Contamination of renal patients' hospital chart covers with vancomycin-- resistant enterococci: Handle with care

Background

Vancomycin-­resistant enterococci (VRE) have been increasingly associated with patients with renal failure attending large metropolitan teaching hospitals. Monash Medical Center has been following guidelines issued by the Department of Human Services to reduce the spread of VRE, but unfortunately this has had limited impact, especially in the renal unit. In an attempt to investigate the causes of the sustained VRE prevalence in the renal unit, this study sought to determine if renal patient chart covers were contaminated with VRE and if there was any genetic similarity to patient VRE isolates.

Method

Using convenience sampling, chart covers of patients colonised or infected with VRE were swabbed from July to September 2010 (n=46). Samples were also collected from chart covers of non-VRE patients. Molecular typing of all matching VRE patient and chart isolates was performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) by the public health laboratory (Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, University of Melbourne).

Results

None of the patients who were VRE negative (n=14) had contaminated chart covers. VRE was recovered from two drug chart covers (patient A and B) from the 31 VRE positive patients sampled. One patient (patient C) was misidentified as a VRE patient for two weeks and was subject to contact precautions while being dialysed, yet three chart types belonging to this patient were found to be contaminated with VRE.

Conclusion

The findings of this study demonstrate that it is possible for patients'' hospital chart covers to be contaminated with VRE even though there was no genetic similarity to the current patient strain. In this regard, the study reveals that patient charts may have an important role in spreading VRE.     

老年病房耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌葡萄球菌染色体mec基因盒基因型和杀白细胞素基因的检测及特点

目的 了解复旦大学附属华东医院老年科临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)葡萄染色体mec基因盒(SCCmec)的分布和杀白细胞毒素(PVL)基因的携带状况.方法 收集复旦大学附属华东医院老年科病房2011年2-7月从临床标本中分离的不重复MRSA共57株.运用多重聚合酶链反应检测金黄色葡萄球菌16S rRNA基因、PVL基因和mecA基因,并同时检测SCCmec的基因型及亚型.采用琼脂稀释法进行13种药物的药物敏感试验.结果 57株MRSA中,SCCmec Ⅰ型1株(1.8％),SCCmec Ⅰ A型5株(8.7％),SCCmecⅡ型30株(52.6％),SCCmecⅢ型15株(26.3％),SCCmecⅢA型2株(3.5％),4株(7.0％)未能分型.57株MRSA中,PVL基因均为阴性.MRSA菌株最敏感的药物为万古霉素和利奈唑胺(敏感率均为100.0％),其次为呋喃妥因和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲(哑)唑(98.2％、96.5％).结论 复旦大学附属华东医院老年科临床分离的MRSA呈多重耐药,其SCCmec型别主要以SCCmecⅡ型和SCCmecⅢ型为主,未发现PVL基因阳性菌株.     

肠球菌耐药现状调查及抗感染用药探讨

[目的 ]了解肠球菌 ,尤其是万古霉素的肠球菌的耐药状况 ,并指导临床合理用药 .[方法 ]对延边医院 1999～ 2 0 0 0年感染标本中分离出的 12 8株肠球菌 ,分别进行药物敏感试验和 β 内酰胺酶测试 ,并对试验数据进行分析处理 .[结果 ]万古霉素肠球菌占肠球菌感染标本总数的 1 1% ,而产 β 内酰胺酶的肠球菌占 5 6% ;屎肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌 .[结论 ]肠球菌在临床常用的 8种抗生素中对万古霉素最敏感 ,对不同特征的肠球菌感染应采取不同的治疗方案 .     

中国内地医院肿瘤患者MRSA流行状况的Meta分析

目的 综合评价中国内地医院肿瘤患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率情况.方法 通过中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、Medline等数据库,查找发表于2015年1月至2016年1月的中国内地医院肿瘤患者MRSA检出率的相关文献.根据统一的纳入与排除标准筛选文献后,采用Stata13.0统计软件进行Meta分析.结果 检索到104篇文献,符合标准14篇.医院肿瘤患者MRSA合并检出率为39.00%(25.00%~53.00%).中国南、北地区医院肿瘤患者MRSA合并检出率分别为34.00%(13.00%~55.00%)和45.00%(29.00%~61.00%),南北方不同地理位置差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).东、中、西部经济区域医院肿瘤患者MRSA合并检出率分别为40.00%(21.00%~59.00%)、32.00%(29.00%~61.00%)、34.00(18.00%~86.00%),在各经济区域之间进行比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.10).结论 中国内地医院肿瘤患者MRSA的检出率较高,是影响肿瘤患者预后和生存的重要因素,应加强肿瘤患者MRSA的监测,降低肿瘤患者MRSA感染的发生率.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌PBP2a相互作用蛋白的筛选

目的通过建立细菌双杂交技术,筛选MRSA中与PBP2a相互作用的蛋白。方法利用PCR扩增,获得PBP2a蛋白转肽酶活性区(TPase)的编码基因,插入pRBR构建成诱饵质粒pBR-PBP2a。提取MRSA N315株基因组DNA,经Sau3AⅠ部分酶切后连接到pRAC质粒的BamHⅠ位点,获得基因组DNA表达文库;将文库质粒转化入含诱饵质粒pBR-PBP2a的报告菌株KS1,利用细菌双杂交技术进行筛选,获得与诱饵质粒编码的融合蛋白相互作用的猎物,对猎物中编码序列进行DNA测序和生物信息学分析,确定与PBP2a发生相互作用的蛋白质或多肽。结果成功构建了pBR-PBP2a诱饵质粒,可表达PBP2a TPase与大肠埃希菌RNA聚合酶α亚单位N端序列的融合蛋白。所构建的MRSA N315株基因组文库覆盖率达9倍,满足文库筛选的需要。将文库转化含诱饵质粒和报告基因的KS1宿主菌,利用细菌双杂交技术经3次筛选,共获得9个猎物克隆,其报告基因的活性均升高2倍以上,对9个猎物质粒进行了测序,信息学分析表明它们均来自于MRSA N315株基因组,插入片段最长者648 bp,最短者334 bp,9个插入片段中含14个编码基因,...     

Bacteriophage types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital

Background

Phage typing had been utilised extensively to characterise methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak strains in the past. It is an invaluable tool even today to monitor emergence and dissemination of MRSA strains.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalent phage types of MRSA in south India and the association between phage types, antibiotic resistance pattern and risk factors.

Method

A total of 48 non-duplicate MRSA strains recovered from various clinical samples during January to December, 2010 were tested against a panel of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Phage typing was carried out at the National Staphylococcal Phage Typing Centre, New Delhi. Out of 48, 32 hospitalised patients were followed up for risk factors and response to empirical and post sensitivity antibiotic therapy. The risk factors were compared with a control group of 30 patients with methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection.

Results

Amongst the five prevalent phage types, 42E was most common (52%), followed by a non-typable variant (22.9%), 42E/47/54/75 (16.6%), 42E/47 (6.2%) and 47 (2%). Phage type 42E was the predominant strain in all wards and OPDs except in the ICU where 42E/47/54/75 was most common. Although not statistically significant, strain 42E/47/54/75 (n=8) showed higher resistance to all drugs, except ciprofloxacin and amikacin, and were mostly D-test positive (87.5%) compared to the 42E strain (32%). Duration of hospital stay, intravenous catheterisation and breach in skin were the most significant risk factors for MRSA infection.

Conclusion

We found MRSA strain diversity in hospital wards with differences in their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The findings may impact infection control and antibiotic policy significantly.     

Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract against isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objective

To evaluate antibacterial activity of the Indonesian water soluble green tea extract, Camellia sinensis, against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-P. aeruginosa).

Methods

Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract was determined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the twofold serial broth dilutions method. The tested bacteria using in this study were the standard strains and multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, obtained from Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia.

Results

The results showed that the inhibition zone diameter of green tea extracts for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA were (18.970±0.287) mm, and (19.130±0.250) mm respectively. While the inhibition zone diameter for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and MDR-P. aeruginosa were (17.550±0.393) mm and (17.670±0.398) mm respectively. The MIC of green tea extracts against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA were 400 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the MIC for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and MDR-P. aeruginosa were 800 µg/mL, and 800 µg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions

Camellia sinensis leaves extract could be useful in combating emerging drug-resistance caused by MRSA and P. aeruginosa.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌基因多态性分型研究

目的研究耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的基因多态性分型特征，为控制感染提供分子流行病学依据。方法利用一条10bp随机引物，建立随机引物多态性（RAPD）分析方法，并利用这一方法对44株MRSA进行基因分型的研究。结果44株MRSA中有30株产生RAPD指纹图谱，经电泳得到2．8条片段，可分为5个型，其中Ⅲ型菌株占50％。结论通过RAPD分型研究，可了解MRSA的基因型流行特征，为控制感染提供分子流行病学依据。     

Genetics and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a Western Australian hospital

Strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in the Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) in Western Australia have been analysed genetically and three main types were characterized: (i) strains similar to those isolated in Europe before 1973. These strains caused small outbreaks in the RPH during the period 1966-1974, but have not been isolated in recent years, except from one patient with reactivation of osteomyelitis after 16 years; (ii) strains of the type prevalent in eastern and northern Australia, one of which caused a difficult-to-control outbreak in the RPH in 1982. Strains of this type have previously been isolated only from patients who had been in hospitals in eastern and northern Australia, but recently were isolated also from other patients--which indicates that this type of MRSA is now present in the Western Australian community; and (iii) strains, which are genetically different from either of the above two types, were isolated from patients who had been in hospitals in Southeast Asia, but have not yet caused an outbreak in the RPH.     

医院分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布与耐药分析

目的：了解医院分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的分布情况及耐药性特点,为临床合理使用抗生素提供理论依据。方法对2013年1月-2013年12月间临床标本中分离的86株 MRSA,采用 WalkAway 96 PLUS 型全自动细菌分析仪进行鉴定和药敏试验,应用 WHONET5.6软件对结果进行统计和分析。结果从临床标本中分离出的285株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出 MRSA 86株,检出率为30.18%;主要分布于各重症监护室（40.70%）、儿科病房（20.9%）及各外科病房（15.12%）;标本的主要来源为痰液和创面分泌物,所占比例分别为43.02%和34.88%。MRSA 对万古霉素、利奈唑胺及达托霉素的耐药率为0,对红霉素、克林霉素及四环素耐药率分87.2%、77.9%和74.4,对环丙沙星、庆大霉素的耐药率均大于50%。结论本院检出的 MRSA 具有高耐药和多重耐药的特点。医院应重视多重耐药菌株的监测,药敏结果的检测工作,对于指导临床合理用药、减少耐药株的产生及传播具有重要意义。     

Control of endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a cost-benefit analysis in an intensive care unit

Context  Despite the success of some countries in controlling endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), such programs have not been implemented for some hospitals with endemic infection because of concerns that these programs would be costly and of limited benefit. Objective  To compare the costs and benefits of an MRSA control program in an endemic setting. Design and Setting  Case-control study conducted at a medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a French university hospital with a 4% prevalence of MRSA carriage at ICU admission. Patients  Twenty-seven randomly selected patients who had ICU-acquired MRSA infection between January 1993 and June 1997, matched to 27 controls hospitalized during the same period without MRSA infection. Main Outcome Measures  Intensive care unit costs attributable to MRSA infection, computed from excess therapeutic intensity in cases using estimates from a cost model derived in the same ICU, were compared with costs of the control program, derived from time-motion study of nurses and physicians. The threshold for MRSA carriage that would make the control strategy dominant was determined; sensitivity analyses varied rates of MRSA transmission and ratio of infection to transmission, length of ICU stay, and costs of isolation precautions. Results  The mean cost attributable to MRSA infection was US $9275 (median, $5885; interquartile range, $1400-$16,720). Total costs of the control program ranged from $340 to $1480 per patient. A 14% reduction in MRSA infection rate resulted in the control program being beneficial. In sensitivity analyses, the control strategy was dominant for a prevalence of MRSA carriage on ICU admission ranging from 1% to 7%, depending on costs of control measures and MRSA transmission, for infection rates greater than 50% following transmission. Conclusions  In this example of a hospital with endemic MRSA infection, selective screening and isolation of carriers on ICU admission are beneficial compared with no isolation.      

医院获得性感染中出现携带SCCmecⅣ/Ⅴ的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌

目的 研究某院临床分离的医院获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(HA-MRSA)的葡萄球菌染色体mec盒(SCCmec)分型及分子流行病学特征.方法 收集中南大学湘雅医院2012年1月~2012年12月临床分离的71株HA-MRSA,采用多重PCR进行SCCmec分型,PCR检测PVL毒素基因,并用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株间的同源性.结果 71株HA-MRSA以SCCmecⅢ型为主,占69.0%(49/71),其次为SCCmecⅣ型、SCCmecⅤ型和SCCmecⅡ型,分别占14.1%(10/71)、4.2%(3/71)和4.2%(3/71),另有6株(8.5%)菌株未能分型.HA-SCCmecⅣ/ⅤMRSA感染者年龄显著低于HA-SCCmecⅠ/Ⅱ/ⅢMRSA感染者,携带PVL基因阳性率显著高于HA-SCCmecⅠ/Ⅱ/ⅢMRSA感染者,而两者入院至检出菌株的时间及住院天数均未见明显差异.HA-SCCmecⅣ/ⅤMRSA对左旋氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、利福平、庆大霉素、四环素等的耐药率均显著低于HA-SCCmecⅠ/Ⅱ/ⅢMRSA(P<0.05).13株HA-SCCmecⅣ/ⅤMRSA菌株在55%的相似度水平形成一个大的组群.按照≥85%的相似度,这些菌株共形成3个PFGE簇以及4个单一菌株的PFGE型.结论 在国内首次发现携带SCCmecⅤ型的HA-MRSA菌株,HA-SCCmecⅣ/ⅤMRSA已有在医疗机构传播的趋势,并成为医院内感染的重要来源.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus isolate genotypes from chronically infected Lebanese patients: a hospital-based study

To assess percentages of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in infected Lebanese patients referred to St. George Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon, 77 infected cases were studied. Of those, 27 were hemodialysis patients. Genotyping was performed by nested PCR of the HCV core-region with specific primers, followed by DNA enzyme-immunoassay using HCV type and subtype-specific probes. Single genotype infections were detected in 52 patients (67.5%). In these cases, types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were detected in 19.5%, 32.5%, 5.1% and 10.4% of the cases respectively. Twenty-five (32.5%) samples showed mixed genotype infections. Single genotype distribution was significantly different among dialysis and non-dialysis patients. In the dialysis group, genotype 2 was predominant (80%, p < 0.001). In single HCV genotype-infected patients, subtype 1b was frequently detected in nondialysis cases (34.4%) whereas this genotype was found in only 5% of dialysis cases. Genotypes 5 and 6 were not detected in any of the cases studied. This pilot hospital-based study provides evidence for the diversity of HCV genotypes in the Lebanese population and establishes differences in distribution depending on the risk group.     

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) emerged as a nosocomial pathogen in early 1960s, causing Increasing number of outbreaks in 19708, first reported in a teaching hospital in Malaysia in 1972, causing increased mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs. Aim of this study is to screen out MRSA from various clinical samples and to see their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. From May 2008 to May 2009, 204 S aureus strains were isolated, out of which 114 (55.8%) were MRSA, and rest methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Most of the MRSA strains were obtained from pus (45%) followed by urine (20.5%). Frequency of isolating MRSA were maximum in catheter tip (80%) followed by blood (66.7%) and pus (58.7%). MRSA strains were showing 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and Iinezolid, whereas 92.9% to teicoplanin. Therefore it is concluded that antibiotics other than vancomycin can be used as anti-MRSA agents after sensitivity test, as well as irrational and indiscriminate use of antibiotics can be avoided.     

神经外科病房金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及MRSA基因多态性研究

目的了解某院神经外科病房金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分子流行病学特点。方法采用纸片扩散法检测2008-2011年从神经外科住院患者分离的金黄色葡萄球菌254株的耐药性,MRSA的鉴定采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法和检测femA、mecA基因的双重PCR方法;采用随机引物多态性技术(RAPD)对分离的32株MRSA做同源性分析。结果神经外科病房MRSA的分离率92.9%,对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的敏感率为100%,对复方新诺明和克林霉素的敏感率分别为82.3%和74.4%,对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、红霉素和青霉素耐药率均大于95%;32株MRSA的RAPD图谱有4种类型(Ⅰ-Ⅳ型),Ⅰ型20株(62.5%),Ⅱ型7株(21.9%),Ⅲ型3株(9.3%),Ⅳ型2株(6.2%)。结论某院神经外科病房存在基因型为Ⅰ型的MRSA菌株的暴发流行。     

Preliminary molecular epidemiology of the Staphylococcus aureus in lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter study in China

Background  Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) remains as an important microbial pathogen resulting in community and nosocomial acquired infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Few reports for S. aureus in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) have been documented. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in LRTIs in China.

Methods  A multicenter study of the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in LRTIs was conducted in 21 hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and twelve other provinces from November 2007 to February 2009. All the collected S. aureus strains were classified as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), mecA gene, virulence genes Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and γ-hemolysin (hlg), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, agr type, and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST).

Results  Totally, nine methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 29 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were isolated after culture from a total of 2829 sputums or bronchoalveolar lavages. The majority of MRSA strains (22/29) had a MIC value of ≥512 µg/ml for cefoxitin. The mecA gene acting as the conservative gene was carried by all MRSA strains. PVL genes were detected in only one S. aureus strain (2.63%, 1/38). The hlg gene was detected in almost the all S. aureus (100% in MSSA and 96.56% in MRSA strains). About 75.86% of MRSA strains carried SCCmec III. Agr type 1 was predominant (78.95%) among the identified three agr types (agr types 1, 2, and 3). Totally, ten sequence type (ST) of S. aureus strains were detected. A new sequence type (ST1445) was found besides confirming ST239 as the major sequence type (60.53%). A dendrogram generated from our own MLST database showed all the bootstrap values ≤50%.

Conclusion  Our preliminary epidemiology data show SCCmec III, ST239 and agr type 1 of S. aureus as the predominant strains in LRTIs in Mainland of China.

     

脉管性疾病592例临床分析

Background  Vascular anomalies are common and multidisciplinary involved diseases. The greatest impediment to their treatment in the past was their confusing terminology and clinical heterogeneities. This hospital-based retrospective study assessed some clinical characteristics, diagnosis, therapies and outcomes of patients with vascular anomalies in southeast China.

Methods  A total of 592 vascular anomalies patients (patients with intracranial tissues or viscera involved were excluded), admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2006 to September 2009, were enrolled in the study. Data for clinical characteristics, diagnosis, therapies and outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results  Of the 592 patients, the male:female ratios in the vascular tumor group (n=187) and the vascular malformation group (n=405) were 1:1.49 and 1:1.06 respectively, with no significant difference between them. The mean onset age of the vascular tumor group was significantly younger than that of the vascular malformation group (Ρ <0.001). The head and neck were the most commonly (31.4%) involved areas in vascular anomalies. A total of 23.8% of the patients with vascular anomalies had definite symptoms caused by the vascular lesions. In the vascular tumor group, 94.1% of them were infantile hemangiomas. Venous malformation was the most common (41.0%) subtype of vascular malformations. Surgical therapy was undertaken in 94.2% of the patients with vascular anomalies. Of the 519 patients available for the 16-58 month follow-up, 322 patients (62.0%) were cured, 108 patients (20.8%) were markedly improved, 57 patients (11.0%) were partially improved, and 32 patients (6.2%) were uncured.

Conclusions  Vascular anomalies are clinically heterogeneous. While the outcome is generally favorable, further effort should be made to determine the appropriate terminology and management.