周围型肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影与增强MRI的对比研究

目的 :比较周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的超声造影与增强磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)的影像学特点,旨在提高影像学诊断的准确性。方法 :对51例经手术或穿刺病理证实为周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的患者的超声造影和增强MRI表现进行分析和比较。结果 :51例患者共有55个病灶。超声造影显示55个病灶在动脉期均有增强;门脉期有8个呈现为等回声,47个呈现为低回声;延迟期55个病灶均呈现低回声。增强MRI显示55个病灶在动脉期均有增强;门脉期和延迟期延迟强化的病灶有44个,11个病灶呈现为低回声。超声造影显示有42个(76.4%)病灶表现为周边环状增强,13个(23.6%)病灶表现为整体增强,增强过程中有40个(72.7%)病灶表现为"树枝样"向内延伸的增强方式;增强MRI显示40个(72.7%)病灶表现为周边环状强化,15个(27.3%)病灶表现为整体强化。超声造影的特征性表现为动脉期病灶周边环状增强,并呈"树枝样"向内延伸,达峰值时大多数病灶表现为不均匀增强;增强MRI的特征性表现为动脉期周边环状增强,而门脉期和延迟期表现为延迟强化。以"快进快出"、周边环状增强和(或)"树枝样"增强作为周围型肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影的特征,其出现率为70.9%(39/55);而以动脉期周边环状增强和延迟增强作为增强MRI的特征性表现,其出现率为69.1%(38/55)。超声造影与增强MRI的特征性影像出现率差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。结论 :周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的超声造影和增强MRI均有特征性表现,具有较高的诊断价值。     

周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的病理及影像学表现

周围型肝内胆管细胞癌是肝脏第二高发的原发恶性肿瘤,仅次于肝细胞癌,占所有胆管细胞癌的10％,另90％源于肝外胆管或为Klastkin瘤（肝门区胆管细胞癌）。周围型肝内胆管细胞癌是起源于肝内小胆管或末梢胆管上皮的腺癌,常伴发华支睾血吸虫感染、Caroli氏病、肝内胆石症等。因为周围型肝内胆管细胞癌多数仅表现为肝内肿物,故其必须与肝内其它占位性病变鉴别。本文就周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的病理及影像学表现作一综述。 1　病理特征 　　大体表现：周围型肝内胆管细胞癌常较大,直径5～20cm,质地较硬,切面常有硬化表现,中心可有致密的纤维条索,坏死、出血范围小且少见,囊性变罕见,可以有卫星灶。这些特征与典型肝细胞癌的大体表现（质地较软,中心常伴坏死、出血及囊性变等）有所不同。然而,纤维板层样肝癌及硬化性肝细胞癌在大体形态上则无法与周围型肝内胆管细胞癌区分。     

肝门区胆管癌的MRI应用价值

目的探讨肝门区胆管癌(HC)的MRI检查技术及应用价值。方法HC34例所有病例均行MR一体化扫描,包括MR平扫、MRCP、MR动态增强血管成像(3D-DCE-MRA),并作出能否手术切除的评价,与手术结果相对照。结果34例HC均可见肝门肿块、肝内胆管扩张、肝门胆管中断,动态增强扫描31例表现为延迟强化,3D-DCE-MRA中6例在动脉期表现为螺旋样动脉,18例可见门静脉受侵,表现为门脉侧壁浸润、门脉缩窄或闭塞,MRI对能否手术切除评估的准确性为88.2%(30/34)。结论MRI检查能充分显示HC病变及其侵犯范围,对HC进行准确的诊断和术前评估。     

肝细胞癌和肝内胆管细胞癌流行病学研究进展

摘 要：原发性肝癌在全球恶性肿瘤死因中位居第4位。肝细胞癌和肝内胆管细胞癌是其最常见的两种病理类型。虽两者均属原发性肝癌,但在病因学、流行病学、临床诊疗与预后等方面均有差别。该文就近年来肝细胞癌和肝内胆管细胞癌的流行病学研究进展作简要综述。     

肝门型胆管细胞癌的CT诊断

目的 探讨肝门型胆管细胞癌的CT特征,加深对肝门型胆管细胞癌的认识.方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理检查证实的36例肝门型胆管细胞癌的CT表现.结果 肝门型胆管细胞癌的CT平扫表现为低密度不规则肿块,边界欠清晰;增强扫描早期肿瘤边缘实质部分呈轻、中度强化,并表现出特征性的从周边到中心的向心性强化,呈延迟强化;胆管壁不规则增厚,胆管轻度扩张;肝萎缩.结论 肝门型胆管细胞癌的CT表现有一定的特征性,对与肝门其他常见病变的鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

磁共振弥散加权成像诊断肝内胆管细胞癌的研究分析北大核心CSCD

背景与目的:肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)较少见,近年来发病率持续上升。本研究旨在探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)对ICC的诊断价值。方法:18例经手术病理证实ICC作常规磁共振成像及DWI成像(b=0,600 s/mm2),分析ICC常规影像特点,定量分析和比较ICC肿瘤实质区与正常肝组织、ICC中肝脓肿区与肿瘤坏死囊变区DWI信号特点及表观扩散系数差异。结果:18例病变T1WI均呈低信号,T2WI均呈较高信号,增强后早期强化多不明显,延迟期呈环状、向心性充填式强化。DWI图像上18例ICC肿瘤实质区均呈高信号,ADC值为(1.32±0.15)×1010-3mm2/s;正常肝实质区ADC值(1.54±0.15)×10-3mm2/s,3例肝脓肿区ADC值(0.09±0.04)×10-3mm2/s,7例肿瘤坏死囊变区ADC值(1.73±0.17)×10-3mm2/s。ICC肿瘤实质区与正常肝组织间、肝脓肿区与肿瘤坏死囊变区间ADC值差异均具有统计学意义(t=4.62,P<0.001,t=3.73,P<0.05)。结论:DWI可作为常规MRI诊断ICC的重要补充方法,并对ICC合并肝脓肿与肿瘤坏死区有鉴别意义。     

28例肝内胆管细胞癌手术治疗分析

目的提高肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断和治疗水平,分析其临床特点及预后相关因素。方法回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1970至2005年外科治疗的28例肝内胆管细胞癌患者的临床资料。结果28例患者中AFP阳性率为10.7%(3/28),肝硬化阳性率25.0%(7/28)。根治性切除组1,3,5年生存率分别为82.3%、45.8%和45.8%;姑息性切除组1,3年生存率分别为11.1%和0。结论肝内胆管细胞癌以手术治疗为主。根治性手术切除是获得长期生存的惟一途径。     

肝内胆管细胞癌的临床诊治进展

原发性肝内胆管细胞癌临床上较少见,由于起病隐匿,病情进展快,一旦诊断,已是疾病晚期,因此预后差。为利以早期诊断,早期治疗,改善预后,本文对原发性肝内胆管细胞癌的临床表现、诊断方法和治疗,并进行扼要的综述。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓与肝内胆管细胞癌的CT、MRI鉴别诊断

目的:探讨肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓（hepatocellular carcinoma bile duct tumor thrombia,HCCBDTT）与肝内胆管细胞癌（cholangiocellular carcinoma,CCA）的CT、MRI鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的HCCBDTT患者46例及CCA患者48例的CT、MRI资料,采用两独立样本t检验和χ2检验对两者的CT、MRI征象进行统计分析,以P<0.05差异具有统计学意义。结果:HCCBDTT与CCA的CT、MRI征象比较显示,有无包膜、肝叶萎缩、肝内胆管扩张、肝硬化、门脉癌栓、门脉纤细、胆管结石、腹膜后淋巴结大、CT强化方式、T1WI常规增强扫描信号等征象存在统计学差异。结论:虽然HCCBDTT与CCA的临床症状及CT、MRI征象多有重叠,但结合多个统计学差异性征象综合分析,有助于实现两者的鉴别诊断。     

Radiological diagnosis and staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the bile ducts.Surgery is still the only chance of potentially curative treatment in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.However,radical resection requires aggressive surgical strategies that should be tailored optimally according to the location,size and vascular invasion of the tumors.Accurate diagnosis and staging of these tumors is therefore critical for optimal treatment planning and for determining a prognosis.Multidetector computed tomography(MDCT),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and MR cholangiography are useful tools,both to diagnose and stage hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Modern imaging techniques allow accurate detection of the level of obstruction and the longitudinal and radial spread of the tumor.In addition,high-resolution MDCT and MR provide specific radiographic features to determine vascular involvement of anatomic structures,such as the hepatic artery or the portal vein,which are critical to decide the surgical strategy.Finally,radiological staging allows detection of patients with distant metastasis in the liver or peritoneum who will not benefit from a surgical approach.     

肝门部胆管癌诊断技术的新进展

肝门部胆管癌恶性程度高、发病隐匿,预后不良。根治性手术为首选治疗方法,但根治率低,因此早期诊断尤为重要。目前诊断主要依靠影像学技术如MRI、磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）等及内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、超声内镜（EUS）、组织学检查和肿瘤标志物。随着新发现的肿瘤标志物灵敏度、特异度的提高,探索新的肿瘤标志物为肝门部胆管癌早期诊断提供新思路。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断肝门部胆管癌的临床价值

目的:探讨肝门部胆管癌的彩色多普勒超声图像特征,评价其术前定性临床价值。方法:回顾性分析 58例经手术病理证实为肝门部胆管癌的彩色多普勒声像图表现。结果:58例肝门部胆管癌中,术前超声诊断为49 例,诊断符合率 84.48%,漏误诊率为 15.52%。肝门部胆管癌的声像图多表现为肝门部肿块、胆管壁增厚伴管腔狭窄,梗阻部近端肝内胆管扩张等,可作为诊断肝门部胆管癌的主要声像图表现。诊断的关键是受侵胆管壁的厚度。结论:彩色多普勒超声对肝门部胆管癌诊断准确率较高,定位准确,可作为诊断肝门部胆管癌的首选方法。     

磁共振胰胆管造影检查在肝门部胆管癌诊治中的应用

 【摘要】　目的　探讨磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）在肝门部胆管癌术前评估中的价值。方法　采用改良的手术标准，选择57例有潜在手术切除可能的肝门部胆管癌患者，术前进行MRCP影像学评估, 并与手术和病理对比。结果　MRCP术前定性准确率为100 %，分型准确性为93 ％（53／57）；肝管汇合部变异8例，变异率26.7 ％，有些变异对手术有利；左、右肝管增长，其中以左肝管尤其明显，这对胆肠吻合口的选择有利；术前MRCP检查显示，胆管癌病变上缘至胆管二级分支之间胆管长度＞0.5 cm或存在胆道变异的部分Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者，手术切除率及根治率均明显提高，与其他3型之间差异无统计学意义。结论　MRCP可对肝门部胆管癌进行较准确的术前定性和分型；术前MRCP显示肝内二级胆管支及肝管汇合部变异对制定肝门部胆管癌，尤其是Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的外科手术方案有重要意义，不仅能提高切除率和根治率，而且有利于选择合适的胆肠吻合方式，可避免术中胆道误损伤。     

Fine needle aspiration cytology and exfoliative biliary cytology in the diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Nineteen patients with suspected malignant obstruction at the confluence of the bile ducts had exfoliative biliary cytology and fine needle aspiration cytology performed. Of these patients 14 cases were histologically proven to be cholangiocarcinoma, and 3 others followed a clinical course which was clearly malignant. Fine needle aspiration cytology gave a true positive result in 14 patients (87.5%), whereas exfoliative cytology was positive in 11 (73%). There were no false positive results and no complications from either procedure. Both the cytological procedures are rapid and safe and are useful for preoperative planning of surgical and intraoperative diagnosis.     

Palliative management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Around 80% of the patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma are candidates for palliative management due to extensive co-morbidity for major surgery, metastases or advanced loco-regional disease. The primary aim of treatment is to provide biliary drainage with long-term relief from pruritis, cholangitis, pain and jaundice. Endoscopically placed self-expanding metallic biliary stent has low procedure-related complications and is probably the modality of choice for patients with unresectable tumour on preoperative assessment. Percutaneous biliary drainage has comparable results and is an alternative when endoscopic expertise is not available or has failed or there are multiple isolated segments with cholangitis. Surgical cholangiojejunostomy provides lasting biliary drainage but has limitations of associated morbidity and mortality. In the absence of high-quality studies, comparing these modalities the choice of biliary drainage procedure should be guided by the available local expertise. Other modalities of treatment like radiotherapy, chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy currently remain investigational.     

Non-surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Cancer of the biliary confluence also known as hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) or Klatskin tumor, is a rare type of neoplastic disease constituting approximately 40%-60% of intrahepatic malignancies, and 2% of all cancers. The prognosis is extremely poor and the majority of Klatskin tumors are deemed unresectable upon diagnosis. Most patients with unresectable bile duct cancer die within the first year after diagnosis, due to hepatic failure, and/or infectious complications secondary to biliary obstruction. Curative treatments include surgical resection and liver transplantation in highly selected patients. Nevertheless, very few patients are eligible for surgery or transplant at the time of diagnosis. For patients with unresectable HC, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and liver-directed minimally invasive procedures such as percutaneous image-guided ablation and intra-arterial chemoembolization are recommended treatment options. This review focuses on currently available treatment options for unresectable HC and discusses future perspectives that could optimize outcomes.     

高位胆管癌外科治疗的历史与现状

随着影像诊断技术不断进步,高位胆管癌外科切除的范围确定和手术方法均有了长足的进步。但仍有一定的手术风险。本文对过去50年中高位胆管癌外科治疗的历程进行回顾性分析,认为外科是高位胆管癌治疗的首选,也是唯一具有治愈希望的方法。无论采用何种手术方式确保上切缘阴性是一种重要的指标。依据肿瘤的生物学行为,肿瘤如完整切除高位胆管癌预后相对较好。     

肝门部胆管癌的治疗进展

肝门部胆管癌是一种较少见的肿瘤,但由于肿瘤解剖部位的特殊性,手术切除率和治愈率低.在过去的40年当中,肝门部胆管癌的诊断和治疗尤其是在肿瘤分期、手术切除率、手术死亡率以及长期生存率等方面都取得了很大的进步.然而,肝门部胆管癌的治疗仍然面临许多问题,要进一部提高疗效仍需不懈的努力.以下结合有关文献,就肝门部胆管癌的治疗进展和存在的问题以及今后努力的方向作一小结.