不同入路CT导引下腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗上腹部癌性疼痛的疗效观察

目的探讨不同入路CT导引下腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗上腹部癌性疼痛的临床疗效。方法选取2013年4月至2015年7月间宝鸡市中医医院收治的90例上腹部癌性疼痛患者,采用随机数表法分为前入路组和后入路组,每组45例。所有患者均行CT导引下腹腔神经丛毁损术,前入路组患者采用前入路法,后入路组患者采用后入路法,观察两组患者术后临床表现、手术成功率、治疗效果及并发症状况。结果前入路法与后入路法手术成功率均为100.0%,两组患者术后均有并发症表现,经适当治疗后痊愈,无严重并发症发生。前入路组患者临床短期(<1个月)显效率为70.1%,总有效率为96.3%,后入路组患者短期显效率为63.4%,总有效率为92.5%;前入路组长期(>3个月)显效率为50.3%,总有效率为90.1%,后入路组长期显效率为44.7%,总有效率为81.6%,前入路组患者临床短期与长期显效率和总有效率均较高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论经前入路法CT导引下穿刺腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗癌性疼痛临床疗效较理想,值得推广。     

腹腔神经丛阻滞术的应用进展

腹腔神经丛阻滞术（neurolytic celiac plexus block，NCPB）是缓解胰腺癌或其他恶性肿瘤所致上腹部及背部疼痛的有效方法。腹腔神经丛松解术是治疗上腹部癌痛的常规和有效方法，在缓解疼痛的同时减少了镇痛药物导致的不良反应，提高了患者的生存质量。本文对临床常用的腹腔神经丛阻滞术的方法学研究和进展进行综述。      

内脏与腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗胰腺癌晚期癌性疼痛的比较

[目的]观察CT引导经椎间盘穿刺法行内脏与腹腔神经丛阻滞对胰腺癌晚期癌性疼痛的疗效。[方法]48例晚期胰腺癌伴有上腹部癌性疼痛的患者，随机分为两组，在CT引导下分别行腹腔神经丛（N组）或经椎间盘穿刺行内脏神经（S组）无水乙醇毁损性阻滞。记录术前（Tn）、术后1d（T1）、15d（T15）、30d（T30）、60d（T60）、90d（T90）VAS评分，评估疗效；记录两组并发症和毒副作用。[结果]各组内术后T1-T90时的VAS评分均较R时降低（P〈0．01），S组在k、k时较N组同期降低（P〈0．05）。术后第1d，S组与N组显效率分别为87．5％和83.3％，随时间延长疗效均逐渐降低，至T90时分别为60．O％和42．9％。两组在治疗及随访期间均未发生严重并发症。[结论]内脏神经阻滞应用于晚期胰腺癌癌性疼痛的治疗，其远期疗效优于腹腔神经丛阻滞。CT引导下经椎间盘穿刺法行内脏神经阻滞，操作方便，安全有效。     

未能切除胰腺癌患者术中NCPB的临床意义

目的 研究术中腹腔神经丛阻滞对无法切除胰腺癌患者的镇痛疗效及并发症。方法 41例患者经腹行直视下的腹腔神经丛阻滞，每人次注射无水酒精20－50ml，同时行胆肠转流或／和胃肠转流，部分患者行区域动脉化疗。结果 腹腔神经丛阻滞后6个月内或已死亡者中有32例患者疼痛完全缓解，4例明显减轻，5例无明显效果。38例术中出现血压下降，15例术后腹泻，结论 术中直视下经腹行无水酒精腹腔神经丛阻滞对缓解未能切除胰腺癌患者的疼痛具有明显的镇痛效果。     

腹膜后间隙注射亚甲蓝治疗胰腺癌晚期顽固性疼痛(附6例报告)

癌性顽固性疼痛是胰腺癌晚期的主要症状之一,目前国内多无理想的治疗方法。自1987年以来,我们用经腹膜后间隙注射0.2％复方亚甲蓝注射液,阻滞腹腔神经丛治疗6例,获得满意疗效。现报告如下。临床资料6例晚期胰腺癌中,男5例,女1例。年龄37-78岁,平均51岁。病变位于胰头部4例,胰体部2例。经手术探查证实不能切除者3例,仅行姑息性“胆囊空肠吻合术”。余3例病人一般情况较差,食欲不振和消瘦显著,1例有腹水,2例上腹部可触及明显肿块,经外院B超和CT检查确诊,已不适宜手术治疗。6例均有不同程度的顽固性疼痛,疼痛持续时间最长者1例2个月,最短者1例10天。均需间断注射吗啡和杜冷丁,症状方可缓     

腹部恶性肿瘤腹腔神经丛封闭术的改进

腹部恶性肿瘤患者,在常规止痛效果不佳时,常行腹腔神经丛封闭以止痛。古典腹腔神经丛封闭术(CPN)是在 X 线透视和触摸指引下,在腹主动脉两侧分别进行注射麻醉剂。近     

影像引导下腹腔神经丛毁损术的研究进展

腹腔神经丛毁损术(NCPB)常用于治疗上腹部癌症患者的疼痛，其原理是对腹腔神经丛注射神经破坏药以破坏神经，进而达到缓解疼痛的目的。由于腹腔神经丛解剖位置的特殊性，如何精准地注射神经破坏药以提高毁损的成功率及降低并发症的发生率是该领域的研究热点。随着影像技术的不断发展，NCPB的治疗方式及疗效不断提高。本文旨在探讨影像引导下NCPB治疗上腹部顽固性癌痛的研究进展。     

放射性125I粒子植入治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌的疗效分析

目的探讨CT引导下放射性125I粒子植入治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌的疗效和安全性。方法采用三维治疗计划系统计算出术中所需放射性粒子的总活度和数量,在CT引导下对40例腹膜后淋巴结转移癌患者行肿瘤内放射性125I粒子植入治疗,并根据肿瘤病理性质,采用相应化疗方案。结果 40例患者中,21例患者疼痛完全消失,17例患者疼痛症状明显改善,其余2例止痛效果欠佳;2个月后评价疗效,21例肿瘤完全缓解,19例病灶有不同程度缩小。术后并发症主要为术后局部疼痛、术后手术部位疼痛、术后发热、术后静脉血栓,经对症处理后均可缓解,无严重并发症发生,无手术死亡患者。40例患者术后均获得随访,随访时间4~18个月,中位随访时间8个月,13例因原发肿瘤进展死亡,其余27例均生存。结论 CT引导下放射性125I粒子植入治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌疗效好,创伤轻,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

超声和CT在儿童神经母细胞瘤诊断、临床分期和治疗方案制定中的价值分析

目的:对比分析超声和CT对儿童神经母细胞瘤的诊断价值以及二者在该病临床分期和治疗方案制定中的价值。方法:筛选经病理证实的儿童神经母细胞瘤34例（其中术后证实瘤内钙化者26例）,分析其临床及影像资料。结果:本研究的34例患者中,有29例超声显示为大小不等、回声不均匀的实性肿块,其中20例肿块表现为跨中线生长,18例包绕腹部大血管,18例后腹膜淋巴结肿大,且有9例、8例和2例分别为肾脏、肝脏、脾脏受累患者。本研究中有28例患者在术前通过超声进行了确诊,其符合率高达82.4%,特征性瘤内钙化的检出率达88.5%（23/26）;CT示大小不等、密度不均匀的肿块34例,增强可见明显强化,包绕大血管者18例,跨中线生长者20例,侵犯椎管腔者8例,后腹膜淋巴结肿大者15例,肾脏、肝脏、脾脏受累者分别为9例、6例、1例,头颅转移者7例,30例术前做出正确诊断,术前CT诊断符合率为88.2%,瘤内钙化的检出率高达96.2%（25/26）。结论:儿童神经母细胞瘤有其典型的影像学表现,超声和CT对该病的诊断符合率都很高,且各具优势,二者联合应用对儿童神经母细胞瘤的诊断、临床分期和指导治疗有重要价值。     

CT引导下腹腔神经丛无水乙醇毁损术对癌因性上腹痛的镇痛效果

目的 探讨CT引导下腹腔神经丛无水乙醇毁损术对癌因性上腹痛的镇痛效果。方法 根据止痛方法的不同将89例癌因性上腹痛患者分为观察组（n=45）和对照组（n=44）,对照组患者采用蛛网膜下腔镇痛,观察组患者采用CT引导下腹腔神经丛无水乙醇毁损术镇痛。比较两组患者的疼痛程度[视觉模拟评分法（VAS）]、止痛有效率、生活质量[卡氏功能状态（KPS）评分]及并发症发生情况。结果 治疗后1周、1个月及3个月,两组患者的VAS评分均低于本组治疗前,且观察组患者的VAS评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。观察组患者的止痛总有效率为97.78%(44/45),高于对照组患者的79.55%(35/44),差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。治疗后1周、1个月及3个月,两组患者的KPS评分均高于本组治疗前,且观察组患者KPS评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。观察组患者的并发症总发生率为8.89%(4/45),与对照组患者的4.76%(2/44)比较,差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）。结论 CT引导下腹腔神经丛无水乙醇毁损术对癌因性上腹痛具有良好镇痛效果,可提高患者的生活质...     

Percutaneous computed tomography guided cryoablation of the celiac plexus as an alternative treatment for intractable pain caused by pancreatic cancer

Computed Tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous cryoablation was performed in a 43-year-old patient with intractable epigastric abdominal pain caused by advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and extensive celiac trunk involvement. Initial treatment with celiac plexus nerve neurolysis using local ethanol injection was unsuccessful. A 17-gauge 17-cm cryoablation probe (Galil Medical Inc. Plymouth Meeting, PA) was placed into the expected location of the celiac plexus through a left paraspinal approach under CT guidance and two cycles of freeze-thaw were performed. Patient's pain decreased from 10 of 10 (subjective pain scoring using a visual analog scale; VAS; 0-10) to 3. No post-procedure complication was observed. His pain has remained stable after 6 months of follow up. Percutaneous cryoablation appears to be an effective alternative to neurolytic celiac plexus block for palliative treatment of celiac plexus involvement. Further study with larger number of patients is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy.     

基于循证医学的临床常用癌痛微创介入技术

癌痛严重影响肿瘤患者的生命质量,临床上仍有一部分患者药物治疗后未能获得满意的疼痛缓解。微创介入在其中发挥了重要意义。根据循证医学证据,建议使用腹腔神经丛或内脏神经阻滞治疗上腹部癌痛、上腹下丛阻滞治疗骨盆肿瘤所致内脏痛、经皮椎体成形或椎体后凸成形术治疗肿瘤所致椎体疼痛。肋间神经阻滞治疗胸壁癌痛、奇神经节及鞍区阻滞治疗骨盆肿瘤所致会阴部癌痛只有在临床研究中或是无有效缓解手段时作为一种体恤性治疗使用。     

A comparison of two invasive techniques in the management of intractable pain due to inoperable pancreatic cancer: neurolytic celiac plexus block and videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy

Background and aimsPancreatic cancer is characterized by a constant deterioration in quality of life, excruciating pain and progressive cachexia. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two invasive methods of pain treatment in these patients: neurolytic coeliac plexus block (NCPB) and videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy (VSPL) to a conservatively treated control group concerning pain, quality of life and opiates' consumption.Patients and methodsFifty nine patients suffering from pain due to inoperable pancreatic cancer were treated invasively with NCPB (N=35) or VSPL (N=24) in two non-randomised, prospective, case-controlled protocols. Intensity of pain (VAS-pain), quality of life (FACIT and QLQ C30) and opioid intake were compared between the groups and to a control group of patients treated conservatively before the procedure and after 2 and 8 weeks of follow-up. The analysis was performed retrospectively using meta-analysis statistics.ResultsBoth methods of invasive pain treatment resulted in significant reduction of pain (VSPL effect size=11.27, NCPB effect size=7.29) and fatigue (effect sizes, respectively, 1.23 and 3.37). NCPB improved also significantly physical, emotional and social well-being (effect sizes, respectively, 2.37, 4.13 and 7.51) which was not observed after VSPL. No influence on ailments characteristic for the disease was demonstrated. Mean daily opioid consumption was significantly decreased after both procedures. There was no perioperative mortality and no major morbidity.ConclusionBoth NCPB and VSPL provide significant reduction of pain and improvement of quality of life in inoperable pancreatic cancer patients. They present rather similar efficacy, but lower invasiveness of NCPB, in combination with its more positive effect on quality of life, pre-disposes it as being the preferred method.     

Pain management of the oncologic patient

After the first 5 years of life, cancer is one of the three most common causes of death. Most investigations of cancer pain have shown that 50-70% of patients suffer needlessly. Pain may be due to the tumor or a co-existant benign pain syndrome. Methods of pain management include: 1) neurolytic blockade: stellate ganglion block, celiac plexus block, lumbar sympathetic block, epidural phenol, subarachnoid neurolysis; and 2) non-pharmacologic methods: radiofrequency thermocoagulation lumbar sympathectomy, transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS), dorsal column stimulation (DCS). In summary, we utilize every possible combination of therapeutic modalities for cancer pain management. With so many safe procedures available, we encourage the primary physician to refer patients early in their disease process. Neurolytic procedures should be performed prior to initiation of high dose narcotic therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery when possible.     

Pain mechanisms involved and outcome in advanced cancer patients with possible indications for celiac plexus block and superior hypogastric plexus block

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the role of neurolytic sympathetic blocks in advanced cancer, when pain syndromes may assume other characteristics, with a possible involvement of structures other than visceral. The aim of the present study was to assess the pain characteristics and the analgesic response of a consecutive sample of home care patients with pancreatic and pelvic pain, which would have possible indications for a celiac plexus block and a superior hypogastric block, respectively. METHODS: From January 1999 to December 1999, 400 consecutive advanced cancer patients were surveyed for a prospective longitudinal survey. We considered only patients who had pancreatic cancer or pelvic cancer with pain. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were surveyed: 22 patients had pelvic cancers and 14 had pancreatic cancer. Patients with pelvic cancers showed a longer survival than those with pancreatic cancer (P = 0.019). Patients with pelvic cancers more frequently showed a neuropathic component associated with a visceral or somatic mechanism than patients with pain due to pancreatic cancer (P = 0.019). When the pain mechanism was taken into consideration, patients with pelvic cancers with a neuropathic component showed worse pain relief than patients with pain due to pancreatic cancer (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Sympathetic procedures for pain conditions due to pancreatic and pelvic cancers should be intended as adjuvant techniques to reduce the analgesic consumption, and not as a panacea, given that multiple pain mechanisms are often involved because progression of disease is able to change the underlying pain mechanisms. Pancreatic pain seems to maintain visceral characteristics amenable to sympathetic block more than pain due to pelvic cancer.     

Successful chemotherapy in undescended testicular and extragonadal germ cell tumors: report of 2 cases

Two patients with advanced germ cell tumor who entered complete remission following intensive combination chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical intervention are reported. A 28-year-old businessman presented with abdominal pain and masses associated with an elevated HCG level for which he underwent exploratory laparotomy. Large retroperitoneal masses were found and microscopical examination of the masses were revealed seminoma. Three courses of combination chemotherapy consisting of CDDP, VLB and PEP were given to the patient followed by radiation therapy to the parailiac, paraaortic, mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes with boost irradiation to the paraaortic lymph nodes where the large masses were located. The other patient was a 21-year-old student who developed sharp precordial chest pain which proved to be due to a large mediastinal mass accompanied by an elevated AFP level. He was treated with radiation therapy to the mediastinum, surgical resection and combination chemotherapy. However, he showed recurrence in the lungs associated with rising AFP levels, and was given a salvage chemotherapy consisting of 3 courses of CDDP, ADR, PEP and Etoposide. Both patients were successfully treated with combined modalities of treatment including intensive chemotherapy and have been off therapy without recurrence for over 12 and 4 months, respectively.     

The evolving role of interventional pain management in oncology

Patients with cancer frequently experience chronic pain, especially in the terminal phases of illness. Fortunately, most patients (90%) can achieve good pain relief using standard and adjuvant analgesics. For those patients who experience severe pain resistant to traditional analgesic therapies, interventional pain management techniques often provide welcome pain relief. The use of neurolytic substances has been used for many decades but has found a niche in the treatment of pain related to abdominal and pelvic cancers. Simple, percutaneous injections of alcohol or phenol can provide much needed pain relief for patients with pancreatic, colon, or gynecologic cancers. The percutaneous placement of catheters for the chronic infusion of spinal analgesics can provide pain relief for virtually any part of the body. Internal or external infusion pumps can be well managed at home, improving quality of life. The physician treating the pain should be aware of these and other interventional pain management techniques to provide alternative therapies to patients with refractory cancer pain.     

Coeliac plexus block: utility of the anterior approach and the real time colour ultrasound guidance in cancer patient

AIMS: The aim of our study was to demonstrate the efficacy of ultrasound-guidance compared with computed tomography (CT) guidance for coeliac plexus block in cancer patients. METHODS: Coeliac plexus block (30 ml ethanol) was performed in 34 cancer patients (sex ratio: 10F, 24M), mean age: 54.8 years (range 26-67) under CT (n=21) and ultrasound-guidance (n=13). All patients had excruciating epigastric and generalized abdominal pain caused by cancer of the pancreas (n=13) or upper abdominal viscera (n=9) or a malignancy of extra-digestive origin (n=12). Feasibility and complication rates were analysed. RESULTS: Notable pain relief was obtained in 27 (79%) of the patients. The technical success rate was 100% for CT-guidance and 93% (13/14) for ultrasound guidance. There were six minor complications (17%): chemical peritonitis (n=2), orthostatic arterial hypotension (n=2) and transient left shoulder pain (n=2), no major complications occurred. The target route was transhepatic in 6/13 of the ultrasound cases and mean length was 6 cm (range 3-12 cm). Colour Doppler sonography improved visualization of the 21 Gauge Chiba needle when the needle shaft was vibrated. Echogenic foci were observed around the origin of the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery in all cases. CT coeliac block was successfully performed after failure of ultrasound guidance in one patient. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound guidance is safe and effective and should be attempted for coeliac plexus block whenever possible.