED CYNOMOLOGUS MONKEYS INOCULATED WITH VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS

A systemic activated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was fortuitously detected in almost all monkeys which had been immunosuppressed with antithymocyte globulin (ATG), cyclophosphamide (CY), and cortisone acetate (CS) before and after experimental inoculation with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). They developed exudative pneumonia, and the lesions in visceral organs and tissues contained cytomegalic cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies, in which viral antigens, specific for CMV, but not inoculated VZV, were detected by immunofluorescence. Serological study of paired sera from these monkeys ascertained preexisting CMV infection. Under the present experimental conditions, this infection was highly reproducible and always occurred within three, but not two, weeks of immunosuppression in monkeys inoculated with VZV. We therefore examined the host factors involved in activation of latent CMV. The immunocompetence of the host was destroyed almost completely with treatment of ATG, CY, and CS, but not with combinations of two of these agents, revealing the systemic depletion of lymphoid cells in tissues including the thymus medulla. although the role of VZV in the induction of CMV remains uncertain, the heterologous VZV inoculum may have produced some effects equivalent to the allogeneic reaction to release latent CMV. These monkeys may represents an animal model of "opportunistic" CMV infection in immunocompromised and /or allografted humans. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 36: 1537-1552, 1986.     

EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN MICE FOLLOWING ASCENDING INFECTION WITH E. COLI

The initial interaction between uroepithelial cells and Escherichia coli which has adhesive or invasive activity for cultured cells was studied ultrastructurally at the in situ site of infection in the model of ascending pyelonephritis in mice. The densely piliated adhesive strain E77156 isolated from the urine of a patient with urinary tract infection adhered to the pelvic and renal tubular epithelial cells and colonized on their cell surfaces and thereafter in the cytoplasm. The non-piliated invasive strain 633–65 isolated from a patient with dysentery-like syndrome did not colonize on the uroepithelial cell surfaces but easily penetrated into the cytoplasm of these cells. Thereafter multiplication was observed in their cytoplasm. Neither strain scarcely penetrated into the interstitium via the basement membrane of the renal tubules.     

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION AND APOPTOSIS

Consequences of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection include the induction of apoptosis and the concomitant synthesis of proteins which act to block this process from killing the infected cell. Recent data has clarified our current understanding of the mechanisms of induction and prevention of apoptosis by HSV. These findings emphasize the fact that modulation of apoptosis by HSV during infection is a multicomponent phenomenon. We review recent evidence showing how this important human pathogen modulates the fundamental cell death process.     

INFECTION WITH DIFFERENT SPECIES OF LEPTOSPIRES IN HUSBAND AND WIFE

Leptospirosis occurring in a husband and wife is described. Both were responsible for cleaning up the excreta of a recently acquired puppy. The wife developed leptospirosis canicola, and three months later the husband developed leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica. Difficulty was experienced in ascertaining the infecting species of leptospire in the husband owing to the agglutination tests giving an equal rise and fall in titres for both L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola. The diagnosis was only confirmed after cross-absorption tests had been done.     

EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS (EBV) INFECTION IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS: VIRUS LATENCY,REPLICATION AND PHENOTYPE OF EBV-INFECTED CELLS

Primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection may manifest itself as a benign lymphoproliferative disorder, infectious mononucleosis (IM). EBV infection has been characterized in lymphoreticular tissues from nine patients with IM using the abundantly expressed EBV-encoded nuclear RNAs (EBERs) as a marker of latent infection. Expression of the virus-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA) 2 and of the latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 was seen in variable proportions of cells in all cases. Double labelling revealed heterogeneous expression patterns of these proteins. Thus, in addition to cells revealing phenotypes consistent with latencies I (EBNA2⁻/LMP1⁻) and III (EBNA2⁺/LMP1⁺), cells displaying a latency II pattern (EBNA2⁻/LMP1⁺) were observed. Cells expressing EBNA2 but not LMP1 were also detected; whilst this may represent a transitory phenomenon, the exact significance of this observation is at present uncertain. EBER-specific in situ hybridization in conjunction with immunohistochemistry revealed expression of the EBERs mainly in B-lymphocytes, many of which showed features of plasma cell differentiation. By contrast, convincing evidence of latent EBV infection was not found in T-cells, epithelial or endothelial cells. Double-labelling immunohistochemistry revealed expression of the replication-associated BZLF1 protein in small lymphoid cells, often showing plasmacytoid differentiation. There was no unambiguous expression of this protein in other cell types. These results suggest that B-cells are the primary target of EBV infection and that plasma cells may be a source of infectious virus found in the saliva of IM patients. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

严重腹腔感染患者体内肿瘤坏死因子及其抑制物

采用肿瘤坏死因子抑制物（ＴＮＦＩＮＨ）相对生物活性测定法，同时检测３０例腹腔感染病人热处理前后的血清，结果显示６８．９％患者体内同时存在ＴＮＦ（１９．７＋１４．２Ｕ／ｍｌ）和ＴＮＦＩＮＨ（３１．０＋２７．２％）活性。对４例患者手术前后ＴＮＦＩＮＨ相对活性进行跟踪观察，发现ＴＮＦＩＮＨ水平和严重腹腔感染性疾病的发展及转归密切相关。     

Gm and Km PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS (CAH) B VIRUS INFECTION

Patients with CAH, extrahepatic HBV manifestation and healthy children were studied for presence of Gm 1,2,3,10,21 factors and Km 1 factor. Significantly higher frequency of Gm (1, 2, 3, 10, 21) phenotype was shown in CAH group as compared with the other two groups. Relationship between Km factors and examined groups was not found.     

福建棘隙吸虫流行病学调查与感染实验

流行病学调查结果显示福建棘隙吸虫是鱼源性人兽共患寄生虫病原，分布于福建南部地区。调查龙海等５县市，居民平均感染率为３．２％。人群感染随年龄的增长而降低，３～１５岁年龄组占感染人数的６５．８％。调查中还发现人体感染华支睾吸虫、日本棘隙吸虫、抱茎棘隙吸虫、狭睾棘口吸虫和异形吸虫，本吸虫与其它鱼源性吸虫混合感染率占感染数的２３．９％。９县市第一中间宿主铜锈环棱螺与第二中间宿主麦穗鱼等鱼类平均感染率分别为７．３％与３５．１％。首次报告犬、猫、猪、黄毛鼠和褐家鼠为保虫宿主，其中犬的自然感染率为２９．２％。通过人工感染实验，观察了福建棘隙吸虫成虫和生活史各期幼虫，包括母雷蚴、子雷蚴、尾蚴、囊蚴的形态特征，进一步为虫种独立性提供依据。本吸虫囊蚴试验感染犬、豚鼠、鸡等动物均获成功，于感染后１１～１３ｄ检出虫卵。犬、豚鼠、鸡的成虫回收率分别依次为７２．８％、５６．７％、２７．３％。成虫主要寄生于宿主小肠上段，对寄主有一定的致病作用。     

西尼罗病毒与乙脑病毒免疫交叉反应的实验研究

为明确西尼罗病毒(WNV)与乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)的免疫交叉反应,本文分别用WNV全抗原与JE减毒活疫苗免疫小鼠,采用间接免疫荧光试验检测血清中2种病毒IgG抗体水平及其交叉反应情况。结果表明:WNV组在第4次免疫后的14天和35天出现2个高峰,平均效价分别为6088和4305;JEV组第4次免疫后,小鼠血清JEV抗体呈现缓慢上升的趋势。无论是在WNV全抗原免疫小鼠血清中还是在JE减毒活疫苗免疫小鼠血清中,同一血清对WNV抗原和JEV抗原均有反应,且抗体效价差异有显著性。在抗WNV抗体阳性血清中,两者交叉反应相对较强,在抗JEV抗体阳性血清中,两者交叉反应较弱。WNV与JEV存在一定交叉反应,但是否有交叉保护作用则需要中和试验等进一步证实。     

青少年齿龈内阿米巴感染与口腔疾病关系分析

为了调查青少年齿龈内阿米巴的感染情况,探讨其与口腔疾患的关系。采用二级整群抽样方法抽取承德市中小学生559人,同时随机抽取口腔医院儿科门诊患者220人。以消毒牙签取受检者口腔齿龈上或病灶表面附着物,生理盐水涂片,光学显微镜下观察。其结果显示,齿龈内阿米巴感染与性别、年龄、地域无关。而与口腔卫生习惯、所使用的牙膏类型以及是否患有口腔疾病有关:经常刷牙者齿龈内阿米巴感染率明显低于不经常刷牙者(χ2=9.47,P<0.01);使用普通牙膏的齿龈内阿米巴感染率显著低于使用药物牙膏者(χ2=8.38,P<0.01);有口腔疾病的患者齿龈内阿米巴感染率明显高于健康者(P<0.01),在各种口腔疾病中,牙周炎患者的齿龈内阿米巴感染率最高(χ2=20.02,P<0.01)。表明齿龈内阿米巴感染与口腔疾病密切相关。     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF HEPATOCELLULAR INJURY DURING ACUTE PHASE OF INFECTION IN MARMOSETS INOCULATED WITH HEPATITIS A VIRUS

The histological changes during the acute phase of infection in the livers of marmosets inoculated with hepatitis A virus were examined. The acute phase was divided into four stages according to the liver enzyme changes and ser-ological markers for the viral infection (Stage I, II, III, IV). Round cell infiltration in the portal tracts was first recognized in Stage I. Localization of parenchymal changes was predominantly periportal in Stage I, II, and IV, whereas the lesion was diffuse in Stage III. Hepatitis A virus antigen (HAVA) was widely distributed but spotty and the largest amount of HAVA was found in Stage II by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase study. By electron microscopy the endoplasmic reticulum was altered in the liver cells and in some area there was interaction between the hepatocytes and lymphocytes. These findings suggest that hepatocellular damages seen in this model are the result of immune response rather than cytotoxic effect. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 35: 1319–1331, 1985.