儿童纽扣式电池食管异物分析

目的　总结儿童纽扣式电池食管异物临床表现,探讨其安全、有效的治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析我院2014年4月～2016年12月收治的误咽纽扣式电池患儿12例,其中1例异物位于食管第二狭窄,其余11例均位于食管第一狭窄。结果　8例经食道镜取出,1例电子胃镜取出,1例经电子胃镜取出困难,改行食道镜取出,1例采用Foley管取出,1例Foley管取出困难进一步行食道镜取出。9例并发食管周围炎,食管腐蚀伤,2例并发食管穿孔,1例并发食管气管瘘。结论　食管异物为小儿常见急诊,其中纽扣式电池对人体的危害极大,纽扣式电池含有重金属及化学化合物,对食管壁具有腐蚀性,造成食管壁的损伤,伴发食管穿孔、狭窄等,损伤程度与异物嵌顿时间成正比,及时采取合理的手术是治愈的关键。     

Foley管取食管光滑异物

食管异物是耳鼻咽喉科常见急诊,常需硬质食管镜和胃镜等方法取出。手术者需掌握—定的技巧,患者需忍受一定的痛苦,也可能带来一些并发症。胃镜受活检钳大小等的影响,在取食管异物时也有很大的局限。国内由彭云生于1995年首先报道用Foley管取食管光滑异物。我们自2003年7月-2008年6月用Foley管取食管光滑、扁平异物,效果满意,报道如下。     

Foley管取儿童食道异物4例体会

Foley管系用于体腔引流(如膀胱引流等)的一种特制导管.它的导入端处有一富弹性的隐形气囊,按所需大小向其充气后,可将Foley管导入端处的隐形气囊充盈成球形气囊.此设计原为防止导管脱出体腔而起内固定之用,根据这一特性,笔者于2001年2月～2002年10月,用Foley管取出儿童食道异物4例,现将体会报道如下.     

应用双腔气囊导尿管取出食道异物

食道异物是耳鼻咽喉科常见急症,多在表面麻醉或无麻状态下经硬管食道镜钳取,患者痛苦大,有时可造成副损伤甚至较严重的并发症.我们用双腔气囊导尿管吞入食道越过异物 ,注气后逆向经口腔拉出异物的方法治疗食道入口圆形片状或环状异物18例,其中男11例, 女7例,5～14岁.异物中金属钱币15例,塑料币(筹码)2例,戒指1例.异物嵌顿在食道入口处6或7颈椎水平,均经X线钡餐透视或胸部摄片确诊.方法是先在距双腔导尿管末端16、2 0cm处做标记,然后让患者将气囊端吞入食道,其深度为超越异物,当20cm标记位于门齿水平时,提示导尿管已越过食道入口并超越异物.向气囊内注入空气约5ml,具体注气量可根据患者年龄、异物大小灵活掌握.然后经口腔缓慢拉出导尿管,如有抵抗感,表明已挂住异物,此时稍用力向外牵拉,多可顺势牵出异物.如一次试取未获成功,可再次试取 ,3次未成功则改用食道镜钳取.如患者吞咽困难无法吞入气囊,则及时改用食道镜下钳取 .     

采用气囊导尿管行小儿食道异物取出术的观察

小儿食道异物是耳鼻咽喉科常见急症之一,为取出食道异物,多采用传统的硬性食道镜钳取.因此易造成上消化道软组织不同程度的损伤,引起呼吸困难等并发症.我院2002年4月～2006年3月,对25例小儿食道异物,采用气囊导尿管取出异物,取得较好的效果.     

Foley管法治疗小儿食管异物56例临床分析

目的探讨治疗小儿食管异物安全、有效的办法。方法对用Foley管法取小儿食管异物56例进行回顾性分析。结果56例中用Foley管法顺利取出异物53例,其中一次成功48例,平均住院4.6h,平均医疗费用267.6元。结论Foley管法取小儿钝圆形食管异物勿需全麻,且安全、有效、经济,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

采用气囊导尿管行儿童食管异物取出术的观察

小儿食管异物是耳鼻咽喉科常见急症之一,为取出异物,多采用传统的硬性食管镜钳取。因此易造成上消化道软组织不同程度的损伤,引起呼吸困难等并发症。我院2002年4月~2006年3月,对25例小儿食管异物,采用气囊导尿管取出异物,取得较好的效果。1临床资料1.1一般资料2002年4月~2006年3月,共收治光滑扁圆形异物25例,男18例,女7例;年龄1~12岁。异物金属钱币、游戏币21例、纽扣2例、围棋子1例、塑料币1例。所有患儿均有憋气、异物感、吞咽困难、流口水等症状。1.2方法在无麻醉状态下,患儿平卧于治疗床上,头颈和肩胛中部超越治疗床边缘,护士抱患儿头部…     

小儿食管光滑异物3种治疗方法的临床分析

目的比较3种治疗小儿食管光滑异物方法的疗效及优缺点。方法对181例小儿食管光滑异物分别采用Foley管、电子食管胃镜及硬质食管镜进行治疗。结果121例光滑异物中应用Foley管法成功取出108例（89．3％）,平均操作时间6．2min,5例出现鼻出血、唇黏膜损伤等轻微并发症,未见严重并发症发生;37例电子食管胃镜成功取出32例（86．5％）,8例出现并发症,其中1例为食管穿孔;23例使用硬质食管镜顺利取出异物22例（95．7％）,6例术中出现呼吸困难,4例食管黏膜损伤,1例牙齿脱落,其疗效与Foley管、电子食管胃镜组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Foley管治疗小儿食管光滑异物具有安全、有效、操作简单等特点。     

Foley管在儿童圆钝食管异物取出术中的应用

目的 探讨应用Foley管取出儿童食管异物的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析深圳市儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科近5年共496例儿童使用Foley管取出食管异物的手术方式、手术效果及并发症。结果 496例患儿中440例经Foley管法取出;56例未能取出,其中49例复查X线检查发现异物进入下消化道经粪便排出,另外7例住院全麻下行硬质食管镜取出异物。所有患儿术后无食管穿孔、感染、误吸异物等并发症。结论 Foley管法取出异物安全、高效、便捷、实用性强,在儿童圆钝食管异物治疗中具有明显的优越性。但异物嵌顿时间越长,嵌顿于食管中下段以及非硬币类圆钝异物取出成功率较低。     

儿童纽扣电池鼻腔异物的临床特点和处理方法

目的　总结纽扣电池鼻腔异物的临床特点及探讨其处理方法。方法　将127例于2014年8月～2018年7月到深圳市儿童医院诊治的纽扣电池鼻腔异物患儿纳入研究，分析其年龄、性别、临床表现、位置以及纽扣电池存留时间、取出方法、伴发症和并发症。结果　纽扣电池鼻腔异物常发生于2～5岁儿童（94.49%）。男孩发生率（61.42%）高于女孩（38.58%）。患儿以自诉鼻腔塞入异物或监护人发现而就诊。大多数纽扣电池（96.85%）留存≤1天。右侧鼻腔发生率（62.99%）高于左侧鼻腔（37.01%）。大多数纽扣电池（93.70%）门急诊即可取出，少数（6.30%）需要全麻取出。纽扣电池鼻腔异物均出现不同程度的并发症。结论  纽扣电池鼻腔异物并不罕见，其所致的后果严重，需及时处理。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.