中医药治疗Wilson病的研究进展

近年来，中医药治疗肝豆状核变性较纯西药相比疗效显著，特别是中西医结合、专病专方等研究备受关注。本文从病因病机、辨证分型、辨证论治、中西医结合治疗、专病专方及中医药治疗机理等方面，简述中医药治疗肝豆状核变性研究概况，探讨肝豆状核变性治疗的新方法、新思路，以期进一步提高治疗肝豆状核变性的疗效。     

15例肝豆状核变性的临床分析

[目的]分析肝豆状核变性的临床特点、早期诊断、预防和治疗。[方法]对15例肝豆状核变性的临床资料进行分析。[结果]肝豆状核变性缺乏特征性指标,临床表现复杂。[结论]肝豆状核变性易误诊,早期诊断、预防和治疗可控制疾病发展。     

肝豆状核变性合并脾功能亢进的外科治疗(附26例脾切除术临床报告)

目的　探讨肝豆状核变性合并脾功能亢进患者的治疗方法 ,以及脾切除术的适应症和禁忌症。方法　总结2 6例肝豆状核变性合并脾功能亢进患者行脾切除术病例 ,对术前术后白细胞与血小板进行比较。结果　术后白细胞与血小板明显升高 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,并能继续进行驱铜治疗。结论　脾切除手术能提高肝豆状核变性的整体疗效。     

肝豆状核变性合并妊娠并发急性肝衰竭一例及文献复习

肝豆状核变性(hepatolenticular degeneration,HLD)是先天性铜代谢障碍性疾病,是一种少见的常染色体隐性遗传病,致病基因是位于染色体13q14.3的ATP7B,导致其编码产物ATP7B功能缺陷。未经系统治疗的女性患者常习惯性流产、不孕和性发育迟缓。患病女性自然受孕且获得成功妊娠结局极为罕见。肝损伤症状是HLD的主要临床表现形式,其中并发急性肝衰竭是一种少见的肝脏表现形式,其具有病情进展迅速、预后较差、病死率高等特点。现报告1例中国医科大学附属盛京医院2019年收治的HLD合并妊娠患者围手术期出现急性肝衰竭和溶血表现的治疗过程,对其临床资料进行整理和分析,并对HLD合并妊娠进行相关的文献复习,旨在探讨该病的临床特点和治疗方法。     

肝豆状核变性病患者血清微量元素含量分析

目的:探讨肝豆状核变性病与微量元素的关系。方法:采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定肝豆状核变性病患者血清铜、锌、铁、钙、镁含量。结果:肝豆状核变性病患者组与对照组的血清铜、血清钙含量比较明显低下(P<0.05),有显著性差异。血清锌、铁、镁含量两组间差异无统计学差异。结论:血清铜测定能作为肝豆状核变性病的诊断指标,血清钙测定对肝豆状核变性病治疗有一定的辅助作用。     

以溶血性贫血为首要症状的肝豆状核变性的护理

目的探讨以溶血性贫血为首要症状的肝豆状核变性的诊断及护理方法。方法分析自1995—2005年以来收治20例以溶血性贫血为首要症状的肝豆状核变性患儿的临床资料。结果20例以溶血性贫血为首要症状的肝豆状核变性患儿院外初次就医时误诊13例,误诊率为65%。入院后经过正确的治疗及细致的护理,20例中有16例好转出院,4例病情较重,自动放弃治疗。结论以溶血性贫血为首要症状的肝豆状核变性缺乏特征性临床表现,应提高对本病的认识。正确的药物及饮食治疗,科学的护理是患儿康复的关键。     

肝豆状核变性的MRI诊断

目的 探讨肝豆状核变性的MRI诊断.方法 回顾性分析12例肝豆状核变性患者的MRI和临床表现,并结合相关文献进行讨论.结果 MRI检查显示6例豆状核及壳核变性;2例尾状核、小脑齿状核及脑干变性;3例丘脑半卵圆中心白质变性;12例脑萎缩,并伴有血清脑铜蓝蛋白、血总铜降低及血铜离子、尿铜增多.结论 肝豆状核变性的MRI检查有较高敏感性,但必须结合临床资料才可以早期明确诊断并有助于临床治疗.     

威尔森氏症引起的“铜娃娃”

威尔森氏症又称为肝豆状核变性,世界范围内发病率约为3／10万,由威尔逊于1912年首先作为一种综合征进行了描述。威尔森氏症是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,是由于ATP7B基因突变所致．导致铜在体内储积,故俗称“铜娃娃”。临床上以肝硬化、眼角膜K-F环和锥体外系症状及体征三大表现为特征。疾病早期易被误诊,如能早期诊断、及时有效地治疗,可以阻止疾病进展,改善临床症状。     

20例肝豆状核变性患者血常规检验结果分析

目的:分析20例肝豆状核变性患者血常规检验结果。方法:以我院2016年12月至2017年12月收治的20例肝豆状核变性患者和20例正常人员为本次研究对象,正常人员为对照组,肝豆状核变性患者为观察组,分析两组血常规检验结果。结果:两组血常规检验结果对比,PLCR、PDW、MPV三组数据无明显差异,而其他数据存在统计学差异,且RDW-CV%、EO%、MONO%、LYMPH%组数据对比,观察组数据均高于对照组数据,而其他数据观察组明显低于对照组。结论:肝豆状核变性患者的血细胞各项数据均有异常,对于临床诊断、治疗该疾病有较高的价值。     

肝豆状核变性的MRI诊断

目的探讨肝豆状核变性的MRI诊断。方法回顾性分析12例肝豆状核变性患者的MRI和临床表现，并结合相关文献进行讨论。结果MRI检查显示6例豆状核及壳核变性；2例尾状核、小脑齿状核及脑干变性；3例丘脑半卵圆中心白质变性；12例脑萎缩，并伴有血清脑铜蓝蛋白、血总铜降低及血铜离子、尿铜增多。结论肝豆状核变性的MRI检查有较高敏感性，但必须结合临床资料才可以早期明确诊断并有助于临床治疗。     

An adolescent with hemolytic anemia and coagulation disorders as manifestation of Wilson's disease, treated with liver transplantation

A 16-year-old woman presented with anaemia, jaundice, vomiting and nosebleed. She had acute hepatic failure and haemolytic anaemia and developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Wilson's disease was diagnosed. After the ARDS resolved the patient underwent a successful orthotopic liver transplantation. Diagnostic combinations for Wilson's disease are ceruloplasmin < 0.2 g/l with Kayser-Fleischer rings, liver copper > 250 micrograms/g (dry weight) with Kayser-Fleischer rings, or homozygosity for a Wilson mutation on the 13th chromosome. In acute liver failure a copper excretion in 24 h-urine above 1 mg is diagnostic for Wilson's disease, while an elevated serum copper concentration makes this diagnosis very likely. Therapeutic options for Wilson's disease are chelation therapy and liver transplantation; in most cases of acute liver failure due to Wilson's disease orthotopic liver transplantation (preceded by albumin dialysis) is indicated. Nazer's index should be used in addition to the regular King's College criteria for liver transplantation indication.     

Use of zinc-copper metabolic interactions in the treatment of Wilson's disease

Zinc acetate is becoming a well-established therapy for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is excellent for maintenance therapy and for the treatment of the presymptomatic patient. Current evidence suggests that it will also be excellent for the treatment of the pregnant patient. Zinc acts by inducing intestinal cell metallothionein, which binds copper with high affinity, blocking its absorption, and causing its excretion in the stool. We have shown that zinc, even in doses as low as 25 mg daily, negatively affects copper balance. Zinc in doses of 50 mg three times daily, with all doses separated from food, controls the abnormal positive copper balance, blocks uptake of orally administered 64Cu, controls urine and plasma copper, prevents the reaccumulation of hepatic copper, and prevents the development or progression of symptoms of copper toxicosis in Wilson's disease patients. Zinc acetate will probably be licensed in the near future for the treatment of Wilson's disease. We recommend that physicians use urine and plasma copper, and urine zinc, as primary monitoring tools. In contrast to the comfortable situation with maintenance therapy, the initial treatment of acutely ill Wilson's disease patients is not well worked out. Patients with neurological disease often get worse initially on penicillamine, and zinc acts more slowly than is ideal. We have initiated studies of tetrathiomolybdate for this purpose. Studies of biliary secretions of normal subjects suggest that they excrete regulatory (excess) copper packaged in a protease-resistant ceruloplasmin fragment. This fragment is missing in Wilson's disease bile. The gene for Wilson's disease is on chromosome 13, close to the retinoblastoma locus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A Case of Wilson's Disease in Patient with Mildly Elevated Liver Enzymes

Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting copper transport; it results in the accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs. Wilson's disease is the most common inherited liver disease with more than 500 cases reported in Korea. An impairment in biliary excretion process leads to copper accumulation in the liver, which progressively damages the liver, leading to cirrhosis. Since effective treatment is available for this disease, early and correct diagnosis is very important. Here, we report a case of Wilson's disease with mildly elevated liver enzyme levels in a 29-year-old breast-feeding woman with weight loss.     

Work ability assessment in a patient with Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare, progressive autosomal recessive disorder characterised by impaired transport and excessive accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical manifestations and screening tests results. Work ability assessment of patients with WD is based on the analysis of liver, kidney, neurological, and cognitive impairments, and takes into account patient's level of education.This article presents a case with a 48-year-old male patient, who was admitted for work ability assessment due to polymorphic symptoms. The patient had been working as a salesman for 28 years. A detailed interview and examination by occupational health and other medical specialists revealed that the patient had been suffering from Wilson's disease from the age of 13, and had now developed hepatic manifestations (compensated liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension), neurological manifestations (dystonia, dysarthria, muscle weakness, vertigo), and psychiatric manifestations (depression, insomnia, cognitive impairment) of the disease, including problems partially caused by long-lasting treatment with copper chelating agents (neurological and haematological manifestations). There were no ocular manifestations of Wilson's disease (Kayser-Fleischer rings or sunflower cataract).The patient was assessed as having drastically diminished general work ability, dominantly due to neurological and psychiatric impairments caused by Wilson's disease.     

Acute liver failure in a young adult

Acute liver failure is a rare but mostly severe disorder in previously healthy patients. Viral infections and drugs are the most common causes in the Western world. A small percentage of acute liver failure is caused by Wilson's disease. We describe a previously healthy 23-year-old female with acute haemolytic anemia and liver failure as the first manifestations of Wilson's disease. There was rapid deterioration to multi-organ failure and the patient died less than 24 hours after initial presentation. Relatively simple laboratory tests can be used for initial screening of acute liver failure due to Wilson's disease. Liver transplantation is the only way to ensure survival of the patient. Rapid transfer to a specialised centre is, therefore, of the utmost concern.     

活体肝移植治疗肝豆状核变性1例

目的:探讨活体肝移植治疗小儿晚期肝豆状核变性的临床疗效。方法:采用亲体部分肝移植术及术后监测生命体征、血生化指标,抗感染、免疫抑制、营养支持等综合方法,治疗肝豆状核变性1例。结果:供体术后顺利康复;患儿术后健康存活,至今18个月,正常饮食,血铜蓝蛋白已恢复正常。结论:活体肝移植是治疗小儿晚期肝豆状核变性的有效方法,具有其它类型肝移植无可比拟的优越性。     

COPPER METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE

Kayser-Fleischer rings have been described in liver disease states other than Wilson's disease, primarily in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In patients with PBC, hepatic copper, serum copper, urine copper and serum ceruloplasmin concentrations are significantly elevated. In Wilson's disease, excessive copper release from liver cells can cause intravascular hemolysis.     

Rapid identification of Wilson's disease carriers by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography

BACKGROUND: Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by decreased biliary copper excretion and reduced copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin. The disease gene ATP7B maps to chromosome 13q14.3, contains 21 exons, and encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase. ATP7B mutations are scattered over the entire gene, and scanning methods to detect mutation carriers are in demand. We have tested the usefulness of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography for mutation detection in Wilson's disease. METHODS: Genomic DNA from five Sardinian Wilson's disease families (32 individuals, 8 patients) was subjected to polymerase chain reactions for ATP7B exons 2-21 and the 5' untranslated region. PCR products were analyzed by chromatography and by direct sequencing. RESULTS: Three disease-causing mutations and seven sequence variants were detected by chromatography. Five patients were homozygotes for -441/-427del, and three were compound heterozygotes for V1146M plus 1512-13insT (N505X) and for -441/-427del plus V1146M, respectively. Eighteen unaffected individuals were mutation carriers. Sequence variants comprised V290V, A406S, L456V, R832K, A1140V, the novel K952R, and T991T. The novel intronic IVS18+6c>t change escaped detection by chromatography. CONCLUSIONS: Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography is a dependable tool for ATP7B screening that is superior to traditional haplotyping. This method allows for fast, sensitive, and specific mutation detection and identification of carriers in Wilson's disease families.     

Interactions of trace elements: clinical significance

We examined interaction of the trace element zinc with copper and lead. In sickle cell anemia, the usual situation is one of mild to moderate zinc deficiency owing to renal loss of zinc. Zinc deficiency seems to produce a mild overburden of copper and an increased ceruloplasmin level, probably by enhancing copper absorption. With zinc therapy, this process is reversed. Pharmacological doses of zinc, when administered in a way to ensure effectiveness (without food) will usually lead to copper deficiency. We have taken advantage of the copper-depleting effect of zinc to design a new therapy for Wilson's disease. Zinc, by inducing intestinal metallothionein, inhibits absorption of copper from food, and inhibits reabsorption of endogenously secreted copper, thereby producing a negative copper balance in Wilson's disease. Once we are certain that zinc blocks accumulation of copper in the liver of Wilson's disease patients, zinc therapy will be available as one approach for treating this fatal disease. The animal literature indicates that zinc protects against lead toxicity when both elements are given orally, no doubt through the intestinal metallothionein mechanism. In preliminary experiments in rats, we have not been able to show that toxicity from lead that arrives into the body through a nonoral route is affected by oral zinc supplements.     

Acute hemolytic anemia as an initial clinical manifestation of Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is an inherited disorder of copper transport in the organism, transmitted in autosomal recessive fashion. It is caused by dysfunction in homologous copper-transporting adenosine triphosphatases. The main clinical symptoms are usually due to hepatic (42%) or/and neurologic (34%) involvement, which is the reason for the name hepatolenticular degeneration. Described in this report are four cases--the first three demonstrate an unusual form of manifestation of Wilson's disease in clinical practice--glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency hemolytic anemia. The fourth case concerns acute intravascular hemolysis that was provoked by the disease and presented without erythrocyte enzyme disturbances. Hemolytic anemia is a recognized but rare (10-15%) complication of the disease. Most often Coombs' negative acute intravascular hemolysis occurs as a consequence of oxidative damage to the erythrocytes by the higher copper concentration. A literature review with discussion of the possible mechanisms for the development of this phenomenon is done.