高效毛细管电泳法测定复方磺胺甲噁唑片中磺胺甲噁唑和甲氧苄啶的含量

目的　测定复方磺胺甲 口 恶 唑片中磺胺甲 口 恶 唑及甲氧苄啶的含量。方法　采用高效毛细管电泳法 ,肉桂酸为内标 ,运行缓冲液为 2 5mmol·L-1硼砂 硼酸缓冲液 (pH9.2 ) ,内含 3 0mmol·L-1十二烷基磺酸钠及 10 %乙腈 ;运行电压 2 0kV ;检测波长2 14nm。结果　磺胺甲口 恶 唑和甲氧苄啶线性范围分别为 5 0～ 2 5 0 μg/mL(r =0 .9997)和 10～ 5 0 μg/mL(r =0 .9986) ,平均回收率分别为 99.0 %和 98.6% ,RSD分别为 2 .0 %及 2 .6% (n =6)。结论　该方法简便、准确、灵敏 ,适用于复方磺胺甲 口 恶 唑片的质量控制     

高效液相色谱法测定复方磺胺甲噁唑混悬剂的含量

目的　采用HPLC法测定复方磺胺甲唑混悬剂中磺胺甲唑 (SMZ)和甲氧苄啶 (TMP)的含量。方法　采用Zor baxSB C18色谱柱 ;以磷酸盐缓冲液 乙腈 (75∶2 5)为流动相 ;流量为 1 0ml/min ;检测波长为 2 3 0nm ;用外标法测定。结果　平均回收率 :SMZ为 99 68% ,RSD为 0 2 6% ;TMP为 10 0 6% ,RSD为 0 76%。结论　该方法简便、准确、可靠 ,适用于复方磺胺甲唑混悬剂的定量检测。     

HPLC同时测定复方磺胺甲噁唑片的两个主药含量

目的建立复方磺胺甲噁唑片中磺胺甲噁唑(sohamethoxazole,SMZ)和甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim,TMP)的HPLC测定方法。方法采用高效掖相色谱法,色谱柱:waters C18(4μm,3.9mm×150mm)柱,流动相为乙腈-磷酸缓冲液(pH6.8±0.1),(12∶88),检测波长为240nm。结果在优化的色谱条件下,SMZ和TMP完全分离,片剂辅料不干扰测定,SMZ在20～100μg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),TMP在4～20μg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999)。ASD<1.5%。结论该法结果准确、简便、快速、专属性强,重复性好,敏感度高,适用于复方磺胺甲噁唑片的含量测定。     

20株阴沟肠杆菌耐药性及耐复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑相关基因研究

目的 探讨临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌耐药性和耐复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑(SMZ/TMP)相关基因存在状况.方法 采用ATB药敏试验板微量肉汤法测定临床分离的20株阴沟肠杆菌对20种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR检测耐复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑相关基因sull、dfrA1和dfrA17.结果 20株菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感,对其他抗菌药物的不敏感率在25.0%～100%之间.sulⅠ、dfrA1和dfrA17基因阳性率为85.0%(17/20)、5.0%(1/21)、60.0%(12/20).结论 阴沟肠杆菌具明显的多重耐药特征.耐复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑相关基因携带率很高.     

近红外光谱—偏最小二乘方法同时测定复方磺胺甲唑片的两种有效成分

目的建立复方磺胺甲口恶唑片的两种有效成分磺胺甲口恶唑(SMZ)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)的快速同时测定方法。方法基于近红外漫反射光谱技术,利用偏最小二乘方法建立该复方中SMZ和TMP的定量分析多元校正模型。结果对于所建立的SMZ与TMP模型,相关系数分别为:100.00%与100.00%;校正集残差分别为:0.0163与0.008 36;预测均方差分别为:0.156与0.0815。结论本方法在样品不经任何预处理的情况下,实现了该制剂的两种有效成分SMZ和TMP的简单、快速、两组分同时准确测定。     

复方磺胺甲噁唑混悬剂中磺胺甲噁唑与甲氧苄啶的含量测定

目的:测定复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑混悬剂中磺胺甲(口恶)唑与甲氧苄啶的含量.方法:色谱柱为C18柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液[取0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液1 000 mL,加三乙胺7 mL,用磷酸调节pH值至(5.90±0.05)]-甲醇(75:25)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为240 nm.结果:磺胺甲(口恶)唑与甲氧苄啶的线性范围分别为21.5～150.7μg/mL和5.5～38.4μg/mL,平均回收率分别为99.94%(RSD=0.77%)和100.58%(RSD=0.81%).结论:该方法准确、快速、简便,适用于复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑混悬剂中磺胺甲(口恶)唑与甲氧苄啶的含量测定.     

系数倍率法同时测定复方磺胺甲噁唑片中磺胺甲噁唑和甲氧苄啶的含量

目的建立复方磺胺甲噁唑片中磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）和甲氧苄啶（TMP）的含量测定方法。方法采用系数倍率法,分别在235nm和257nm处测定吸光度,从而测定复方磺胺甲噁唑片中SMZ和TMP的含量。结果 SMZ的线性范围为6～16μg.mL-1（r=0.9994）,平均回收率为98.07%,RSD为0.65%（n=6）;TMP的线性范围为1.2～3.2μg.mL-1（r=0.9987）,平均回收率为98.91%,RSD为0.66%（n=6）。结论该法简便易行、重现性好、结果可靠,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC同时测定小儿复方磺胺甲噁唑片中两组分的含量

目的　建立同时测定小儿复方磺胺甲噁唑片中磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)的含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法　采用KromasilC18色谱柱,以0. 025mol/L磷酸溶液(用20%氢氧化钠调节pH 3. 0±0. 5) 乙腈(75∶25)为流动相,流速: 1. 0ml/min,检测波长: 240nm。结果　SMZ在20~200μg/ml范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0. 9997),加样回收率为100. 1%;TMP在4~40μg/ml范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0. 9999),加样回收率为96. 0%。结论　本法操作简便、专属性强。     

RP-HPLC同时测定小儿复方磺胺甲噁唑片中两组分的含量

目的建立同时测定小儿复方磺胺甲噁唑片中磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)的含量的反相高效液相色谱法.方法采用Kromasil C18色谱柱,以0.025 mol/L磷酸溶液(用20%氢氧化钠调节pH 3.0±0.5)-乙腈(75∶25)为流动相,流速:1.0 ml/min,检测波长:240 nm.结果 SMZ在20～200 μg/ml范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0.9997),加样回收率为100.1%;TMP在 4～40 μg/ml范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0.9999),加样回收率为96.0%.结论本法操作简便、专属性强.     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中复方磺胺甲噁唑的浓度及其临床应用

摘要：目的:建立LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）和甲氧苄啶（TMP）浓度的方法。方法:以甲苯磺丁脲为内标,血浆样品经含内标的甲醇溶液沉淀后,采用LC-MS/MS法测定,流动相A为水（含0.1%甲酸）,流动相B为乙腈（含0.1%甲酸）,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子阱正离子模式,以多离子反应监测的方式进行正离子扫描,监测SMZ m/z 254.093→156.000,TMP m/z 291.144→230.000,内标m/z 271.242→154.900。结果:血浆中SMZ在2～500μg·ml-1（r=0.996 3）,TMP在0.2～50μg·ml-1（r=0.993 0）范围内线性关系良好;SMZ和TMP的日内和日间RSD≤10.55%,SMZ和TMP方法准确度分别为86.33%～97.38%,89.08%～97.17%;样本在室温放置8 h、4℃放置24 h、冰冻放置7 d和反复冻融3次等条件下均稳定,RSD≤8.91%。临床样本监测结果显示,SMZ峰浓度均值为（119.14±53.9）4μg·ml-1,TMP峰浓度均值为（7.49±3.60）μg·ml-1。结论:本方法可快速、准确、灵敏监测人血浆中复方磺胺甲噁唑的浓度,可用于临床样本中复方磺胺甲噁唑血药浓度的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.