帕金森病的神经心理学测验和SPECT对照研究

研究神经心理学测验和脑ＳＰＥＣＴ对帕金森病（ＰＤ）的诊断价值。材料和方法：对３０例正常老人（ＮＡ）和３１例ＰＤ进行神经心理学测验（ＭＭＳＥ,ＦＯＭ,ＤＳＴ,ＲＶＲ,ＢＤ）和ＳＰＥＣＴ检查,比较两组认知功能和脑血流灌注特点。结果：两组间各测验（ＭＭＳＥ,ＦＯＭ,ＤＳＴ,ＲＶＲ,ＢＤ０结果均有显著差异,ＮＡ各测验是分均高于ＰＤ。与ＮＡ相比,ＰＤ双侧项叶、颞叶、基底节、丘脑的放射性计数比值显著降低（Ｐ〈     

脑静脉窦血栓磁共振血流成像的诊断价值

目的：探讨脑静脉磁共振血流成像在诊断脑静脉窦血栓中的应用价值。材料与方法：１２例脑静脉窦患者均作ＭＲＩ和脑静脉窦ＭＲＡ检查（３例治疗后随诊），８例行静脉期脑血管造影；与常规ＳＥ图像和Ｘ线脑血管造影对照，着重分析脑静脉ＭＲＡ在本病中的诊断价值。结果：受累的静脉窦有上矢状窦６例，窦汇（部分）８例，横窦８例（１０个），乙状窦８例（９个），直窦６例，大脑大静脉３例和大脑内静脉３例（６个）；脑静脉窦血栓ＭＲＡ直接征象为发育正常的静脉窦高血流信号缺失或再通形成的边缘模糊且不规则的较低血流信号，间接征象有病变以远静脉侧支形成或其他途径引流静脉异常扩张。结论：脑静脉窦ＭＲＡ及其原始图像在脑静脉窦血栓诊断及随诊中有独特价值，它比常规ＳＥ图像能提供更多的诊断信息，可直接显示静脉窦血栓，易于治疗后反复随诊，这些是血管造影所不及的。     

脑静脉窦血栓磁共振血液成像的诊断价值

目的：探讨脑静脉磁共振血流成像在诊断脑脉窦血栓中的应用价值。材料与方法：１例脑静脉窦患者均作ＭＲＩ和脑静脉窦ＭＲＡ检查９３例治疗后随诊），８例行静脉期脑血管造影；与常规ＳＥ图像和Ｘ线脑血管造影对照，着重分析脑静脉ＭＲＡ在本病中的诊断价值。结果：受累的静脉窦有上矢状窦６例，窦汇（部分）８例，横窦８例（１０个），乙状窦８例（９个），直窦６例，大脑大静脉３例和大脑内静脉３例（６个）；脑静脉窦血栓ＭＲＡ直     

HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALING OF INJURED AVASCULAR PORTION OF MENISCUS UNDER DIRECT MICROCUR-RENT STIMULATION

ＨＩＳＴＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＨＥＡＬＩＮＧＯＦＩＮＪＵＲＥＤＡＶＡＳＣＵＬＡＲＰＯＲＴＩＯＮＯＦＭＥＮＩＳＣＵＳＵＮＤＥＲＤＩＲＥＣＴＭＩＣＲＯＣＵＲ┐ＲＥＮＴＳＴＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＬＩＵＪｉｎ－ｃａｉ（刘晋才），ＨＵＡ...     

先天性肾动—静脉畸形的影像诊断与介入治疗（附二例报告及文献复习）

目的：评价静脉尿路造影（ＩＶＵ）超声（ＵＳ）ＣＴ和肾动脉造影在先天性肾动静脉畸形（ＲＡＶＭ）诊断中的作用，评价经导管栓塞（ＴＣＥ）在本病治疗中的作用，并复习献，材料与方法：２例持续肉眼血的男性患，均有ＩＶＵ，ＵＳ，ＣＴ和肾动脉造影，并对其影像表现进行分析和比较，动－静脉畸形用明胶海绵颗粒，钢圈，鱼肝油酸经导管栓结果：ＩＶＵ，ＵＳ和ＣＴ几乎不能发现ＲＡＶＭ的阳性表现，肾动脉造影可以显示病灶的位置     

继发于肝细胞癌的胆管梗阻影像表现

本文分析１７例继发于肝细胞癌的胆管梗阻ＥＲＣＰ表现，并与ＵＳ和ＣＴ对照。ＥＲＣＰ特点：（１）胆管不规则受压伸展移位和偏心性狭窄；（２）胆管腔内膨胀性充盈缺损；（３）胆管呈跳跃式狭窄。而ＣＴ和ＵＳ表现缺乏特征性。     

先天性肾动－静脉畸形的影像诊断与介入治疗（附二例报告及文献复习）

目的：评价静脉尿路造影（ＩＶＵ）、超声（ＵＳ）、ＣＴ和肾动脉造影在先天性肾动－静脉畸形（ＲＡＶＭ）诊断中的作用，评价经导管栓塞（ＴＣＥ）在本病治疗中的作用，并复习文献。材料与方法：２例持续肉眼血尿的男性患者，均有ＩＶＵ、ＵＳ、ＣＴ和肾动脉造影，并对其影像表现进行分析和比较，动－静脉畸形用明胶海绵颗粒、钢圈、鱼肝油酸钠经导管栓塞。结果：ＩＶＵ、ＵＳ和ＣＴ几乎不能发现ＲＡＶＭ的阳性表现，肾动脉造影可以显示病灶的位置、形态和确切大小。用超选择栓塞治疗可以便动－静脉畸形的供血动脉闭塞，且在随访期间没有复发征象。结论：目前认为：肾动脉造影仍是诊断ＲＡＶＭ的最可靠方法，选择栓塞供血动脉是治疗ＲＡＶＭ有效、安全的方法。     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆的SPECT

目的：研究脑ＳＰＥＣＴ在诊断及鉴别Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）和血管性痴呆（ＶＤ）方面的作用。材料和方法：分别选择符合《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第４版（ＤＳＭ—ＩＶ）中ＡＤ或ＶＤ诊断标准的患者各１７例和１２例，进行ＳＰＥＣＴ检查，兼作ＣＴ（或ＭＲＩ），并作神经心理测定及其它相关量表评分。将ＡＤ、ＶＤ和ＳＰＥＣＴ结果，以及ＳＰＥＣＴ和ＣＴ（或ＭＲＩ）的结果进行比较。结果：ＡＤ的ＳＰＥＣＴ以颞、顶叶低灌注为典型表现，ＶＤ以局灶性低灌注为主。在右颞下回和右枕叶，ＡＤ组ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值显著低于ＶＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），而在左顶叶显著高于ＶＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组左半球的放射性计数比值普遍低于右半球，但ＶＤ的左右不对称性明显重于ＡＤ，以左顶叶最为突出（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＭＲＩ结果与ＳＰＥＣＴ有较多的一致性。各量表评分除Ｈａｃｈｉｎｓｋｉ缺血指数外，均无显著差异。结论：ＳＰＥＣＴ在诊断和鉴别ＡＤ与ＶＤ方面有一定实用价值     

肝癌的影像学评价:1.5T MRI与常规CT、US比较

目的：探讨三种非创伤性影像检查方法ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ和ＵＳ在肝癌诊断中的敏感性和准确性。方法：５２例经病理及临床证实的ＨＣＣ行ＭＲＩ,ＣＴ和ＵＳ检查。结果：ＭＲＩ常规序列与ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ相比,敏感性以ＳＥＴ２Ｗ及ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ序列为高。对ＨＣＣ检出总的敏感性依次为ＭＲＩ（ＳＥ＋ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ）８５．８９％,ＣＴ７５．６４％,ＵＳ７１．７９％,＜３ｃｍＨＣＣ,ＭＲＩ检出的敏感性为７１．４２％明显高于ＣＴ（５１．４２％）和ＵＳ（４５．７１％）,对于＞３ｃｍＨＣＣ,三者敏感性相似。ＨＣＣ定性准确性依次为动态增强ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ（９２．０６％）,常规ＳＥ序列（８５．９３％）,ＣＴ（８４．７４％）,ＵＳ（７５．００％）,ＳＥ序列结合动态增强ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ对肝癌定性准确性可达９５％,明显优于ＣＴ和ＵＳ。结论：在ＨＣＣ的检出敏感性和定性诊断上,１．５ＴＭＲＩＳＥ序列结合动态增强ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ明显优于常规ＣＴ和ＵＳ,为肝癌重要的影像学检查手段。     

OSTEOCLASTIC RESORPTION OF CANCELLOUS BONE TISSUES OF FEMORAL NECK IN HIP FRACTURE PATIENTS (A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY)

ＯＳＴＥＯＣＬＡＳＴＩＣＲＥＳＯＲＰＴＩＯＮＯＦＣＡＮＣＥＬＬＯＵＳＢＯＮＥＴＩＳＳＵＥＳＯＦＦＥＭＯＲＡＬＮＥＣＫＩＮＨＩＰＦＲＡＣＴＵＲＥＰＡＴＩＥＮＴＳ（ＡＳＣＡＮＮＩＮＧＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＭＩＣＲＯＳＣＯＰＩＣＳＴＵＤＹ）ＣＨＡＩＢｅｎ－ｆｕ（...     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的MRI诊断(附15例分析)

目的 :探讨MRI对脑静脉窦血栓 (VST)的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 15例VST患者的完整临床和影像学资料。全部行MR检查 ,其中 9例行增强扫描 ,8例行脑静脉MRA检查 ;12例曾行CT检查 ,其中 4例行增强扫描。结果 :上矢状窦受累 12例合并横窦血栓 11例 ,窦汇 7例、乙状窦 6例、下矢状窦、直窦受累 6例 ,海绵窦受累 1例。血栓在T1WI上均呈等、高不均匀信号 ,并出现脑组织肿胀 ,脑沟变浅 ,脑回模糊 ,在T2 WI上信号因发病时间不同而有所不同 ,8例T2 WI脑实质无异常信号 ,7例T2 WI脑实质出现异常信号。增强扫描 9例全部出现静脉异常强化。MRA表现为受累静脉窦信号较淡、边缘模糊且不规则的血流信号或血流信号完全消失。 12例CT检查中 2例见“空delta征” ,4例表现为梗塞、出血等不典型改变。结论 :MRI是诊断VST的首选检查方法 ,并对VST的预后评价有重要意义     

Primary Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Neuroradiologic Findings in 11 Patients

Objective

To describe the neuroradiologic findings of primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (PAPS).

Materials and Methods

During a recent two-year period, abnormally elevated antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in a total of 751 patients. In any cases in which risk factors for stroke were detected - hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and the presence of SLE or other connective tissue diseases - PAPS was not diagnosed. Neuroradiologic studies were performed in 11 of 32 patients with PAPS. We retrospectively reviewed brain CT (n = 7), MR (n = 8), and cerebral angiography (n = 8) in 11 patients with special attention to the presence of brain parenchymal lesions and cerebral arterial or venous abnormalities.

Results

CT or MR findings of PAPS included nonspecific multiple hyper-intensity foci in deep white matter on T2-weighted images (5/11), a large infarct in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (4/11), diffuse cortical atrophy (2/11), focal hemorrhage (2/11), and dural sinus thrombosis (1/11). Angiographic findings were normal (5/8) or reflected either occlusion of a large cerebral artery (2/8) or dural sinus thrombosis (1/8).

Conclusion

Neuroradiologic findings of PAPS are nonspecific but in young or middle-aged adults who show the above mentioned CT or MR findings, and in whom risk factors for stroke are not present, the condition should be suspected.     

颅内静脉血栓形成的磁共振诊断

目的:探讨磁共振成像(MRI)及磁共振静脉成像(MRV)对颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经临床和影像学方法确诊的14例CVST患者。MR检查技术包括平扫,增强扫描及MRV,14例均行CT平扫,其中1例行DSA检查。结果:14例CVST累及上矢状窦血栓形成4例,横窦血栓形成6例、乙状窦5例,MRI可清晰显示颅内静脉窦血栓形成的直接征象和间接征象,MRV可显示受累静脉窦不显影或者充盈缺损形成。结论:常规MRI结合MRV对颅内静脉窦血栓形成的早期诊断具有重要价值。     

Cerebral Venous Congestion as Indication for Thrombolytic Treatment

Purpose To carry out a retrospective analysis of patients with acute dural sinus thrombosis, and the role of cerebral venous congestion in patient management. Methods Twenty-five patients were identified with the clinical and imaging diagnosis of acute dural sinus thrombosis. The imaging diagnosis was by magnetic resonance (MR) and/or computed tomography (CT) venography. There was a female predominance with a female to male ratio of 1.5 to 1 (16 women, 9 men). The age range was from 19 to 64 years old with an average age of 37 years. The first 10 patients, who ranged in age from 21 to 64 years old (average 37 years), received only anticoagulation therapy with heparin and warfarin for periods ranging from 5 days to 2 months. The remaining 15 patients ranged in age from 19 to 57 years old (average 38 years). They either underwent subsequent thrombectomy after a trial of anticoagulation therapy, or went straight to thrombectomy. These latter 15 patients had initial evidence of cerebral venous congestion, either clinically by severe or worsening symptoms despite anticoagulation therapy, or on initial or subsequent CT or MR imaging. In our experience, the cerebral venous congestion imaging findings included intracranial hemorrhage, a hematoma, or edema. The thrombolytic treatment technique consisted of the advancement of a 6 Fr guiding catheter to the jugular bulb or sigmoid sinus from a transfemoral approach. A microcatheter was then advanced to the proximal portion of the thrombus and then either tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or urokinase was injected to prevent clot propagation. A balloon catheter was used to perform thrombectomy since the thrombolytic agents can be injected via the inner lumen with an inflated balloon. The inflated balloon helped to keep the venous flow from washing out the thrombolytic agent, thus facilitating the agent’s effect. Results The first 10 patients received only anticoagulation therapy with heparin and warfarin for periods ranging from 5 days to 2 months. Eight of these were diagnosed with dural sinus thrombosis only, and had a stable hospital course without worsening of symptoms. These patients also did not have imaging evidence of cerebral venous congestion. The remaining 2 patients had cerebral edema on the CT scan. One had only a small amount of edema in the right cerebellum, but the other had severe edema in the bilateral basal ganglia and thalamic areas. Nine of these patients had a stable hospitalization course and experienced a symptom-free recovery, but 1 died with severe cerebral edema and hemorrhage. Seven of the remaining 15 patients were initially treated with anticoagulation therapy for periods ranging from 2 days to 2 months (average 11 days). These 7 patients were considered to have failed anticoagulation therapy since they had worsening symptoms, and 5 of these had developed hemorrhage on subsequent CT or MR imaging scans. Five of the 7 then underwent thrombectomy with the administration of tPA. Of the remaining 2, 1 underwent thrombectomy alone without the administration of tPA, and the other was given 1 million units of urokinase instead of tPA. Three of these patients had a symptom-free recovery, but 2 had residual left-sided weakness, 1 patient had a minimal gait disturbance, and another patient developed a transverse sinus arteriovenous fistula 7 months after thrombolytic therapy. The remaining 8 patients did not receive anticoagulation therapy, and went straight to treatment with thrombectomy and administration of tPA. All of these presented with worsening clinical symptoms. Six had hemorrhage on their imaging studies, 1 had new edema on a subsequent CT scan, and 1 had edema along with the dural sinus thrombosis, but experienced worsening clinical symptoms consisting of headache and atypical dystonia. Five of these 8 patients experienced a symptom-free recovery, and 3 patients had mild residual weakness. Conclusion In patients with acute dural sinus thrombosis, an indication for thrombectomy or thrombolytic therapy may be the development of cerebral venous congestion which appears to include (1) worsening or severe clinical symptoms, and/or (2) CT or MR imaging findings including intracranial hemorrhage, a hematoma, or edema. It appears that anticoagulation therapy alone is not adequate in patients with acute dural sinus thrombosis when they develop cerebral venous congestion. This may be due to a lack of sufficient collateral flow. Those patients who went straight to thrombectomy because of worsening symptoms, or the imaging findings of cerebral vascular congestion, survived with either a symptom-free recovery or only mild residual neurologic deficit. The patient with evidence of cerebral venous congestion died while on anticoagulation therapy. Thus, the presence of cerebral venous congestion in patients with dural sinus thrombosis, even while on anticoagulation therapy, appears to be an indication for thrombectomy and infusion of thrombolytic agent through a balloon catheter to the site of thrombosis. Our experience suggests that this approach appears to improve the chance of survival, with either a symptom-free recovery or a recovery with only mild residual neurologic deficit.     

Dural sinus thrombosis: study using intermediate field strength MR imaging

The magnetic resonance (MR) images of six patients with thrombosis of a dural sinus were reviewed. The diagnosis had been verified by computed tomographic scans in three patients and arteriograms in two; in the sixth patient, only MR imaging was used to confirm the clinical syndrome. In all patients, high-intensity signal was seen from the thrombus within the affected dural sinus on all echoes. This persistent signal intensity allowed intravascular clot to be distinguished from normal causes of increased signal such as flow-related enhancement (entry phenomenon) and even-echo rephasing. MR imaging demonstrated the cause of the thrombosis in three patients: two were secondary to adjacent tumors, and one was secondary to unsuspected mastoiditis. Complications such as infarction were also demonstrated. Using MR imaging, one can easily and safely diagnose thrombosis of a dural sinus. MR should be the imaging method of choice in patients suspected of having thrombosis of a dural sinus.     

Evaluation of the intracranial dural sinuses with a 3D contrast-enhanced MP-RAGE sequence: prospective comparison with 2D-TOF MR venography and digital subtraction angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis is often difficult because of its variable and nonspecific clinical presentation and the overlapping signal intensities of thrombosis and venous flow on conventional MR images and MR venograms. We compared 3D contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) sequences with 2D time-of-flight (TOF) MR venography, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and conventional spin-echo (SE) MR imaging for the assessment of normal and abnormal dural sinuses. METHODS: In a phantom study, a plastic tube with pulsating flow was used to simulate the intracranial dural sinus. With 3D MP-RAGE, a variety of flow velocities, contrast material concentrations, and angulations between the phantom flow tube and the plane of acquisition were tested to measure their relationship to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In a clinical study, 35 patients, including 18 with suspected dural sinus thrombosis, were studied with both MR imaging and DSA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed in a blinded fashion using DSA as the reference standard. RESULTS: With the phantom, the SNR of flow increased with increasing contrast concentration, but was not affected by the angle between the tube and scan slab. There was no relationship between SNR and velocity when the contrast concentration was 1.0 mmol/L or greater. In the clinical study, dural sinus thrombosis as well as the normal anatomy of the dural sinuses were seen better with 3D contrast-enhanced MP-RAGE than with 2D-TOF MR venography. Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MP-RAGE showed the highest diagnostic confidence on ROC curves in the diagnosis of thrombosis. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MP-RAGE is superior to 2D-TOF MR venography and conventional SE MR imaging in the depiction of normal venous structures and the diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis, and is a potential alternative to DSA.     

Isolated cortical venous thrombosis and ulcerative colitis.

Aseptic cortical venous thrombosis is rare without concomitant dural sinus thrombosis. Ulcerative colitis is associated with both dural sinus thrombosis and isolated cortical venous thrombosis. We describe a 26-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis who had a spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage. An overlying thrombosed cortical vein was identified on spin-echo MR images and confirmed with angiography. Signal characteristics of thrombosed cortical veins are similar to those described in dural sinus thrombosis.     

Cerebral MR venography: normal anatomy and potential diagnostic pitfalls

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR venography is often used to examine the intracranial venous system, particularly in the evaluation of dural sinus thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of MR venography in the depiction of the normal intracranial venous anatomy and its variants, to assess its potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis, and to compare the findings with those of conventional catheter angiography. METHODS: Cerebral MR venograms obtained in 100 persons with normal MR imaging studies were reviewed to determine the presence or absence of the dural sinuses and major intracranial veins. RESULTS: Systematic review of the 100 cases revealed transverse sinus flow gaps in 31% of the cases, with 90% of these occurring in the nondominant transverse sinus and 10% in the codominant transverse sinuses. No flow gaps occurred in the dominant transverse sinuses. The superior sagittal and straight sinuses were seen in every venogram; the occipital sinus was seen in only 10%. The vein of Galen and internal cerebral veins were also seen in every case; the basal veins of Rosenthal were present in 91%. CONCLUSIONS: Transverse sinus flow gaps can be observed in as many as 31% of patients with normal MR imaging findings; these gaps should not be mistaken for dural sinus thrombosis.     

Acute thrombosis of the intracranial dural sinus: direct thrombolytic treatment.

Acute intracranial dural sinus thrombosis may have severe morbidity or fatal complications without appropriate treatment. Direct dural sinus venography can be performed safely with a soft Tracker catheter to document the fresh thrombus as an adjunct to CT or MR. We are reporting our experience with successful direct urokinase thrombolytic therapy in three cases of superior sagittal sinus and two cases of transverse and sigmoid sinus thrombosis. All five patients have recovered completely without any residual clinical deficit.     

Giant arachnoid granulation in a patient with benign intracranial hypertension (2009: 1b)

We report magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT) and angiographic imaging of an unusual giant arachnoid granulation 7(GAG) in the superior sagittal sinus in a man with headache and vertigo. Intrasinus pressure measurements revealed a significant pressure gradient across the lesion. MR imaging is useful to identify GAG and dural sinus thrombosis, whereas dural sinus pressure measurement in certain cases of GAGs can be used to evaluate the lesion as the cause of the patient’s symptoms.