熊去氧胆酸联合胆维他与山莨菪碱治疗环孢素性肝损害比较

目的 观察熊去氧胆酸片联合胆维他片及单独山莨菪碱治疗肾移植术后环孢素性肝损害的疗效,寻找有效的治疗方法.方法 将肾移植术后28例环孢素性肝损害患者分为两组,A组:口服熊去氧胆酸片50 mg,tid胆维片25 mg,tid;B组:山莨菪碱40 mg加入5%葡萄糖注射液中,每天一次静点或10 mg每日4次口服,疗程1～3个月.结果 A组16例中有15例治愈(占93.8%),1例好转(占6.3%);B组12例中3例好转(25.0%),9例无效(占75.0%).结论 熊去氧胆酸与胆维他联合应用肾移植术后环孢素所致肝损害疗效明显优于山莨菪碱.     

护肝片与熊去氧胆酸联合治疗肾移植后药物性肝损害

目的：评价护肝片与熊去氧胆酸联用对肾移植后药物性肝损害的疗效。方法：50例肾移植术后肝功能异常的患者,口服护肝片4片,tid,熊去氧胆酸1－2片,itd,疗程为1－3个月,必要时停用Aza,结果：有29例（58％）,治愈。13例（26％）好转,8例（16％）无效,肝功能异常患者治疗前后血清TBiol,DBiol,IBiol,CsA浓度均有显著性差异（P＜0．01,P＜0．01,P＜0．01,P＜0．05）,而其肾功能无明显变化。结论：护肝片与熊去氧胆酸联合应用对肾移植后药物性肝损害有一定的疗效。     

护肝片与熊去氧胆酸联合治疗肾移植后药物性肝损害

目的评价护肝片与熊去氧胆酸联用对肾移植后药物性肝损害的疗效.方法50例肾移植术后肝功能异常的患者,口服护肝片4片,tid,熊去氧胆酸1～2片,tid.疗程为1～3个月.必要时停用硫唑嘌呤.结果有29例(58%)治愈,13例(26%)好转,8例(16%)无效.肝功能异常患者治疗前后血清TBiol、DBiol、IBiol、CsA浓度均有显著性差异(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05),而其肾功能无明显变化.结论护肝片与熊去氧胆酸联合应用对肾移植后药物性肝损害有一定的疗效.     

还原型谷胱甘肽与熊去氧胆酸联合治疗酒精性脂肪肝35例

目的探讨还原型谷胱甘肽与熊去氧胆酸联用治疗酒精性脂肪肝的疗效及安全性。方法将140例诊断为酒精性脂肪肝的患者按时间顺序随机均分为4组,治疗1组口服熊去氧胆酸片200mg,每日3次;治疗2组口服还原型谷胱甘肽片200mg,每日3次;治疗3纽予还原型谷胱甘肽与熊去氧胆酸联合应用,均为200mg／次口服,每日3次;对照组予内科常规护肝治疗。疗程均为12周。结果各治疗组治疗后肝功能和血脂指标均有不同程度的改善,各组间治疗前后比较,均有统计学意义。结论还原型谷胱甘肽与熊去氧胆酸联用治疗酒精性脂肪肝疗效确切,用药方便易行,安全性高,值得推广。     

熊去氧胆酸治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病的疗效观察

目的比较熊去氧胆酸与还原性谷胱甘肽治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病的疗效和安全性。方法选取2012年2月至2015年2月在白城中心医院62例非酒精性脂肪肝病住院患者,将其随机分为2组,32例熊去氧胆酸组(观察组),根据千克体质量,即60 kg及以上,每日2粒;80kg及以上,每日3粒;100kg及以上,每日4粒;30例还原性谷胱甘肽联合复方蛋氨酸胆碱组(对照组),还原性谷胱甘肽400 mg,每日3次;复方蛋氨酸胆碱3片,日3次。用药期间每2周监测肝功能、血脂变化,结束时观察上腹部超声肝脏形态学改变,3个月后观察2组疗效及不良反应。结果观察组肝功能、血脂、肝脏形态学、症状均明显改善,其疗效优于对照组,有统计学意义。结论熊去氧胆酸治疗非酒精性肝病安全有效,值得临床推广使用。     

熊去氧胆酸联合丹参治疗淤胆型肝炎的疗效观察

目的观察熊去氧胆酸联合丹参治疗淤胆型肝炎临床疗效。方法将120例分成治疗组(60例)对照组(60例)。治疗组熊去氧胆酸15mg/(kg d)分次口服,丹参20mg加入5%GS 250mL静脉滴注每日1次;对照组用维生素C 3g加入5%GS 250mL中静点,肝水解肽60mg加入5%GS 250mL中静点,两组疗程均为6~8周。结果治疗组治疗后的TBIL、ALT变化均优于对照组,有统计学差异。结论熊去氧胆酸联合丹参治疗淤胆型肝炎疗效满意。     

胆石清片联合熊去氧胆酸片预防肝内胆管结石术后复发25例

目的观察胆石清片联合熊去氧胆酸片预防肝内胆管结石术后复发的效果。方法回顾分析2010年3月至2012年10月行肝内胆管结石手术患者45例的临床资料,术后对照组未口服药物,治疗组口服胆石清片联合熊去氧胆酸片,观察两组患者肝功能变化和结石复发情况。结果术后肝功能均正常,患者随访时间6月-2年,治疗组结石复发率为16．00％,对照组结石复发率为25．00％,治疗组显著优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论肝内胆管结石术后服用胆石清片和熊去氧胆酸片预防术后结石复发安全、有效,但长期疗效尚需深入研究。     

金胆片与熊去氧胆酸治疗胆囊结石的疗效观察

目的：比较金胆片与熊去氧胆酸治疗胆囊结石的疗效及安全性。方法：将165例B超确诊为胆囊结石患者随机分为2组。金胆片(扬洲药业集团生产)组80例，金胆片5片口服每天3次；熊去氧胆酸组85例，熊去氧胆酸片4片口服每天3次，2组均加用心痛定每次10mg口服每天3次，33％’硫酸镁溶液20m1睡前口服，2组总疗程为3个月。结果：金胆片与熊去氧胆酸治疗胆囊结石总有效率分别为92．5％、60．0％，治愈率分别为12．5％、10．0％。结论：金胆片治疗胆囊结石疗效优于熊去氧胆胆酸，金胆片可作为胆囊结石理想的药物。     

双环醇防治肾移植术后药物性肝损害的疗效观察

目的双环醇防治肾移植术后药物性肝损害的疗效观察。方法选择我院42例肾移植术后患者,治疗组22例,术后用药为免疫抑制剂联合双环醇片,对照组20例,用药为单纯免疫抑制剂抗排斥治疗,观察患者在术后4周内的症状和体征,包括乏力、食欲不振、黄疸、肝区痛、肝肿大等及肝肾功能情况。结果两组患者术后药物性肝损害发生率分别为：治疗组18.18%,对照组40%,两组比较差异有统计学意义。术后4周治疗组ALT、AST显著低于对照组水平。结论研究表明口服双环醇片75mg/d可有效防治环孢素药物性肝损害,不仅有利于改善患者的生活质量,而且也有益于保证免疫抑制剂的治疗效果。     

熊去氧胆酸联合丹参治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症临床分析

我院2010年11月至2011年12月在常规治疗的基础上采用熊去氧胆酸联合丹参治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)患者45例以及在常规治疗基础上单用熊去氧胆酸治疗患者35例,追踪其治疗前后症状、体征及肝功能指标变化,评价这2种治疗方案的疗效。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:选取广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院2010年11月至2011年12月收治的妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症产妇     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.