长链非编码RNA H19在肝脏疾病中作用的研究进展

<正>人类基因组计划发现,仅有不到2%的基因组编码蛋白质,而近70%的基因组转录成非编码RNA^[1]。非编码RNA是指不具备蛋白质编码能力的RNA,包括转运RNA、核糖体RNA、小核仁RNA和长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA, lncRNA)。     

长链非编码RNA对能量代谢和相关疾病发生发展的作用

<正>随着高通量测序技术的发展和ENCODE计划揭示,曾一度被认为是无功能的"转录噪音"的非编码RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA),近年来被证实在细胞分化、生物发育及疾病发生发展过程中发挥巨大作用[1]。其中长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)是一类转录本长度超过200 nt的非编码RNA,在哺乳动物基因组中,有4%~9%的序     

非编码RNA在肿瘤中对自噬的调控

非编码RNA（ncRNA）是不参与蛋白质编码的RNA的总称,包括微小RNA（miRNA）、siRNA、piRNA、长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）、转运RNA（tRNA）、核糖体RNA（rRNA）等。其在蛋白质转录与后转录过程中有重要的调节作用。自噬是细胞在异常环境中维持生存的一种方式。大量研究表明自噬与肿瘤也存在着密切的关系,而自噬对于肿瘤的影响具有“两面性”。许多研究探讨了非编码RNA在肿瘤细胞中对于自噬过程的调控．文章综述了miRNA与lncRNA这两种研究深入的非编码RNA。     

长链非编码RNA在神经发生中的调控作用

<正>基因组计划的研究成果表明,哺乳动物基因组中仅仅只有不到1%的序列能够转录为mRNA,剩下大部分基因组序列转录为之前被称为"转录噪音"的非编码RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA)~([1])。而lncRNA是ncRNA家族中最大的一类~([2])。近几年来,随着二代测序技术的广泛应用,lncRNA的神秘面纱才逐渐被揭开。许多研究表明,lncRNA虽然不编码蛋白质,但它有多种功能,包括招募转录因子来调控基因     

长链非编码RNA在肿瘤研究中的进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是细胞中一类转录本长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA分子,本身并不编码蛋白或很少有编码蛋白质功能,在哺乳动物基因组普遍被转录。起初认为它是转录过程中的副产物,不具有生物学功能。随着研究的深入,新的lncRNA不断被发现,越来越多的证据显示lncRNA具有复杂的生物学功能,并与人类疾病的发生关系密切。     

长链非编码RNA调控巨噬细胞功能的作用机制研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是一类本身不编码蛋白、转录本长度超过200 bp的RNA.lncRNA最初被认为是RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录的副产物,是一种"噪音",不具有生物学功能.但近年研究证实,lncRNA参与X染色体沉默、染色体修饰和基因组修饰、转录激活、转录干扰、核内运输等过程,其调控作用被越来越多研究者关注.多个研...     

长链非编码RNA在癫痫中的作用及研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是人类基因组中不能编码蛋白质,分子长度大于200nt的RNA,lncRNA是非编码RNA(nc RNA)中的一种,占nc RNA的80%,仅以分子的形式发挥作用,在过去的研究中lncRNA被认为是不重要的"噪音",但是近年来对lncRNA的功能研究显示其同样具有重要作用,lncRNA能在转录、转录后和表观遗传学上进行调控,参与个体发育中重要的生理和病理生命发育过程,lncRNA异常的表达对人类多种疾病的发生有密切的关系,本综述就癫痫发生发展密切相关的lncRNA进行阐述。     

长链非编码RNA通过ceRNA在乳腺癌中的调控机制

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一种长度大于200 nt的不具有编码蛋白质功能的RNA.ln-c RN A在多种肿瘤中存在差异性表达,通过转录调控、转录后调控等方式影响肿瘤的增殖、侵袭、转移、耐药等.多项研究表明,lncRNA可通过竞争性内源性RNA(competing end...     

长链非编码RNA的功能及与心血管病的研究进展

真核基因组经转录产生了上万种无或少有蛋白编码能力的长链非编码RNA（longnon—codingRNA,lncRNA）。lncRNA是一类转录本长度超过200个核苷酸的功能性RNA分子,它们参与表遗传学的调控,转录及转录后的修饰等,还有一部分lncRNA是小RNA产生的前体。虽然lncRNAs的功能和作用机制尚不完全清楚,但是已有一些研究显示lncRNAs参与心血管疾病的发展,其表达水平的改变可能成为一种新的诊断标志。此文就lncRNA的功能及其在心血管病方面的最新研究进展作一综述。     

长链非编码RNA对神经干细胞的调控作用及其机制

正长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)作为一种重要的细胞功能调控因子引起越来越多广泛的关注。它是一种长度在200-100000 nt之间的RNA分子,位于细胞核或细胞质内,不编码蛋白质。在基因组转录产物中,lncRNA所占数量比例远远超过编码RNA的比例,与DNA、RNA、蛋白质相互作用参与细胞内多种调控过程,在生命活动调控网络中有极其重要的作用。lncRNA目前是遗传学研究的热点之一。近年来许多研究表明,lncRNA在神经干细胞的自我更新、增殖和分化中     

Bilateral aggressive malignant granulosa cell tumour with essentially different immunophenotypes in primary and metastatic lesions comprising predominantly sarcomatoid and fibrothecomatous patterns – looking for prognostic markers: a case report

We present an unusual case of a young woman with rare bilateral, very aggressive ovarian granulosa cell tumour (GCT), comprised of granulosa, sarcomatoid and fibrothecomatous fields with significantly different immunostaining of primary and metastatic tumours showing stronger WT1, Bcl2, fascin and EGFR expression in metastases. Despite radical surgery and chemotherapy the tumour recurred rapidly and the patient died 16 months later. Such results clearly demonstrate the usefulness of immunostaining for the above markers as prognostic/predictive factors and the need for careful assessment of the immunoprofile of both primary and metastatic tumours, which can be useful for therapy and follow-up planning in GCT cases.     

析中医辨证

整体观念和辨证论治是中医理论体系的核心,也是数千年中医临床实践经验的总结和理论上的升华、中医学术繁荣的重要标志,学术上形成了百花齐放、百家争鸣的松宽学术氛围,有效地促进了中医事业的发展。如汉代医圣张仲景将汉代以前中医临床经验和理论总结归纳为六经辨证;明清时期的温病学大家叶天士创立卫气营血辨证;温病学大家吴鞠通创立三焦辨证;后世医学家在此基础上还创立八纲辨证、脏腑辨证、气血精液辨证等等,但众多的辨证方法也容易使中医临床工作者在学习和选用辨证方法上产生困惑。现将常用的辨证方法之内在关系和辨证要点综合归纳、重新分类、执简驭繁,便于后学者学习和临床应用。     

Gastric carcinosarcoma with neuroendocrine differentiation as the carcinoma component and leiomyosarcomatous and myofibroblastic differentiation as the sarcomatous component

Gastric carcinosarcoma with neuroendocrine differentiation is a very rare neoplasm. In this article we present such a case. The gastroendoscopic examination of a 59-year-old Japanese man disclosed gastric cancer during follow-up after operation for rectal cancer. Subsequently, total gastrectomy was carried out because of gastric cancer. A large tumor measuring 9.2 x 8.4 cm was observed in the posterior wall of the upper portion of the stomach. The tumor was composed of carcinoma and sarcomatous cells, and the histological transition of both components was observed. Immunohistochemically, carcinoma and sarcomatous cells were positive for cytokeratin CAM5.2. The carcinoma contained adenocarcinoma and malignant cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. The sarcomatous component showed leiomyosarcomatous and myofibroblastic differentiation. The present tumor is the fifth case of gastric carcinosarcoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and the first case of gastric carcinosarcoma with myofibroblastic differentiation. Pathologists should bear in mind that gastric carcinosarcoma may show various types of differentiation.     

Electron-microscopic and electron-autoradiographic characteristics of embryonic lung cells in organ cultures

Electron-microscopic and electron-autoradiographic investigations of embryonic mouse lung cells were undertaken during the early stages of organotypical culture. The fate of undifferentiated cells could be traced by electron autoradiography.Oncologic Scientific Center, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR L. N. Shabad.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, vol. 88, No. 10, pp. 490–491, October, 1979.     

胸腺素β4的研究与开发进展

1966年Goldstein等首先从小牛胸腺中提取出促淋巴细胞生成因子，命名为“胸腺素（thymosin）”。1975年Hooper等又进一步提纯到胸腺素组分5，并证明其是30种以上9～50肽的混合物。从此关于胸腺素的研究得以快速发展。胸腺素根据等电点不同可分为α、β、γ三类，其中等电点位于5．0～7．0的为β族胸腺素（β-thymosins，Tβ）。     

A study of 39 retinoblastomas with particular reference to morphology, cellular differentiation and tumour origin

A series of 39 retinoblastomas was studied using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for localization of neurone-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Thirty-eight retinoblastomas (97.4%) occurred in children less than 6 years of age: one was in a 61-year-old man (2.6%); the mean age, excluding the 61-year-old, was 32.1 months. Unilateral tumours were found in 74.4% of patients and bilateral tumours in 25.6%; bilateral lesions occurred in a younger age group, mean age of 21.7 vs 35.9 months. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Morphologically, arrangement of tumour cells into trabeculae was noted in 69.2% of retinoblastomas and glomerulus-like structures in 43.6%. These two patterns of cellular arrangement were encountered where the choroid and sclera were invaded by neoplastic cells. Homer Wright rosettes were observed in all tumours. Flexner-Winstersteiner rosettes in 33.3% and fleurettes in 2.6%. Differentiation into neoplastic neurones as well as in the form of Flexner-Winstersteiner rosettes and fleurettes was noted in 46.1%, neoplastic ependymal cells in 100.0%, astrocytes in 58.9%, oligodendrocytes in 23.1%, and glioblastomas in 2.6%. These data suggest that retinoblastoma is a primitive stem cell neuroectodermal tumour with the capacity for differentiation in both neuronal and neuroglial directions.     

Nestin在CDA-2诱导人胶质瘤细胞分化中的变化

目的： 研究nestin（巢蛋白）在人尿萃取物细胞分化剂CDA-2（又名尿多酸肽）诱导SWO-38人胶质瘤细胞分化中表达的变化及其意义。方法: 采用光镜观察和鉴定CDA-2对SWO-38细胞的分化作用;RT-PCR、细胞免疫荧光、Western blotting分析CDA-2诱导前后SWO-38细胞nestin表达的变化。 结果: 光镜观察发现经CDA-2诱导后SWO-38细胞胞体变大、核浆比减小、突起增多,表现出向成熟的星形细胞分化的现象;Nestin表达在细胞浆,呈丝状着色;Nestin在CDA-2诱导SWO-38细胞分化中表达下调。结论: Nestin在CDA-2诱导SWO-38细胞分化中表达下调,进一步验证nestin与细胞分化的关系,nestin有可能成为胶质瘤诱导分化治疗领域新的标志物。     

Esophageal basaloid carcinoma with marked myoepithelial differentiation

A case of esophageal basaloid carcinoma with marked myoepithelial differentiation in a 60-year-old man is reported. The tumor arose as an exophytic mass, measuring 65 x 60 mm, in the middle thoracic esophagus. Approximately two-thirds of the tumor surface was covered with non-cancerous esophageal epithelium. The depth of tumor invasion was limited to the submucosal layer. Histologically, about 70% of the tumor contained a typical basaloid carcinoma component and about 30% contained glandular and intercalated duct-like components with distinct epithelial and myoepithelial differentiation. The tumor presented no component of distinct squamous cell carcinoma, but a small portion of cribriform-like structure, which is typical of adenoid cystic carcinoma, was visible. The inner epithelium composing the intercalated duct-like structure showed immunohistochemical positivity for cytokeratin 14, and the outer epithelium lining adjacent to the stroma showed positivity for alpha-smooth muscle actin. These findings supported epithelial/myoepithelial differentiation. To our knowledge, our case is the first patient with an esophageal basaloid carcinoma showing marked myoepithelial differentiation.     

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with intestinal differentiation: A case report

Mucinous differentiation of endocervical type has been well documented in endometrial carcinoma. However, we describe an unusual case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium showing diffuse histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evidence of intestinal differentiation. Although intestinal differentiation has been described in mesodermally derived tissues including endocervix, ovary, and urinary tract, it has not been reported in normal endometrium. One previous case has been reported showing this pattern in endometrial carcinoma. Possible histogenetic mechanisms of this pattern are discussed.     

Intra-abdominal neuroectodermal tumour of childhood with divergent differentiation

Two cases are reported of intra-abdominal small cell tumours expressing concomitant neural and epithelial differentiation. These features were discernible on conventional microscopy and supported immunocytochemically. Immunoreactive vimentin was also revealed in both tumours, and, in addition, one showed focal desmin positivity. Epithelial differentiation in both tumours was confirmed ultrastructurally. The tumours were interpreted to represent a variant of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour, and the report serves to emphasize a potential among such tumours for complex differentiation. The neoplasms are compared with other similar tumours reported recently in children.