HPLC法测定蟾酥内华蟾毒精和脂蟾毒配基

本文用ＨＰＬＣ法以安宫黄体酮为内标测定华蟾毒精和脂蟾毒配基的含量获得满意结果：华蟾毒精和脂蟾毒配基的校正因子分别为０．５４１１和０．７５９２，相对标准差分别为１．３％和１．２％；线性范围为０．２～２μｇ；回收率分别为１００．８％和１００．１％，相对标准差均为１．０％．     

RP—HPLC法测定射干和鸢尾中射干甙,鸢尾甙的含量

用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ法测定射干和鸢尾中射干甙，鸢尾甙的含量。色谱柱以十八烷基键合硅胶为填料，流动相为甲醇－０．２％磷酸溶液，检测波长２６５ｎｍ。射干甙，鸢尾甙的平均回收率分别为９９．４０％，１１０．２３％；ＲＳＤ分别为２．６％，２．２％。结果射干中射干甙０．２４％，鸢尾甙０．３５％，鸢尾中含射干甙２．６６％，鸢尾甙０．０７％。该方法操作简单，结构准确可靠。     

复方甲硝唑片的转换曲线分光光度测定

采用转换曲线分光光度法可同时测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑（１）和维生素Ｂ６（２）的含量。在２７７～２９１ｎｍ范围中，１和２的平均回收率分别为１００．６２％和１００．６５％，ＲＳＤ分别为０．３８％和０．８３％。     

国产头孢地嗪和莫故对照治疗下呼吸道感染临床观察

目的：评价头孢地嗪和莫敌（进口砂孢地嗪）治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效和安全性。方法：采用随机双盲对照多中心分组研究方法，每组３０例，两药剂量均为２ｇ／次，ｑ１２ｈ静滴，疗程７～１４ｄ。结果：头孢地嗪组和莫敌组的临床疗效痊愈率分别为４５．２％和５４．８％，有效率分别为９０．３％和８０．６％，细菌清除率分别为９３．３％和９５．４％，不良反应发生率分别为３．２％和６．４％，无统计学显著性差异。结论：头孢地嗪治     

CPA矩阵法测定安痛定注射液中三组分的含量

本文采用ＣＰＡ矩阵法测定安痛定注射液中三组分的含量。计算程序用ＢＡＳＩＣ语言编制。氨基比林、安替比林和巴比妥的平均回收率和变异系数分别为１００．２％，０．５４％，１００．２％，０．５３％和１００．２％，０．５５％。方法简便、快速、准确。     

洛赛克治疗老年胃溃的疗效观察

为探索老年胃溃疡的治疗，将３１例老年胃溃疡者随机分成两组，Ｌ组选用洛赛克治疗，Ｈ２组采用Ｈ２受体阻滞剂治疗。结果：在治疗４８小时内的止血率，Ｌ组为８７．５％，Ｈ２组为５３．３％，两组对照有显著差异。溃疡愈合率和总有效率，Ｌ组分别为７５．０％和１００％，Ｈ２组分别为５３．３％和８６．７％，两组对比也有显著性差异。     

中药滴鼻液和止咳糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定

用酸性染料直接滴定法测定中药滴鼻液和止咳糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱。模拟配方和标准加入回收率分别为９９．６％（ＲＳＤ＝１．２％）和９９．５％（ＲＳＤ＝１．２％）。     

康塞宁治疗恶性胸液临床分析

胸腔内注入０．５ｍｇ及１．０ｍｇ两种剂量康塞宁分别治疗恶性胸腔积水液２６例和２２例，ＣＲ率分别为６５．４％和８１．８％ＣＲ＋ＰＲ率分别为９５．２％和１００％，平均胸腔内注药次数分别为１．８和４．２结果提示胸腔内注入高剂量康塞宁治疗恶性胸液可提高ＣＲ率，减少胸腔内注药次数。     

HPLC同时测定莲子心中莲心碱和甲基莲心碱的含量

用ＨＰＬＣ法同时测定了莲子心中莲心碱和甲基莲心碱的含量。色谱系统流动相为二氯甲烷－异丙醇－二乙胺（７５∶２５∶０．２），紫外检测波长２８２ｎｍ，方法的平均回收率分别为９９．６％和１０１．２％，ＲＳＤ分别为０．８０、１．５８％。     

咳喘感冒片的卡尔曼滤波分光光度测定

用卡尔曼滤波分光光度法直接测定咳喘感冒片中对乙酰氨基酚及咖啡因的含量。两组分的平均回收率分别为１００．４％和１０１．２％，ＲＳＤ分别为０．１３％和０．８９％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.