农村留守儿童个性、抑郁症状及影响因素分析

目的 探讨农村留守儿童个性、抑郁症状及影响因素.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、流调用儿童抑郁量表(CES-DC)对270名7～16岁农村留守儿童和609名非留守儿童进行调查,比较2组儿童的个性和抑郁症状,并对留守儿童心理的影响因素进行相关回归分析.结果 留守儿童精神质、神经质得分分别为(5.25±2.56),(9.48±5.33)分,高于非留守儿童的(4.79±2.16),(8.10±4.97)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);留守儿童个性偏差检出率为64.4%,高于非留守儿童的47.6%(χ2=21.25,P<0.01);抑郁症状检出率为40.4%,高于非留守儿童的27.8%(χ2=13.78,P<0.05);CES-DC得分(18.24±8.65)分,高于非留守儿童的(15.85±7.45)分(P<0.01);相关分析提示,EPQ中精神质、神经质量表与CES-DC呈正相关(r=0.198,r=0.372,P<0.01);儿童性别、年龄、同伴交往、父母近亲结婚、家庭状况满意度、自我评价、学习成绩、与父母见面频率、父母期望、精神病家族史共10个变量影响着留守儿童的个性和抑郁情绪.结论 农村留守儿童的个性偏差和抑郁症状较突出,应开展有效的心理干预.     

中国农村留守与非留守儿童忽视现状分析

了解中国农村留守与非留守小学生受忽视状况,为制定有针对性的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,从全国9个省/直辖市抽取农村6~11岁(一~六年级)小学生7 887名,采用“中国农村6~8岁小学生忽视评价常模”及“中国农村9~U岁小学生忽视评价常模”制定的量表进行问卷调查.结果 6~8岁组(一~三年级)留守儿童占34.1%(1 301/3 819名),9~11岁组(四~六年级)中留守儿童占40.5%(1646/4 068名);6~8岁组中,留守儿童和非留守儿童忽视率分别为48.5%和35.7%,忽视度分别为(47.64±9.44)和(45.34±8.53)(P值均<0.01);男性留守儿童和非留守儿童忽视度分别为(48.08±9.53)和(45.52±8.32),女性留守儿童和非留守儿童忽视度分别为(47.21±9.34)和(45.15±8.75)(P值均<0.01).9~11岁组留守儿童和非留守儿童忽视率分别为49.7%和37.4%,忽视度分别为(46.61±10.58)和(43.59±10.15)(P值均<0.01),男性留守儿童和非留守儿童忽视度分别为(47.33±9.96)和(44.38±10.04),女性留守儿童和非留守儿童忽视度分别为(45.90±11.10)和(42.81±10.21)(P值均<0.01).结论 中国农村小学生的忽视问题非常严重,留守儿童忽视率和忽视度均高于非留守儿童,应引起重视.     

四川省农村留守儿童抑郁症状及其与自尊及社会支持的关系研究

目的探讨四川农村留守儿童抑郁症状及其与社会支持及自尊间的关系,为留守儿童心理健康干预提供科学依据。方法采用自制结构性调查问卷对四川省资中县两所中学的1 596名留守儿童进行自填式横断面调查。结果(1)农村留守儿童抑郁量表总平均分为(14.25±13.15)分,高于非留守儿童[(13.23±12.47)分],二者间差异有统计学意义(t=-2.091,P=0.037);留守儿童抑郁症状检出率为35.6%,女生高于男生(P0.05);父母外出打工时与其联系频率越低、父母关系越不好、家庭经济越贫穷、越感觉同学不喜欢自己,其抑郁症状检出率就越高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)社会支持影响抑郁症状的直接效应为-0.33(P0.05);通过自尊中介作用的间接效应为-0.14(P0.05),占总效应的30%。结论社会支持是农村留守儿童抑郁症状的直接保护因素,也可通过自尊间接缓解抑郁症状,干预策略中应积极考虑社会支持以及自尊的中介作用。     

农村留守儿童的生活质量状况及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解农村留守儿童的生活质量并探讨其影响因素.[方法]采用儿少主观生活质量问卷和自编的生活质量影响因素调查表对随机抽取的农村留守儿童、非留守儿童进行调查,比较二组生活质量的差异,分析影响农村留守儿童生活质量的因素.[结果]农村留守儿童的生活质量总分及部分维度分低于非留守儿童(P＜O.05),不同教育方式,家庭经济状况及是否有个人爱好的留守儿童之间生活质量存在差异(P＜O.05).[结论]农村留守儿童的生活质量下降,一些因素可以影响他们的生活质量.     

中国农村留守儿童与非留守儿童攻击行为及影响因素比较

目的了解我国农村留守儿童与非留守儿童攻击行为差异,探讨其影响因素,为预防攻击行为提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,于2014年11月—2015年5月,对我国5个省份农村中小学生使用Buss-Warren攻击问卷、忽视与虐待问卷、青少年心理韧性量表进行调查。结果本次纳入研究对象16 977人,其中留守儿童5 477人,占32.26%,非留守儿童11 500人,占67.74%。留守儿童攻击行为总分及身体攻击、言语攻击、间接攻击、愤怒、敌意维度得分均高于非留守儿童(70.96±16.53 vs. 69.03±16.50、13.51±4.50 vs. 13.00±4.83、12.16±3.27 vs.11.92±3.34、12.07±3.86 vs. 11.79±3.82、15.54±4.58 vs. 15.35±4.55、17.68±5.34 vs. 16.96±5.29),差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。留守儿童与非留守儿童比较,同性别(男生:33.19%vs. 29.60%;女生:28.91%vs. 25.63%)、小学4～6年级(31.26%vs. 25.16%)、初中(30.18%vs. 26.79%)、主要照料人为母亲(29.89%vs. 26.62%)、主要照料人管教方式为民主(26.99%vs. 25.12%)或严格(31.94%vs. 25.79%),留守儿童攻击行为检出率均高于非留守儿童,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.01)。logistic回归分析结果显示,留守儿童发生攻击行为风险是非留守儿童的1.105倍。性别、教养方式、躯体虐待以及心理韧性是攻击行为的共同影响因素(P 0.05)。结论留守儿童发生攻击行为风险比非留守儿童高;男生、不良教养方式、发生躯体虐待与攻击行为正向关联,心理韧性与攻击行为负向关联。     

贵州省农村留守儿童负性生活事件发生频率及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨留守儿童与非留守儿童在生活事件方面的差异及留守儿童生活事件的影响因素,为留守儿童的健康成长创造良好的社会环境.方法 应用儿少生活事件量表,对贵州省农村1 416名儿童进行现场调查.结果 留守儿童的负性生活事件总分为(44.97±16.20)分;非留守儿童负性生活事件总分为(40.92±15.1)分,留守儿童负性生活事件总的发生频率明显高于非留守儿童,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);留守儿童与非留守儿童在人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、健康适应及其他这5个因子的得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);留守儿童生活事件的影响因素包括:年龄、家庭经济水平、父亲外出打工情况、是否为独生子女、年级、父亲文化程度.结论 留守儿童由于缺少父母的关爱,在面对各种生活中的负性刺激时,容易表现出适应不良,尤其是那些身为独生子女且家庭经济状况较好的留守儿童,他们对生活有着较高的期望,一旦在生活中受到挫折,就更易出现品行、学业和心理问题.     

2010年湖南4市城乡中学生抑郁状况调查

[目的]探讨中学生抑郁状态水平,为有针对性地采取防治措施、提高中学生心理健康水平提供依据。[方法]2010年10月,在湖南省抽取长沙市、湘潭市、岳阳市、益阳市城乡的1 191名中学生使用Beck抑郁自评问卷(BDI)、自评抑郁量表(SDS)和自制量表进行测试。[结果]调查1 191人,检出有抑郁症状的477人,检出率为40.05%。抑郁症状检出率,男生为40.80%,女生为39.07%(P>0.05)。调查1 191人,抑郁状况评分为0.491±0.087分。抑郁状况评分,男生为0.488±0.086分,女生为0.493±0.087分(P>0.05);单亲家庭者为0.527±0.088分,非单亲家庭者为0.484±0.085分(P<0.01);农村为0.494±0.084分,城区为0.488±0.089分(P>0.05);初中生为0.486±0.093分,高中生为0.495±0.080分(P>0.05);一、二、三年级初中生分别为0.461±0.080、0.475±0.094、0.511±0.094(P<0.01);一、二、三年级高中生分别为0.488±0.085、0.508±0.080、0.504±0.055(P<0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果,处于单亲家庭、对家庭经济情况自我评价低的中学生抑郁状态水平高,OR值为2.657、10.201。[结论]中学生抑郁症状发生率较高,其抑郁状况水平受到多种因素的影响。     

江苏省农村留守儿童自杀风险调查

目的调查江苏农村留守儿童的自杀风险,分析其影响因素。方法 2016年6-7月,整群抽取南京与盐城部分农村中小学的五至八年级学生961人,其中留守儿童418人,使用青少年自杀意念量表(PANSI)和自杀态度问卷(QSA)进行调查。结果留守儿童自杀意念为(23.24±7.38)分,明显高于非留守儿童的(21.18±5.85)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.83,P0.001);父母外出工作年数对留守儿童的自杀意念影响有明显统计学意义(P0.01);性别、年级、独生子女与否对非留守儿童的自杀意念影响有明显统计学意义;留守儿童与非留守儿童的自杀态度分别为(87.30±9.62)、(87.82±10.13)分,差异无统计学意义(t=0.82,P0.05);年级对留守与非留守儿童的自杀态度的影响均有统计学意义(P0.05);自杀态度与自杀意念之间呈明显负相关(r=-0.22,P0.001)。结论留守儿童自杀风险高于非留守儿童,政府和社会公益组织应当有针对性地关注农村留守儿童的心理健康状况,尽快制定应对不健康心理和行为的响应机制和策略。     

江西省留守儿童人格特征与应对方式的关系

目的了解农村留守儿童性格特点,探讨留守儿童性格与应对方式之间的关系。方法采取整群抽样原则,选取308名农村留守中小学生和278名农村非留守中小学生作为研究对象,使用Y-G性格测验和应对方式问卷。结果留守儿童与非留守儿童在Y-G性格测验的抑郁性和自卑感差异有统计学意义(P0.05),在思考的向性、协调性和社会的向性上也存在差异(P0.01)。Y-G测验的情绪稳定性因子(包括抑郁性、情绪变化、自卑感和神经质)与消极应对方式存在显著性相关(P0.001),社会适应性因子(包括主客观性、协调性、攻击性和一般活动性)与积极应对方式存在显著性相关(P0.01)。结论留守儿童较非留守儿童更为抑郁、自卑和内向,D,C,I和N性格的留守儿童以消极应对方式为主,这些儿童更应值得关注。     

留守儿童心理健康状况的元分析

目的探索留守儿童与非留守儿童心理健康状况的差异。方法对国内基于心理健康诊断测验(Mental HealthTest,MHT)结果的13篇相关文献进行元分析。结果在MHT总分上,留守儿童得分高于非留守儿童,效果量(EffectSize,ES)较大(4.24[1.61,6.87],P0.01);在MHT各分量表上,留守儿童得分均高于非留守儿童,ES中等(0.41[0.16,0.66]～0.67[0.23,1.11],P0.01)。结论留守儿童心理健康状况差于非留守儿童,该群体的心理健康问题应当引起重视。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.