Sphenochoanal polyp: endoscopic surgery

Sphenochoanal polyp is a rare entity originating from sphenoid sinus. It may be confused with antrochoanal polyp on anterior rhinoscopy because of its similar appearance. Computerized tomography and nasal endoscopy have contributed to an increase of accuracy in the diagnosis of these masses. Simple polypectomy that leaves some part of the polyp inside the sphenoid sinus carries a high risk of recurrence. Destructive external approaches to gain access to the sphenoid sinus are also not advisable in children for a benign disease. We present two cases of sphenochoanal polyps in two children that were operated by endonasal endoscopic approach. They were free of symptoms after surgery. No complications and recurrences were observed at 28 and 18 months of follow-up periods respectively.     

Clinical presentation of a sphenochoanal polyp

Although choanal polyps frequently arise from the maxillary sinus, a choanal polyp originating from the sphenoid sinus is a rare entity. In this report, an unusual case of a large choanal polyp taking origin from the sphenoid sinus is presented. The reasons for its development and methods of management are discussed. Received: 1 August 1996 / Accepted: 20 January 1997     

Choanal polyp of sphenoidal origin

Sphenochoanal polyp is a rare entity which originates in the sphenoid sinus cavity and extends into the choana via the ostium. It presents in a similar manner to the more common antrochoanal polyp. Radiological examination is necessary to differentiate between these two types. We present a case of sphenochoanal polyp and review the clinical, radiological and pathological features. The role of endoscopic sinus surgery is emphasised. Received: 31 December 1999 / Accepted: 25 February 2000     

Sphenochoanal polyp—Surgical review

A sphenochoanal polyp is a rare lesion that originates in the sphenoid sinus and protrudes through the choana into the nasopharynx. It can occur at any age but is especially common in adolescents and young adults. We present a case of a sphenochoanal polyp in a seven-year-old girl who presented with bilateral nasal obstruction and an altered voice. The presentation of a sphenochoanal polyp is similar to that of the more common antrochoanal polyp, but the two can only be differentiated on cross-sectional imaging (computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging). Endoscopic sinus surgery allows for complete removal and minimizes the risk of recurrence.     

鼻内镜下治疗蝶窦非垂体源性病变53例

目的:探讨蝶窦非垂体源性病变的诊断及鼻内镜治疗方法。方法:53例蝶窦非垂体源性病变患者均经CT扫描发现蝶鞍区病变并提示了病变范围。8例局限性病变者经蝶窦前壁自然口入路完成手术,2例鼻咽纤维瘤侵犯蝶窦者经鼻中隔中线入路,其余经上鼻道或蝶筛入路暴露病变。结果:53例蝶窦非垂体源性病变中,蝶窦囊肿及脓囊肿23例、蝶窦真菌感染8例、蝶窦出血性息肉2例、垂体瘤切除术后蝶窦炎性肉芽肿1例、蝶窦乳头状瘤5例、蝶窦脑脊液鼻漏1例、蝶窦骨化纤维瘤2例、鼻咽血管纤维瘤侵犯蝶窦2例、筛蝶窦脑膜瘤1例均行鼻内镜下蝶窦开放切除病变或修补脑膜,术后症状明显改善;蝶窦内血肿并颈内动脉假性动脉瘤3例仅作鼻内镜检查,经DSA证实并行血管内介入栓塞治疗后治愈;蝶窦恶性肿瘤3例,经蝶筛入路切除蝶窦内大部分肿瘤后辅以放化疗;鼻咽癌侵犯蝶窦2例病理检查证实后行放化疗。结论:蝶窦鞍区病变以头痛、眼部症状为常见症状,CT、MRI及DSA检查对蝶窦病变的及早发现和诊断起着重要作用,鼻内镜下处理蝶窦病变径路多样,选择适当径路可达到直接、安全、微创等目的。     

鼻内镜下经上鼻道径路处理孤立性蝶窦病变

目的探讨鼻内镜下处理孤立性蝶窦病变的方法及疗效。方法回顾分析1999年8月~2004年10月93例孤立性蝶窦病变病人在鼻内镜下经上鼻道径路行孤立性蝶窦病变处理。鼻内镜下切除上鼻甲后半部分,直接暴露蝶窦前壁及开口,扩大开口,处理蝶窦病变。结果所有病例均顺利完成手术,无1例发生严重并发症。随访1~2年,蝶窦炎、蝶窦脓肿、蝶窦黏液囊肿、真菌性蝶窦炎、蝶窦息肉等88例病人均无复发。其余5例病人中1例真菌性蝶窦炎术后不久侵入颅内,后经抗真菌及综合治疗痊愈;2例蝶窦顶后壁脑脊液鼻漏1次性修补成功;1例蝶窦侧壁脑脊液鼻漏修补失败;1例蝶窦血管瘤未愈。结论鼻内镜下经上鼻道进路是处理孤立性蝶窦病变安全、直接、微创、有效的治疗方法。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔径路蝶窦手术

目的探讨利用鼻内镜手术治疗蝶窦良性病变伴有鼻中隔偏曲的方法和体会。方法26例患者均在鼻内镜下行鼻中隔径路蝶窦手术,先行鼻中隔矫正,再沿骨性中隔向后找到蝶嘴,并开放蝶窦前壁,处理蝶窦病变。结果本组患者均顺利完成经鼻中隔径路蝶窦开放,术后症状完全消失,其中24例经随访6个月至1年未见复发,其余患者中1例蝶窦囊肿在术后7个月复发,1例蝶窦后鼻孔息肉在术后10个月复发,均于门诊复查时顺利摘除。结论鼻内镜下经鼻中隔径路蝶窦开放具有创伤小、定位准确等优点,是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

Isolated sphenochoanal polyp: A rare clinical entity

Choanal polyps almost always appear as solitary growth and most commonly arise from the maxillary sinus. Isolated polyp originating from the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus or from its interior and extending as choanal polyp in to the nasopharynx are extremely rare clinical entities. Here we report a 34-year-old male presenting with a history of headache, intermittent nasal discharge and nasal obstruction. A diagnosis of sphenochoanal polyp (SCP) was made on nasal endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. The SCP was removed endoscopically via a transnasal sphenoidotomy and histopathologically it was confirmed as inflammatory polyp. In this paper we discuss the clinical presentation and surgical management of this rare clinical entity.     

孤立性蝶窦病变的临床诊断与微创手术

目的　探讨孤立性蝶窦病变的临床诊断及微创手术方法。方法　对收治的 2 8例孤立性蝶窦病变的临床资料进行回顾性分析并文献复习。结果　 2 8例病人术前均经CT或 /和MRI及鼻内镜确诊。术后病理检查证实为蝶窦炎症 6例 (其中伴后鼻孔息肉 4例 )、蝶窦真菌感染 7例、蝶窦黏膜下囊肿 1 0例、蝶窦黏液囊肿 4例(其中 2例侵犯颅底及眼眶、1例至鼻中隔 )、蝶窦内翻性乳头状瘤 1例。 2 8例全部治愈。结论　对临床上有不明原因的头痛、头晕、眼部症状、回缩涕血有必要结合影像学检查及鼻内镜检查 ,以便早期确诊。鼻内镜下鼻腔进路联合切割吸引器对蝶窦病变进行微创手术是治疗孤立性蝶窦病变的一个安全有效的手术方式。     

Choanal polyp originating from the middle turbinate

Choanal polyps usually originate from the maxillary sinus. Unusual origins such as the sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus, nasal septum and hard and soft palate have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report a rare case of choanal polyp originating from the middle turbinate that was removed by an endoscopic surgery technique. The computed tomographic findings are described and the literature is reviewed.     

鼻窦CT及MRI检查在单侧良性蝶窦病变中的临床应用

目的 回顾分析单侧良性蝶窦病变在CT及MRI中的影像学表现,探讨在临床中的应用价值。 方法 分析21例单侧良性蝶窦病变且经鼻内镜手术及术后病理证实的住院患者的影像学特征。 结果 21例单侧良性蝶窦病变中,囊肿7例,CT表现为蝶窦内圆形或卵圆形较均匀软组织密度影,蝶窦腔膨胀性改变者可伴有骨质吸收变薄,MRI表现为长T1和长T2不规则球形信号影;真菌性病变8例,CT表现为蝶窦内不规则点片状钙化斑或云絮状密度增高影,呈毛玻璃样改变,MRI表现为蝶窦内混杂信号,炎症片状渗出呈高信号,真菌结节呈T₂WI低信号;脑脊液鼻漏3例,CT表现为蝶窦内单纯软组织密度影,MRI表现为脑脊液高信号影与鼻窦内高信号液体影之间有线状高信号影相连,其他组织(脑组织、鼻黏膜)呈低信号;内翻性乳头状瘤3例,CT表现为蝶窦内软组织密度影,密度欠均匀,MRI表现为肿物有不均匀强化,呈现条索样或不同程度“脑回征”。 结论 CT可以较好地显示病变周围的骨质改变,MRI能更清楚地显示病变侵袭范围,两者结合可为单侧良性蝶窦病变诊断及临床治疗提供更全面的影像信息。CT结合增强MRI分析比单纯依靠CT扫描更具鉴别诊断价值。     

Sphenochoanal polyp presenting with concomitant nasal polyps

A sphenochoanal polyp is a rare lesion that originates in the sphenoid sinus. It occurs most often in adolescents and young adults. We present what to the best of our knowledge is the first reported case of a sphenochoanal polyp associated with concomitant nasal polyps. The patient was a 54-year-old man who presented with bilateral nasal obstruction, possible obstructive sleep apnea, and an altered voice, all of which had likely been caused by the presence of a massive left sphenochoanal polyp and bilateral grade III anterior and posterior ethmoid polyps. Because the patient had dilated cardiomyopathy, he was not a good candidate for general anesthesia. Therefore, the polyps were removed endoscopically under local anesthesia. The sphenochoanal polyp measured 7.5 cm in its greatest dimension and weighed 41 g. The patient remained symptom-free at the 1-year follow-up. The presentation of a sphenochoanal polyp is similar to that of the more common antrochoanal polyp, but the two can usually be differentiated on computed tomography. Endoscopic sinus surgery allows for complete removal of the polyp, including its site of origin, which minimizes the risk of recurrence.     

Isolated sphenoid sinus lesions

Forty-five patients with isolated sphenoid sinus lesions were seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1935 and 1972. The types of lesions that these patients had included inflammatory lesions (chronic sphenoid sinusitis and mucopyoceles), tumors, fibrous dysplasia, rhinoliths, and sphenoid polyp. A review of the anatomy and important structures contiguous to the sphenoid sinus reflected the range and progression of clinical symptoms. Complications included pain or headache, visual disturbance including blurred vision, diplopia, exophthalmos, blindness, meningitis, and even death. The most frequent presenting symptoms were headache, retro-orbital pain, nasal congestion, and visual disturbance, especially diplopia. Some time during the course of the illness, 40. percent of the patients developed visual involvement. Diagnosis was made with the aid of the patient's history and physical examination, whereas the laboratory studies usually were negative, and roentgenographic findings ranged from thickening to fluid levels and bony erosion or frank destruction of the floor of the sella. Fifteen percent of the roentgenograms were false-negatives, all of which were noted in patients with inflammatory lesions. The differential diagnosis includes pituitary lesions, although the clinical features, the bitemporal hemianopsia, and hypopituitary function, which are characteristic of pituitary tumors, are absent in isolated sphenoid sinus lesions. Mild degrees of panhypopituitarism may exist with inflammatory lesions of the sphenoid sinus. Definitive diagnosis and therapy are usually effected by transnasal exploration of the sphenoid sinus.     

内窥镜蝶窦手术的麻醉改进和眼部并发症的预防

目的 :探讨鼻内窥镜手术治疗蝶窦病变的麻醉方法和预防眼部并发症的措施。方法 :在 6 5例蝶窦病变的手术治疗中均行局麻加经改进后的表麻 ;术中彻底止血 ,明确碟窦的位置、窦壁吸收与破坏情况 ,以及病变的部位、色泽和形状等特点 ,密切注意眼部症状 ,避免损伤视神经。结果 :随访 0 .5～ 2年。治愈 5 3例 ,复发 7例(其中内翻乳头状瘤 2例 ,慢性蝶窦炎并息肉 5例 ) ,5例失访 ,仅 5例发生眼部并发症。复发病例经再次手术而切除。结论 :在局麻加改进的表麻下能完成蝶窦内窥镜手术 ,熟悉解剖结构及熟练的手术技巧可减少眼部并发症的发生。     

真菌球型蝶窦炎临床分析

目的 提高对孤立性真菌球型蝶窦炎的认识,有利于早期诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析10例孤立性真菌球型蝶窦炎的临床表现、影像学特点、鼻内镜手术方法及疗效.结果 10例患者最主要的临床表现为头痛或/和涕中带血,主要影像学特征为单侧蝶窦内软组织影,骨壁增厚,中央常可见高密度钙化斑.全部患者鼻内镜下行蝶窦开放术,定期换药,随访3～18个月,全部治愈.结论 孤立性真菌球型蝶窦炎临床表现无特异性,早期不易发现,CT扫描及鼻内镜检查有利于早期诊断,病理学检查可确诊,采用鼻内镜下蝶窦开放术具有创伤小、并发症少和术后恢复快等优点,值得推广.     

孤立性蝶窦霉菌病

目的：为了提高对蝶窦霉菌病的认识,以利其诊断和治疗。方法：回顾性调查孤立性蝶窦霉菌病16例,总结其临床表现,影像学特征及治疗效果。结果：在1985－1998年间收治孤立性蝶窦霉菌病共16例,多数为中老年女性,最主要的临床症状为回吸涕带血,约上中81％,其次为头痛,占69％,1例患者出现视力下降和复视,蝶窦霉菌病变的影像学表现主要为蝶窦内低密度的组织影伴骨壁增厚和窦内软组织影中有钙化灶,CT检查有利于解病变的范围及性质,全部病例均承鼻内窥镜下行蝶窦手术,手术安全,出血少,并发症少,术后恢复快等特点。结论：蝶窦霉菌病较少见,其头痛,器吸涕中带血等主诉易与其它一些疾病相混淆,临床上应给予高度重视,蝶窦霉菌病可采用鼻内窥镜下蝶窦手术。     

Regression of a sphenochoanal polyp in a child

OBJECTIVES: To present an unusual case of a sphenochoanal polyp that regressed and review the etiology of such polyps in comparison to the commoner antrochoanal polyp. STUDY DESIGN: Case study. METHODS: One was incidentally discovered in a girl aged 3 years, 8 months at postnasal mirror examination after adenotonsillectomy. RESULTS: Computed tomography scans 1 month later confirmed the polyp, but three months later, MRI scans only revealed sphenoid sinus opacification. Sphenoidotomy revealed normal sinuses implying inflammation had resolved. CONCLUSION: This patient is believed to be the youngest reported to have sphenochoanal polyp, and the only one where the polyp had completely regressed. This regression suggests that sphenochoanal polyps may be more common than is thought but are mostly asymptomatic.     

孤立性蝶窦疾病159例临床分析

目的:分析孤立性蝶窦疾病的诊断与治疗方法,使其得到早期诊断、及时干预和治疗,以降低误诊率。方法:对159例孤立性蝶窦疾病患者进行回顾性分析。结果:孤立性蝶窦疾病患者最常见的临床症状是头痛(79.87%,127/159)。在159例患者中,60例(37.74%)为蝶窦囊肿,44例(27.67%)为单纯性蝶窦炎,31例(19.50%)为真菌性蝶窦炎,5例(3.14%)为蝶窦息肉,3例(1.89%)为骨纤维异常增殖症,2例(1.26%)为内翻性乳头状瘤,3例(1.89%)为脊索瘤,3例(1.89%)为鳞状细胞癌,3例(1.89%)为恶性淋巴瘤,2例(1.26%)为神经内分泌癌,2例(1.26%)为嗅神经母细胞瘤,1例(0.63%)为恶性纤维组织细胞瘤。术后随访10个月～4年,鼻内镜术后多数患者转归良好。结论:孤立性蝶窦疾病常无特异性症状及体征,最常见的临床症状是头痛,其次是视力障碍,鼻内镜下蝶窦开放术是首选的治疗方法。     

Role of mast and goblet cells in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps

In this study, the role of mast and goblet cells and eosinophils in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis was investigated. The study group consisted of 28 adult patients (15 males, 13 females) with nasal polyposis who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). All patients in the study group were examined with a questionnaire, an otolaryngologic examination, an endoscopic examination with 0 degrees and 30 degrees endoscopes, Waters' graphy, and axial and coronal computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses. The control group consisted of 10 adult patients without nasal polyp (7 males and 3 females) who underwent septoplasty. They gave written approval to enter the study. The polyp specimens from the study group were excised from four regions: the maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, and nasal cavity. They were examined at x400 magnification by light microscopy, and only the slides with polypoid tissue were included in the study. Slides including a chronic inflammatory process without polypoid tissue were excluded from the study. The control group was composed of the slides of specimens from the inferior turbinate. Forty slides (10 in each group) in the study group and 10 slides in the control group were included in the study. The surgical specimens from the study and control groups were examined with a histochemical staining technique. In every surgical specimen, the type of epithelium and the numbers of goblet and mast cells and eosinophils were calculated in x400 high-magnification field in 10 areas on light microscopy, as well as the mean number of these cells, and for mast cells separately, cell count in the epithelium and the stromal layer of polyp tissue and total mast cell count, including both epithelial and stromal mast cells, were identified. Goblet cells, mast cells, and inflammation with eosinophils were observed in all sinonasal mucosa. The common epithelial type in the polyp tissue was pseudostratified ciliated cylindric epithelium, which contains goblet cells. Goblet cell numbers in the maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses and nasal cavity were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p < .05). For total mast cell and eosinophil count, no statistically significant difference was found between all five groups. In each group, there was no statistically significant difference between goblet and mast cells. Increased goblet cells in sinonasal polyps indicated that systemic factors also affect nasal polyposis as much as local factors, such as airflow and mucosal contact. Surgical treatment of sinonasal polyps by FESS causes more sufficient air ventilation in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Therefore, the goblet cell density will decrease because of the exposure of the mucosal surfaces to the air. In particular, FESS and then the appropriate medical treatment may decrease the recurrence rates and increase the patient's comfort. The significantly increased goblet cell count in the sinonasal mucosa demonstrated the importance of these cells in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Also, mast cells and eosinophils may have a role in the inflammatory processes, leading to nasal polyposis formation.     

鼻内镜下蝶窦手术21例

目的 :探讨鼻内镜下治疗蝶窦良性病变的疗效和手术体会。方法 :2 1例患者在鼻内镜下进行鼻腔 蝶窦手术 ,其中全身麻醉 2例 ,局部麻醉辅以强化麻醉 19例。结果 :随访 3个月～ 4年。 2 0例痊愈 ,1例出现窦口闭锁 ,行再次手术开放 ,无一例出现严重并发症。结论 :局部麻醉鼻内镜下蝶窦手术具有视野清楚、损伤小、出血少、痛苦小等优点 ,是一种安全、有效的手术方式