经肛门巨结肠根治切除术后结肠形态及功能的初步评价

目的探讨经肛门巨结肠根治术后结肠形态及功能的变化。方法对58例经肛门巨结肠根治术后儿童进行排便功能问卷调查、钡灌肠X线和结肠传输时间检查,评价其结肠形态及功能的变化。结果本组58例儿童均有便意,54例排便良好,4例便频或稀便,9例污便,5例便秘, 2例患有小肠结肠炎,无便失禁。钡灌肠X线显示结肠形态恢复良好,乙状结肠迂曲减少或消失,与切除肠段的长短相关。全部病例术后直肠肛管角(度)较术前及对照组显著开大[(123±15)°比 (85±8)°比(79±12)°,P<0．01],有症状组更为显著[(136±16)°比(111±14)°,P<0．05]。全部病例术后全结肠传输时间较术前均明显缩短[(27±8)h比>168 h,P<0．01],与对照组比较略有降低但不显著[(27±8)h比(29±8)h,P>0．05],有症状组显著缩短[(25±6)h比(29±8)h,P< 0．05]。结论经肛门巨结肠根治术后结肠功能良好。少数患儿排便功能障碍可能与术后乙状结肠曲减少或消失、“新直肠”储便功能代偿不全以及拖出结肠致直肠肛管角开大有关。     

婴幼儿经肛门巨结肠根治术后直肠肛管三维向量测压的研究

目的探讨经肛门巨结肠根治术后直肠肛管三维向量测压改变,以评价其肛门括约肌功能。方法对58例在婴幼儿期接受经肛门巨结肠根治术儿童进行随访,平均随访时间为15．8个月,全部为普通型巨结肠。对所有患儿进行排便功能问卷调查,根据临床症状分为无症状组和有症状组,并进行肛门括约肌三维重建,做肛管最大压力、向量容积、对称指数和直肠肛管反射检查。结果临床问卷调查显示58例均有便意,54例排便次数平均为1～2次／d,仅4例8～10次／d,9例污便, 5例便秘,2例有小肠结肠炎,无便失禁。直肠肛管反射3例阳性,2例弱阳性。便秘组的最大静息压 (mmHg)明显高于无症状组和对照组[(167±36)比(157±47)比(152±33),P<0．05;(211±36)比 (200±65)比(190±38),P<0．05]。污便组向量容积(cm×cmHg2)和对称指数较术前及对照组显著降低[(381±109)比(520±254)比(662±31),P<0．05;(0．69±0．32)比(0．75±0．19)比(0．70± 0．07),P<0．05]。便秘组对称指数高于对照组[(0．74±0．02)比(0．70±0．07),P<0．05]。结论婴幼儿经肛门巨结肠根治术后肛门括约肌功能良好。少数病例排便功能障碍的发生可能与术后“新直肠”储便功能代偿不全及(或)肛门括约肌痉挛失迟缓或损伤修复有关。     

智能胶囊式测压系统在结肠传输功能测定中的应用

目的:探讨智能胶囊式测压系统应用于慢传输性便秘患者结肠压力和传输功能测定中的作用和意义。方法:试验分两组：健康组为健康志愿者30例;便秘组为慢性传输性便秘（STC）患者30例。两组均在9AM口服智能胶囊，12AM和6PM进食以刺激胃结肠反射;每隔7 h腹部超声检查了解智能胶囊的位置，胶囊随粪便自然排出体外后为完成检查。检测指标：胶囊在体内总时间、通过结肠时间、高幅传输波（HAPCs）总数、群发HAPCs、平均收缩幅度和生理响应比。结果:所有受检者顺利吞服和自然排出智能胶囊，无任何不适感，胶囊外封硅胶均无破损。与健康组比较，便秘组的胶囊在体总时间、结肠通过时间明显延长，依次为（110.2±13.0）h vs.（29.7±6.5）h， （86.4±15.0）h vs. （14.8±4.6）h，（P=0.000和0.000）; HAPCs总数、群发HAPCs较健康组明显减少分别为 (12.4±3.4 ) vs.（18.9±3.5）; （4.5±2.8）vs.（12.3±2.1），（P=0.012和0.004)，平均收缩幅度和生理响应比显著低于健康组分别为(8.7±0.5) kPa vs.（9.5±0.7）kPa，42.10％ vs. 64.50％（P=0.026和0.024)。结论:智能胶囊式测压系统是一种无创、安全、方便、符合生理功能的检测方法，不仅可检测全结肠动力和传输时间，而且可对便秘的产生及严重程度判断提供有力证据。     

大黄对慢传输型便秘大鼠结肠肌电影响的实验研究

目的　研究大黄对慢传输型便秘(STC)大鼠结肠肌电节律的影响。方法　利用复方苯乙哌啶建立大鼠慢传输型便秘模型,采用活性炭灌胃法测定首粒黑便时间及肠道传输功能,利用 BL 410生物机能实验系统测定大黄治疗前后STC大鼠结肠慢波频率、振幅等肌电生理活动变化。结果大黄组大鼠首粒黑便时间为(400±15)min,便秘大鼠首粒黑便时间为(600±24)min,两组之间差异显著(P<0.05),便秘频率减慢组大鼠经大黄治疗后结肠慢波频率明显加快,平均频率为(8.62±1.20)次/min,振幅降低,平均振幅(0. 33±0. 05) mV,频率变异系数为 16. 05%,振幅变异系数为10.58%。便秘频率加快组大鼠经大黄治疗后结肠慢波频率明显减慢,平均频率为(23.21±3.86)次/min,振幅强弱不等,平均振幅(0.19±0.03)mV,波形较不稳定,且出现基线位移,频率变异系数为10.38%,振幅变异系数为 12.48%。结论　慢传输型便秘大鼠结肠慢波存在节律紊乱,慢波频率及振幅异常可能是导致结肠传输减慢的重要因素。大黄可使便秘大鼠结肠异常的慢波频率和振幅恢复,这可能是大黄治疗便秘的主要机制之一。     

早期过度换气治疗重型脑外伤的疗效探讨

目的探讨早期过度换气治疗重型脑外伤的效果及护理措施。方法将 72例重型脑外伤病人随机分为对照组和观察组各 36例。对照组采用常规治疗、护理 ;观察组则在常规治疗的基础上 ,早期应用呼吸机过度换气。结果观察组过度换气后 ,PaO2 为 (112 70± 7 2 0 )mmHg、PaCO2 (31 90± 2 6 0 )mmHg ,与治疗前 [PaO2(81 5 0± 8 70 )mmHg、PaCO2 (37 6 0± 3 70 )mmHg]比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。观察组存活时间[(14 7 4 0± 39 6 0 )h]比对照组 [(118 0 1± 30 90 )h]延长 (P <0 .0 1)。结论过度换气协同常规的综合治疗、护理能延长GCS≤ 5分者的生存时间。过度换气中加强呼吸道的管理、呼吸机参数的调节是过度换气治疗成功的保证     

术前肌注右美沙芬对全麻术后镇痛芬太尼用量的影响

目的　观察术前应用右美沙芬 (dextromethorphan ,DM )对全麻术后镇痛芬太尼用量的影响。方法　选择 4 0例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,拟在全麻下行腰椎手术的患者 ,随机分为对照组及DM组 ,术前 30min分别肌注 4ml生理盐水或DM 2 0mg。术后应用芬太尼行静脉自控镇痛 (PCIA)。记录患者术后首次要求镇痛的时间 ,术后 1、2、4、2 4、4 8h的疼痛评分 (VAS) ,镇静评分 (OAA/S) ,芬太尼用量及术后恶心呕吐的情况。结果　从手术结束到患者首次要求镇痛的时间 ,DM组 (35 38±10 5 6 )min ,比对照组显著延长 [(12 80± 5 72 )min](P <0 0 1)。DM组术后 4 8h内芬太尼的总用量 (0 4 2± 0 10 )mg ,显著低于对照组 [(0 81± 0 0 9)mg](P <0 0 1)。术后恶心呕吐的发生率DM组与对照组分别为 10 %和 30 % (P <0 0 5 )。结论　全麻下施行腰椎手术 ,术前 30min肌肉注射DM2 0mg ,可为患者提供超前镇痛 ,延长术后第一次要求镇痛的时间 ,减少术后 4 8h内芬太尼的用量及恶心呕吐的发生率     

不同麻醉镇痛方式对胃癌根治术患者快速康复的影响

目的 比较不同麻醉镇痛方式对开放胃癌根治术患者快速康复的影响.方法 全身麻醉下行开放胃癌根治术患者67例,采用随机数字表法分为3组:全身麻醉联合硬膜外镇痛组(EA组,20例)、全身麻醉联合患者自控静脉镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)组(PCIA组,24例)、全身麻醉联合肋缘下腹横肌平面(subcostal transverseabdominis plane,STAP)阻滞组(STAP组,23例).3组全身麻醉诱导、维持用药相同,EA组行硬膜外阻滞和硬膜外镇痛,PCIA组行静脉镇痛,STAP组行双侧STAP阻滞和静脉镇痛.记录七氟醚、舒芬太尼及血管活性药物用量,记录术后1 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)、48 h(T5)、72 h(T6)VAS评分及哌替啶用量,记录肠道功能恢复时间、首次进食时间、首次下床时间、住院时间,观察不良事件的发生情况.结果 与PCIA组VAS评分[(3.8±2.0)、(4.7±1.8)、(6.5±1.7)分]比较,EA组和STAP组在T1[(2.3±1.2)、(3.1±2.3)分]、T2[(2.3±1.1)、(3.4±2.0)分]、L[(2.8±1.1)、(3.6±2.0)分]时点VAS评分显著降低(P＜0.05),发生恶心呕吐、疲倦嗜睡和头晕的例数显著减少(P＜0.05).与EA组比较,PCIA组、STAP组舒芬太尼和哌替啶用量显著增多,麻黄碱用量和低血压例数显著减少(P＜0.05).STAP组、EA组、PCIA组两两比较,肠道功能恢复时间[(37±12)、(50±16)、(74±13) h]、首次进食时间[(47±10)、(61±15)、(89±11) h]、首次下床时间[(41±15)、(54±18)、(56±22)h]依次延长(P＜0.05).3组住院时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 全身麻醉联合硬膜外阻滞或多点STAP阻滞对开放胃癌根治术患者术后快速康复有利,而全身麻醉联合PCIA效果较差、副作用较多、恢复时间较长.     

先天性巨结肠手术后排便造影检查的临床意义

目的评价排便造影检查在先天性巨结肠 (HD)术后随访的临床意义。方法对30例行HD根治手术治疗患儿行排便造影检查 ,并获得手术后的排便功能情况 ,行腹部和肛门指诊检查及肛管直肠测压检查。结果按照临床评分标准 ,本组 30例中“优者”4例 (13% ) ,即无任何排便异常者 ;“良好”2 1例 (70 % ) ,有较轻度的排便异常 ;“一般”5例 (17% ) ,有明显的排便异常 ;无“差”病例 ,即无排便严重障碍和完全失禁者。排便造影显示静息状态时直肠肛管角及直肠骶曲在“一般”组与对照组之间比较差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。“一般”组与对照组比较肛管长度缩短 (P <0 0 5 )。结论HD根治术后患儿排便功能良好 ,并随时间的延长排便功能可继续好转 ,排便控制建立在拖下结肠“直肠、乙状结肠化”的过程。术后大便储袋的形成、直肠肛管角和直肠骶尾曲在排便控制中起重要作用。排便造影比传统的钡灌肠更能确切地了解排便功能 ,对评价HD术后功能有重要价值。     

卯时穴位按摩联合神阙穴贴敷防治混合痔术后便秘的临床效果

目的:探讨卯时腹部穴位按摩联合神阙穴贴敷防治混合痔术后便秘的临床疗效。方法:选取2017年8月—2020年8月沧州中西医结合医院肛肠科收治的接受混合痔外剥内扎手术患者96例作为研究对象。按照随机数字表法分为2组,每组48例。对照组术后给予饮食指导,第1~3天半流质饮食,第4天开始普通饮食,多食新鲜蔬菜、瓜果及粗纤维食品,忌食辛辣、油腻食品,多饮水。治疗组在对照组治疗基础上予以卯时腹部穴位按摩联合神阙穴贴敷。比较两组术后首次排便时间及便秘发生率,比较两组术后首次排便时、第3天、第5天、第7天排便困难程度、粪便性状评分,比较两组干预前后肛肠动力学指标,包括直肠静息压(RRP)、肛管静息压(ARP)及肛管高压区长度(HPZ)。结果:治疗组首次排便时间短于对照组[(35.72±8.07)h vs(41.64±7.85)h,P<0.05],术后第1~3天便秘发生率低于对于对照组(31% vs 68%,P<0.05);术后首次排便时、术后第3天、第5天,治疗组排便困难程度评分分别为(3.63±0.89)分、(3.47±0.84)分、(2.21±0.53)分,分别低于对照组的(4.46±1.07)分、(4.22±1.03)分、(2.74±0.61)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后首次排便时、术后第3天、第5天治疗组粪便性状评分分别为(3.58±1.03)分、(3.36±0.88)分、(2.41±0.65)分,分别低于对照组的(4.23±1.11)分、(4.04±1.00)分、(2.90±0.76)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,治疗组RRP[(2.94±0.66)kPa vs(2.45±0.61)kPa]、ARP[(37.21±5.74)kPa vs(32.19±5.70)kPa]、HPZ[(4.44±0.46)cm vs(3.70±0.39)cm]均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:卯时腹部穴位按摩联合神阙穴贴敷有利于改善粪便性状,促进粪便排出,促进肛门排便功能恢复,减少了便秘的发生。     

不同术式治疗慢传输型便秘的疗效比较

为探讨不同术式治疗慢传输型便秘的疗效及手术适应症,对40例经结肠慢传输试验确诊为慢传输型便秘的患者行手术治疗,其中11例行全结肠切除回肠直肠吻合术,18例行结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术,6例行结肠区段切除术,5例行扩大的左半结肠切除术,并对其疗效及并发症进行统计分析。结果显示,采用不同术式治疗,患者取得不同的治疗效果,并存在不同的特点。（1）全结肠切除回肠直肠吻合术组有效率为90．9％,结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术组有效率为94．4％,后者高于前者,但差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05。两组手术时间与肠功能恢复时间差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05;但结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术术中失血量、膀胱功能恢复、术后并发症（顽固性腹泻、尿潴留、肛门失禁、性功能障碍等）发生率均优于全结肠切除回肠直肠吻合术组,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。（2）结肠部分切除术组（结肠区段切除术组＋扩大的左半结肠切除术组）有效率为81．8％,低于结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术组,P〈0．05;其术后复发率高于结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术组,P〈0．05;手术时间、术中失血量、肠功能及膀胱功能恢复时间、术后并发症发生率均优于结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术组,P〈0．05。结果表明,不同术式对慢传输型便秘均有一定的治疗作用,尤以结肠次全切除升结肠直肠吻合术最为有效,具体术式的选择应根据结肠慢传输试验、钡灌肠检查及患者个体情况决定。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.