反刍动物瘤胃蛋白质测定方法的研究进展

随着对反刍动物蛋白质营养和饲料营养价值评定研究的深入,传统的粗蛋白(CP)、可消化粗蛋白质(DCP)和蛋白质的生物学价值(BV)已经不能反映出反刍动物氮代谢的生理特点,为克服传统方法的缺陷,一些地区和国家开发出新的蛋白质体系.这些体系除了康奈尔碳水化合物-蛋白质体系外,共同特点是以小肠蛋白质为基础,包括瘤胃非降解蛋白质...     

高温下在绵羊日粮中添加脂肪对瘤胃代谢的影响

反刍动物的特性之一是能够利用包括人在内的单胃动物所不能利用的多种饲料,原因是消化系统中的瘤胃使得该类动物在饲料需求上,从生理角度与其它动物有别(Swenson,1977)。 单胃动物的脂类代谢在到达十二指肠前很少进行。而反刍动物则不同,脂肪在复杂的多胃中发生了变化(主要指瘤胃),对进入小肠中作进一步消化的脂肪的理化特性具有重要影响(Garton等,1958;Bath和Hill.1967;Bickerstaffe等,1972)。     

反刍动物的氮代谢—历史的回顾,当前的认识及今后的展望

反刍动物的氮代谢是很多研究报告的主题。对于瘤胃和肠道功能的研究还在继续进行。许多试验已经表明了瘤胃微生物作为蛋白质来源在数量上和质量上具有重要性。控制微生物蛋白的合成或微生物的生长以及日粮蛋白的降解的各种因素已被揭示出来。关 于向反刍动物提供蛋白质的细节(瘤胃合成、过瘤胃日粮蛋白质、小肠消化)方面的知识已经有了相当的积累。相比之下当前对于反刍动物对氨基酸数量上的需要了解得还很不够。已经提出了一些描述反刍动物氮代谢的模型,这些模型综合了当前有关方面的各种知识。今后随着逐步加以修正,将有助于日粮的配合工作,更加充分地利用瘤胃发酵,提高反刍动物的生产效率。对于反刍动物氯代谢的进一步研究,将会更好地控制瘤胃发酵及瘤胃后的消化过程。     

影响泌乳牛蛋白质利用的因素

影响反刍动物蛋白质利用的因素有饲料蛋白质的量与质(天然蛋白与非蛋白氮间的配比)、蛋白质在瘤胃的降解率、能量与氮之比率、饲料颗粒大小及其在瘤胃内的存留时间、供菌体蛋白合成的瘤胃内食物量、饲料蛋白质的理化处理方法和程度等。蛋白质和含氮物对反刍动物的效用,以蛋白质价值来计算;主要测定指标,是计算在上述各因素影响下进入小肠的氨基酸总量。但有人建议,     

反刍动物小肠氨基酸供应量的调控

反刍动物蛋白质新体系是以小肠理想氨基酸为核心,其中微生物蛋白质占主导地位。本文从改变微生物区系、添加过瘤胃蛋白质和氨基酸三个方面论述反刍动物小肠氨基酸供应量的调控。     

浅谈反刍动物饲料蛋白质保护

浅谈反刍动物饲料蛋白质保护程茂基，蒿迈道（安徽农业大学畜牧水产学院）（西北农业大学）反刍动物经小肠吸收后用于维持和生产的蛋白质来源有二：一是瘤胃微生物合成的蛋白质（Ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌｃｅｌｌｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ），一是饲料在瘤胃内未降解的蛋白质即过瘤胃蛋白...     

改善瘤胃微生物转化效率增进反刍家畜生产力

牛、羊的营养物质消化和利用取决于瘤胃微生物的作用。瘤胃微生物对牛、羊的营养作用主要表现在:①能分解粗纤维,牛、羊能消化饲料中的粗纤维达50—80％;②能把植物性饲料中的低质蛋白转变成高质微生物蛋白,甚至能利用非蛋白氧(如尿素)合成高质菌体蛋白;③合成维生素R复合体及维生素K;④还能合成牛、羊所需的十种必需氨基酸,并能将牧草中的不炮和脂肪酸转变成牛、羊体内的饱和脂肪酸。Smith等(1977)认为,提高家畜生产力的途径将包括利用遗传调节瘤胃细菌以控制瘤胃生态系。任何不利于瘤胃微生物的因素,都将影响营养物的转化和利用。     

野生反刍动物瘤胃微生物体系的研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃的生态系统十分复杂，它对于饲料降解过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。野生动物物种、生长环境等与家畜差别大，推测它们瘤胃内可能含有比家养动物更高效的特殊的瘤胃微生物体系，是否可以从中分离出较高降解能力的细菌接种到家养动物瘤胃内，以提高家畜饲料降解能力。     

半胱胺对山羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

以 5只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的去势公山羊为试验动物 ,研究每日添加半胱胺 (15mg/kgBW )对瘤胃消化代谢的影响 ,试验采用自身对照设计。结果表明 :每日食入半胱胺 8d后 ,瘤胃微生物蛋白和氨氮含量分别上升2 2 .6 1% (P <0 .0 1)和 18.13% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;总挥发性脂肪酸浓度提高 18.86 % (P <0 .0 1) ,乙酸比例提高 2 .0 5个百分点 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,丙酸比例降低 2 .4 5个百分点 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,A :P由 4 .87上升到 5 .84 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,发酵类型发生变化 ;干草采食量明显增加 ,但干物质和粗纤维消失率未出现变化。提示连续使用半胱胺对反刍动物瘤胃消化代谢有促进作用。     

保护饲料蛋白免受瘤胃微生物降解的方法

反刍动物所需蛋白来自瘤胃微生物蛋白和饲料未降解蛋白。对于维持饲养和低生产水平的奶牛,微生物蛋白和饲料未降解蛋白,甚至仅微生物蛋白就可以满足其需要,但对于快速生长犊牛和高产奶牛(尤其是泌乳初期),微生物蛋白和饲料未降解蛋白通常就不能满足其需要。由于在能量一定、氮源充足情况下,微生物产量相对稳定,所以解决这个矛盾的关键是增加饲料未降解蛋白或过瘤胃蛋白的数量。增加过瘤胃蛋白的途径有:     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.