Nogo-A与NG-R在神经细胞早期分化过程的作用

目的探讨在神经细胞早期生长发育过程中Nogo-A与Nogo-A受体(NG-R)的表达及意义。方法体外培养PC12细胞,实验组以神经生长因子(NGF)诱导其分化,对照组不进行诱导。倒置显微镜下选取20个随机视野进行观察,计数轴突生长和细胞增殖情况。采用免疫荧光染色、逆转录酶聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)等方法检测PC12细胞生长及分化过程中Nogo-A与NG-R m RNA及蛋白的表达与变化。结果对照组PC12细胞未检出Nogo-A与NG-R的表达。在实验组NGF诱导PC12细胞向交感神经细胞分化过程中,Nogo-A与NG-R表达量逐渐增高(P0.05)。结论在神经细胞发育早期,Nogo-A与NG-R可能发挥促进神经轴突生长的作用。     

钙蛋白酶在MPP~+诱导的多巴胺能神经元损伤中的作用

目的观察钙蛋白酶在MPP+诱导的多巴胺能神经元损伤中的作用,探讨帕金森病的发病机制。方法使用神经生长因子诱导PC12细胞神经元样分化,然后使用MPP+处理神经元样分化的PC12细胞,制作帕金森病细胞模型。使用免疫印迹法检测细胞内总钙蛋白酶和活化的钙蛋白酶的表达水平,使用钙蛋白酶活性检测试剂盒观察钙蛋白酶活化水平,使用钙蛋白酶抑制剂ALLN和MDL28170抑制钙蛋白酶活性后采用MTT法检测其对细胞活性的影响,用流式细胞术观察细胞凋亡变化。结果神经元样分化的PC12细胞经MPP+处理后总的钙蛋白酶水平保持稳定,但活化的钙蛋白酶表达水平逐渐增高,钙蛋白酶活性也逐渐增高,MPP+处理12 h后达到高峰。ALLN和MDL28170能够显著抑制钙蛋白酶活性,并减轻MPP+诱导的PC12细胞损伤。钙蛋白酶抑制剂也能够明显抑制MPP+诱导的细胞凋亡。结论钙蛋白酶参与MPP+诱导的多巴胺能神经元损伤,可能是帕金森病新的治疗靶点。     

β-淀粉样肽(25-35)对PC12细胞前列腺凋亡反应蛋白-4和bcl-2基因表达的影响

目的观察β-淀粉样肽（25-35）（β-amyloid peptide 25-35，Aβ-25-35）诱导PC12细胞凋亡及对前列腺凋亡反应蛋白-4（prostate apoptosis response-4，par-4）和bcl-2基因表达的影响。方法采用MTT比色法分析细胞存活率，Hoechst33258-PI荧光染色观察细胞核凋亡的形态学改变，RT-PCR检测par-4和bcl-2基因mRNA表达变化，Western blot检测Par-4和Bcl-2蛋白表达变化。结果 随Aβ23-35浓度的增加，PC12细胞存活率降低，荧光染色可见细胞核固缩、核碎裂，par-4 mRNA及蛋白表达增加，bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白表达降低。结论 在Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡过程中Par-4和Bcl-2蛋白分子可能起重要作用。     

溶酶体自噬途径降解α-synuclein蛋白作用研究

目的 探讨α-synuclein蛋白细胞内溶酶体途径降解机制.方法 用神经生长因子NGF诱导分化PC12细胞作为研究多巴胺能神经元的细胞载体,应用鱼藤酮处理PC12细胞建立α-synuclein蛋白细胞模型.使用溶酶体途径降解抑制剂E64处理神经元样分化的PC12细胞,应用免疫荧光双标方法观察PC12细胞内硫黄素S、α-synuclein蛋白阳性聚集包涵体形成情况,比较各组的差异.结果 用E64处理鱼藤酮预处理过的PC12细胞后α-synuclein蛋白聚集且较多包涵体形成(15.36±0.85)%,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 溶酶体自噬途径可能在α-synuclein蛋白降解、聚集和多巴胺神经元死亡过程中发挥重要作用.     

星形胶质细胞与Aβ1-40诱导凋亡的PC12细胞共育条件培养液对神经干细胞分化的影响机制

目的 将星形胶质细胞与β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-40)诱导凋亡的PCI2细胞共育,观察星形胶质细胞条件培养液(ACM)对胚胎大鼠皮层神经干细胞(NSCs)体外定向分化为神经元的比例影响及机制,探讨神经营养素家族蛋白[包括脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、神经营养素-3(NT-3)]是否参与此过程. 方法 PC12细胞分别经10 μg/mLAβ1-40诱导不同时间(0、4、6、12、24h)后分为两部分,第一部分应用流式细胞技术检测不同时间点PC12细胞凋亡率;第二部分分别与星形胶质细胞共育2 d,将收集的ACM分为两部分.一部分应用ELISA法检测ACM中BDNF、NGF、NT-3蛋白含量,另一部分以1;3比例同DMEM/F12堵养基混合,对NSCs进行体外诱导分化,应用激光共聚焦显微镜、NSE免疫荧光技术鉴定和计数神经元分化比例. 结果 在Aβ1-40作用6 h时间点,PC12细胞凋亡率达高峰,与其共育的ACM中BDNF蛋白总量明显增高,诱导的NSCs神经元分化比例明显升高,与其他组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 星形胶质细胞与Aβ1-40诱导凋亡的PCI2细胞共育后.ACM提高了NSCs向神经元的分化比例,ACM中BDNF可能参与了这一过程.     

14-3-3蛋白过表达减轻1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子对PC12细胞的毒性

目的 研究14—3—3蛋白过表达对1-甲基-4苯基吡啶离子（MPP^＋诱导的PC12细胞死亡的影响作用及其可能的机制。方法 构建pcDNA3．1（＋）-14—3—3真核表达质粒,用脂质体2000转染PCI2细胞;Westernn blot技术检测PC12细胞中14—3—3蛋白、Bcl-2蛋白,和BAD蛋白的表达;然后分别用MTT法、酶标仪及流式细胞仪检测PC12细胞的活力、caspase的活性及PC12细胞的凋亡率。结果 （1）将pcDNA3．1（＋）-14—3—3质粒转染PCI2细胞3周后,14—3—3蛋白的表达显著增加;（2）MPP^＋诱导PC12细胞存活率的下降是剂量依赖性的,当MPP^＋的浓度达100μmol／L时,PC12细胞的存活率丧失约50％;（3）caspase的活性随着MPP^＋浓度的增加而增高,当MPP^＋浓度到达100μmol／L时caspase的活性也到达最大值,而当MPP^＋浓度超过100μmol／L时,caspase的活性急剧下降;（4）用100μmol／L的MPP^＋处理PC12细胞24h后,PC12细胞的凋亡率为26．5％,14—3—3蛋白的过表达使PC12细胞的凋亡率下降到8．6％;（5）用100μmol／LMPP^＋处理PC12细胞后,Bcl-2蛋白的表达趋于下调而BAD蛋白的表达上调,14—3-3蛋白的过表达能显著的增加Bcl-2蛋白的表达而使BAD蛋白的表达下调。结论 14—3—3蛋白过表达通过上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达并下调BAD蛋白的表达,减少了MPP^＋诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡,从而发挥对PC12细胞的保护作用。这些结果可能为PD的治疗提供新的药物靶点。     

1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子对大鼠嗜铬细胞的抑制素、活化素及其受体ⅡA表达以及细胞活力的影响

目的观察1甲基4苯基吡啶离子(MPP )对大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤株(PC12细胞)的抑制素(inhibin)、活化素(Act)及其受体ⅡA(ActRⅡA)的表达以及细胞活力的影响。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应法检测体外培养的PC12细胞在加入MPP 后3h、6h、12h及24h后细胞ActβAmRNA、βBmRNA、inhibinαmRNA和ActRⅡAmRNA表达水平的变化;应用台盼蓝排斥法检测PC12细胞活力,并与对照组比较。结果经MPP 处理后,各时间点PC12细胞ActβAmRNA、βBmRNA和ActRⅡAmRNA表达均明显下调(均P<0.05),inhibinαmRNA的表达无明显变化;细胞活力在12h和24h时明显下降(均P<0.05)。结论MPP 可能通过下调PC12细胞的Act和受体的表达水平而导致细胞的损害。     

2002/原花青素对β-淀粉样肽（25-35）诱导去血清培养PC12细胞细胞周期分布的影响

目的 探讨原花青素 (Procyanidins,PC) 对β-淀粉样肽（25-35）[βamyloid peptide -(25-35),Aβ25-35] 诱导去血清培养PC12细胞的凋亡及细胞周期分布的影响。方法 流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布情况及细胞凋亡率;RT-PCR 检测 p53基因 mRNA 表达;Western blot检测 P53蛋白表达。 结果 30mg/L PC预处理 PC12 细胞 1 h ,可降低Aβ25-35引起的去血清培养PC12细胞凋亡率,逆转Aβ25-35引起的去血清培养PC12细胞的细胞周期S期阻滞,降低 p53 mRNA及P53蛋白表达。 结论 PC可对抗Aβ25-35 诱导的去血清培养 PC12 细胞的凋亡及细胞周期S期阻滞,其机制可能与下调p53基因表达有关。     

Axl和Tyro-3受体表达受神经生长因子调控并参与PC12细胞的分化(英文)

目的Axl和Tyro-3受体在脑内有区域性的分布,但两者在中枢神经系统中的生物学功能尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨Axl和Tyro-3受体在神经元分化中的作用。方法PC12细胞分别转染CMV-Axl-eGFP、CMV-Tyro-3-eCFP和CMV-eGFP质粒后,给予神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)诱导,观察绿色荧光蛋白和青色荧光蛋白的表达和分布。结果Axl-eGFP和Tyro-3-eCFP的表达随着NGF作用时间的延长而逐渐上调,并且荧光蛋白在细胞内的定位也发生变化。作为对照组,CMV-eGFP转染的PC12细胞并没有出现此变化。此外,过表达Axl和Tyro-3能够促进PC12细胞的突起生长。结论Axl和Tyro-3受体的表达受NGF调控,其过表达可能参与了PC12细胞的分化。     

红景天苷诱导间充质干细胞向多巴胺神经分化

目的探讨红景天苷（SD）诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）向多巴胺能神经细胞分化的影响。方法实验分为红景天苷组,维甲酸（RA）组和空白对照组,SD和RA分别诱导BMSCs1d、3d、6d和9d,细胞免疫荧光化学法检测神经细胞相关标志分子神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、神经微管相关蛋白2（MAP2）、抗微管蛋白（B—Tubulin III）和神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白质（GFAP）以及与多巴胺能神经元相关的关键酶多巴脱羧酶（DBH）和多巴胺-β-羟化酶（DDC）的表达;逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测诱导前后神经元特异性烯醇化酶和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白、核受体相关因子1（Nurrl）、神经营养因子-3（NT-3）和酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）mRNA的表达;酶联免疫吸附法评价诱导前后细胞表达NT-3、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）的水平。结果SD和RA分别诱导BMSCs6d和9d时细胞增殖明显增强,与空白对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,诱导3d后NSE、MAP2和13-Tublin III表达阳性,红景天苷组GFAP表达阳性,维甲酸组GFAP表达阳性。6d时NSE表达丰度上调;1d、3d和6d诱导组NurrlmRNA表达丰度上调,红景天苷组NT-3mRNA表达水平与维甲酸组比较明显上调,SD组6d时THmRNA表达上调。诱导组DBH和DDC阳性率与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。诱导组NT-3和BDNF细胞因子含量增加与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论红景天苷能诱导BMSCs分化为具有多巴胺功能的神经细胞。     

Role of phosphorylation of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein during neuronal differentiation

Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid (Abeta), is an integral membrane protein with a receptor-like structure. We recently demonstrated that the mature APP (mAPP; N- and O-glycosylated form) is phosphorylated at Thr668 (numbering for APP695 isoform), specifically in neurons. Phosphorylation of mAPP appears to occur during, and after, neuronal differentiation. Here we report that the phosphorylation of mAPP begins 48-72 hr after treatment of PC12 cells with NGF and that this correlates with the timing of neurite outgrowth. The phosphorylated form of APP is distributed in neurites and mostly in the growth cones of differentiating PC12 cells. PC12 cells stably expressing APP with Thr668Glu substitution showed remarkably reduced neurite extension after treatment with NGF. These observations suggest that the phosphorylated form of APP may play an important role in neurite outgrowth of differentiating neurons.     

Neuritin (cpg15) enhances the differentiating effect of NGF on neuronal PC12 cells

Neuritin is a small, highly conserved GPI-anchored protein involved in neurite outgrowth. We have analyzed the involvement of neuritin in NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells by investigating the time-course of neuritin expression, the effects of its overexpression or silencing, and the possible mechanisms of its regulation and action. Real-time PCR analysis has shown that neuritin gene is upregulated by NGF in PC12 cells hours before neurite outgrowth becomes appreciable. PC12 cells transfected with a plasmid expressing neuritin display a significant increase in the response to NGF: 1) in the levels of SMI312 positive phosphorylated neurofilament proteins (markers for axonal processes) and tyrosine hydroxylase; 2) in the percentage of cells bearing neurites; as well as 3) in the average length of neurites when compared to control cells. On the contrary, neuritin silencing significantly reduces neurite outgrowth. These data suggest that neuritin is a modulator of NGF-induced neurite extension in PC12 cells. We also showed that neuritin potentiated the NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells without affecting TrkA or EGF receptor mRNAs expression. Moreover, the S-methylisothiourea (MIU), a potent inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthases, partially counteracts the NGF-mediated neuritin induction. These data suggest that NGF regulates neuritin expression in PC12 cells via the signaling pathway triggered by NO. This study reports the first evidence that neuritin plays a role in modulating neurite outgrowth during the progression of NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. PC12 cells could be considered a valuable model to unravel the mechanism of action of neuritin on neurite outgrowth. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

High oxygen atmosphere for neuronal cell culture with nerve growth factor. II. Survival and growth of clonal rat pheochromocytoma PC12h cells

When clonal rat pheochromocytoma PC12h cells were cultured in a 50% O2 atmosphere, cells gradually died during the cultivation. On the other hand, the addition of NGF at the final concentration of 50 ng/ml could rescue the cells from death. The culture in a 40% O2 atmosphere had little effect on the growth of PC12h cells, as compared with the culture in a normal 20% O2 condition. A very high O2 concentration, as 60%, caused severe damage to PC12h cell growth, and the restoration of cell growth by NGF seemed to be insufficient. PC12h cells were fully differentiated and extended dense long neurites by NGF even in a 50% O2 atmosphere. However, the neurite extension in the culture in a 60% O2 atmosphere was suppressed. The cell-saving effect of NGF on cell death in culture under a 50% O2 atmosphere was dose-dependent, and the ED50 value of NGF was 5 ng/ml. Basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor also had a potent effect to rescue the cell death in the high O2 culture, but insulin had no effect. Since the differentiation effects of NGF on PC12h cells are thought to offer a model system to investigate the effect of NGF on neurons, the present observations suggest that a protection machinery for high O2 toxicity to neurons may exist in the neuronal differentiated PC12h cells by NGF, but not in the undifferentiated cells.     

Alcohols synergize with NGF to induce early differentiation of PC12 cells

The role of alcohols in affecting neuromorphogenesis was investigated in a single cell type, pheochromocytoma (PC12). The effect of ethanol at physiological concentrations in this system leads to enhanced morphological and functional differentiation in combination with nerve growth factor (NGF), PC12 cells treated with a suboptimal concentration of NGF (30 ng/ml) and an alcohol (87 mM) underwent rapid morphological differentiation which was dependent upon the side chain length of the alcohol MeOH < EtOH < PrOH < BuOH. Pyrazole at either 5 or 10 mM had no effect on alcohol induced neurite extension. Assessment of the degree of differentiation promoted by the various alcohols was quantified by an increase in neurite extension, a decrease in the incorporation of [³H]thymidine, an increase in acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and immunostaining with neuron specific enolase. Thus, alcohols may function in a specific manner by interacting with transmembrane signalling pathways which promote gene expression and neuronal differentiation.     

Cocaine inhibition of neuronal differentiation in NGF-induced PC12 cells is independent of ras signaling

In utero exposure to cocaine may result in altered neuronal development. Our previous studies demonstrated cocaine inhibits neurite outgrowth in NGF-induced PC12 cells through dopamine, by activation of D₁ receptors. This study examined where cocaine interferes in the NGF signaling cascade. GSras1 cells that inducibly express activated forms of Ras upon treatment with dexamethasone were used. Morphological differentiation was quantified by counting cells bearing neurite-like processes after 72 h exposure to either dexamethasone or NGF alone, or with cocaine, dopamine or SKF-38393. Cocaine, dopamine, and the D₁ agonist inhibited neurite-like process outgrowth in both dexamethasone and NGF-induced GSras1 cells. GAP-43 expression, used as a measure for biochemical differentiation was severely diminished in NGF and dexamethasone-induced GSras1 cells treated with cocaine. These results suggest that cocaine, dopamine and activation of D₁ receptors affect the NGF signaling downstream, independent of ras expression, leading to altered neuronal differentiation.     

Cocaine inhibits NGF-induced PC12 cells differentiation through D(1)-type dopamine receptors

In utero cocaine exposure can adversely affect CNS development. Previous studies showed that cocaine inhibits neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent fashion in nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated PC12 cells. Cocaine binds with high affinity to several neurotransmitter transporters, resulting in elevated neurotransmitter levels in nerve endings. To determine if cocaine inhibits neurite outgrowth through the effects of these neurotransmitters, we applied dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine to NGF-induced PC12 cells. Dopamine was the only neurotransmitter to inhibit neurite outgrowth significantly in a dose-dependent pattern without affecting cell viability. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine did not affect neurite outgrowth, while serotonin enhanced it. Furthermore, GBR 12909, a potent dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor, yielded similar effects. We then showed PC12 cells express D(1) and D(2) receptors and DAT proteins. Dopamine uptake measured over time was significantly blocked by cocaine and GBR 12909 which may result in elevated extracellular dopamine. The role of dopamine receptors in PC12 differentiation was further examined by using D(1) and D(2) specific receptor agonists. Only the D(1) agonist, SKF-38393, had a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect. In addition, a D(1) antagonist produced significant recovery of neurite outgrowth in cocaine-treated cells. These findings suggest that cocaine inhibitory effects on neuronal differentiation are mediated through its binding to the dopamine transporter, resulting in increased dopamine level in the synapses. Subsequently, up regulation of D(1) receptors alters NGF signaling pathways.     

Serum-free culture conditions for serial subculture of undifferentiated PC12 cells

PC12 cells, a widely used model neuronal cell line, are usually cultured in serum-supplemented medium. This report describes a serum-free medium for the culture of PC12 cells. PC12 cells grown in the two media types had similar growth rates and released dopamine in response to high potassium-induced calcium elevation. However, the levels of dopamine and of dopamine release in cells cultured in the serum-free medium were less than 10% of that in cells cultured in serum-supplemented medium. Dopamine levels recovered within 10 days if cells were returned to serum-supplemented medium, but dopamine release could not be recovered. Nerve growth factor (NGF) induced similar responses in PC12 cells cultured in both media, including phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases and neurite extension. Transferrin was necessary for survival of neurite-bearing PC12 cells subcultured in serum-free medium and insulin promoted the cells proliferation. Ten days culture with NGF produced a similar increase in neurofilament expression and acetylcholinesterase activity in both media. These results suggest that PC12 in the hormonally defined serum-free media are qualitatively the same as those cultured in serum-supplemented media, and therefore this new culture protocol should enable more precise studies of PC12 cells culture in the absence of confounding unknown factors.     

Purkinje cell protein 4 positively regulates neurite outgrowth and neurotransmitter release

Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), also called brain-specific polypeptide 19 (PEP19), is a neurospecific, small calmodulin-binding protein that binds both calcium-free and calcium-binding calmodulin to regulate the calmodulin-mediated signal. The expression level of this molecule is decreased in the brain in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and alcoholism. However, little is known of the function of PCP4 regarding neuronal or neuroendocrine cell differentiation and neurotransmitter release. To address this, we established a PCP4 tetracycline-inducible rat chromaffin cell line, PC12. When PCP4 expression was induced with doxcycline, neurite outgrowth was significantly advanced in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and dibutyryl cAMP, which was inhibited by W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor, and PD98059, an ERK inhibitor. In addition, size of the cell body also was increased by treatment with NGF in the PCP4-induced PC12 cells. Constitutive and potassium-evoked release of acetylcholine and dopamine was increased and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was inhibited in PCP4-induced PC12 cells. On the other hand, knockdown of PCP4 by siRNA transfection decreased neurite outgrowth and dopamine release and increased H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. These results indicate that PCP4 promotes neuroendocrine cell differentiation and neurotransmitter release by activating calmodulin function.     

Differentiation of PC12 cells with v-src: comparison with nerve growth factor

The PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line is used extensively as a model to study neuronal differentiation. These cells resemble adrenal chromaffin cells, differentiating both morphologically and biochemically when cultured in the presence of dexamethasone, but develop a sympathetic neuron-like phenotype when cultured in the presence of nerve growth factor. Expression of the protein product of the v-src oncogene in PC12 cells also induces neurite outgrowth similar to that resulting from nerve growth factor treatment (Alema et al: Nature 316:557-559, 1985). It is thus possible that c-src or a src-like tyrosine kinase participates in the signal transduction pathway by which nerve growth factor acts on PC12 cells. In this study a temperature-sensitive v-src gene has been introduced into PC12 cells. When cultures of these src-transformed cells are switched from the nonpermissive (40 degrees C) to the permissive (37 degrees C) temperature they elaborate neurites. The differentiation induced by src has been compared with that induced by nerve growth factor by determining whether src-transformed PC12 cells at 37 degrees C exhibit the same biochemical alterations as those induced in PC12 cells treated with nerve growth factor. Neurite extension at 37 degrees C in v-src-transformed cells, like NGF-induced differentiation, is accompanied by an increase in the nerve growth factor-inducible large external (NILE) protein. However, neurite extension in v-src-transformed cells is not blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor K-252a, which completely blocks NGF-induced neurite extension. Likewise, EGF receptor down-regulation and the development of saxitoxin and tetanus toxin binding sites are either much reduced or completely absent in src-differentiated compared with NGF-differentiated PC12 cells.