Lifestyle-related risk factors for stomach cancer in northeast Thailand.

Background: Stomach cancer is not common in Thailand but the life styles of the Thai population are changingto become more Western so that information for planning control programme of stomach cancer is necessary.The highest incidence rates of this neoplasm are found in Eastern Asia, ranging from age-standardized rates of95.5/105 (men) and 40.1/105 (women) in Yamagata, Japan to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen,Northeast of Thailand. In Thailand, the estimated age-standardized incidence rates in 1993, 1996 were 4.9/105,4.1/105 in men and 3.0/105 , 2.6/105 in women. Risk factors for stomach cancer in Thai population are unclear,but possibly include low intake of vegetables and fruits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high intake ofsalt. Objective: To investigate various aspects of dietary factors, smoking, and alcohol drinking in determiningrisk of stomach cancer in Thai population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailandduring 2002-2006, to study the role of these factors in stomach cancer. 101 stomach cancer cases and 202 matchedcontrols (case : control = 1:2) by sex, age (± 3 years) and region were recruited from Srinagarind Hospital andKhon Kaen Regional Hospital, in Khon Kaen Province. All of cases were histologically confirmed. Controls hada variety of diseases, the main ones being disease of the eye. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking andsmoking were collected by a structured questionnaire, blood samples were collected for further study. Results:The distribution of the general characteristics by case-control status, the distribution of age and sex were similarin cases and controls. In the final analysis, the factors that found to be higher risk but not statistically significantwere long-term filter cigarette smoking (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 0.85-4.50), long-term alcohol consumption (OR=1.2,95%CI: 0.51-2.60) and low intake of vegetables and fruits (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.74-1.96). A high intake of vegetableoil (OR=4.5, 95%CI: 1.00.-20.17) was found to be associated with increased risk, and similar tendencies werenoted for pork oil (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 0.63-3.01) and jeaw prik (mainly chilly with plara broth) (OR=1.2, 95%CI:0 .76- 2.01). Conclusion: Our study confirmed protective effects of a high intake of fruits and vegetables againststomach cancer development and showed a high intake of sauces to increase risk of stomach cancer as in othercountries in Asia.     

A Population-based Case-control Study on Risk Factors for Gastric Cardia Cancer in Rural Areas of Linzhou

Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Although certaindietary factors and lifestyles have been suggested to be associated with gastric carcinogenesis, there have beenfew investigations focusing on rural areas. A case-control study was therefore carried out to investigate the riskfactors of gastric cardia cancer (GCC) in rural areas of Linzhou. A total of 470 newly diagnosed cases of GCCand 470 healthy controls were included. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, using a uniform questionnairecontaining questions on demographics, per capita income, living habits, dietary habits and family history oftumors. The relationship between putative risk factors and GCC was assessed by odds ratios (OR) and their 95%confidence intervals (95%CI) derived from conditional logistic regression model by the COXREG commandusing SPSS 12.00. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate simultaneously the effects ofmultiple factors and other potential confounding factors. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that smoking(OR=1.939, 95%CI:1.097-3.426), alcohol drinking (OR=2.360, 95%CI: 1.292-4.311), hot food consumption(OR=2.034, 95%CI: 1.507-2.745), fast eating (OR=1.616, 95%CI: 1.171-2.230), mouldy food (OR=4.564, 95%CI:2.682-7.767), leftover food (OR=1.881. 95%CI: 1.324-2.671), and family history of tumor (OR=2.831, 95%CI:1.588-5.050) were risk factors for GCC. High per capita income (OR=0.709, 95%CI: 0.533-0.942), high educationlevel (OR=0.354, 95%CI: 0.163-0.765), consumption of fresh fruits (OR=0.186, 95%CI: 0.111-0.311) and vegetables(OR=0.243, 95%CI: 0.142-0.415), and high BMI (OR=0.367, 95%CI: 0.242-0.557) were protective factors forGCC. Our data indicate that unhealthy lifestyle and dietary habits might be important contributors to GCC inthis population.     

Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors among the Population of South-East Siberia: A Case-Control Study

Colorectal cancer remains one of the most widespread malignancies in the world. However, there is a lackof comprehensive studies considering colorectal cancer risk factors among Russian populations, particularlyin Siberia. The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact of various lifestyle, dietary, family, andsocioeconomical factors on colorectal cancer risk in South-East Siberia. We recruited 185 Russian colorectal cancercases and 210 gender-, age-, and ethnicity-matched asymptomatic controls with no history of any malignant tumor,using a specially designed questionnaire to obtain relevant information. After the statistical analysis, we definedseveral significant factors affecting colorectal cancer risk. Among these were smoking (OR=2.13, 95%CI=1.4-3.24, P=0.0004), being overweight (BMI between 25-30, OR=2.45, 95%CI=1.49-4.03, P=0.0004), alcohol drinking(OR=8.73, 95%CI=5.49-13.87, P<0.0001), beer drinking (OR=9.24, 95%CI=5.14-16.61, P<0.0001), consumptionof hard liquor (OR=9.37, 95%CI=5.92-14.82, P<0.0001), excessive red meat consumption (P<0.0001), excessiveintake of red meat products (P<0.0001), excessive intake of dairy products (P<0.0001), excessive sour cream andcheese consumption (P<0.0001 and 0.0002, respectively), spicy food consumption (OR=2.87, 95%CI=1.9-4.33,P<0.0001), family history of gastrointestinal malignant tumors (OR=3.99, 95%CI=2.09-7.59, P<0.0001), andincome exceeding twice the subsistence minimum (OR=5.34, 95%CI=3.35-8.53, P<0.0001). Certain factors, suchas high concentration of salt in the food and precancerous colonic lesions, demonstrated borderline significance(OR=3.45, 95%CI=1.68-7.1, P=0.0008, and OR=5.25, 95%CI=1.94-14.22, P=0.001, respectively). Some factorswere established as protective, like consumption of rye bread and both rye and wheat bread (OR=0.32,95%CI=0.21-0.5, P<0,0001, and OR=0.07, 95%CI=0.02-0.21, P<0.0001, respectively), and also low concentrationof salt in the food, although this was of borderline significance (OR=0.43, 95%CI=0.26-0.69, P=0.0006). ABOand Rhesus blood antigens were not associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. These results should bedefinitely applied for elaboration of programs of colorectal cancer prevention in Russia, particularly in Siberia.     

Gastric Cancer: the Roles of Diet,Alcohol Drinking,Smoking and Helicobacter pylori in Northeastern Thailand

The incidence of gastric cancer in the countries of South East Asia is variable, ranging from age-standardized ‍rates of 20.9/105 (men) and 10.4/105 (women) in Hanoi, Vietnam to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen, ‍Thailand. The reasons for these differences are unknown. Possible explanations are differences in dietary habits, ‍alcohol drinking, smoking and/or the prevalence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). A case-control ‍study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand, to study the role of these factors in gastric cancer carcinogenesis. 131 ‍gastric cancer cases and 262 matched controls were recruited for the study. Information on dietary habits, alcohol ‍drinking and smoking were collected by a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were available from 111 cases ‍and 232 controls for H. pylori assay. Using an unconditional logistic regression model controlling for age and sex, we ‍assessed the effects of dietary habits, alcohol drinking, smoking and H. pylori infection on the risk of gastric cancer. ‍A high intake of salt (OR=1.8; 95%CI 1.1-3.0) and fermented foods (OR=1.9; 95%CI 1.1-3.3) was found to be ‍associated with an increased risk. Preference for spicy food was not associated with gastric cancer risk in this ‍population. Although there were negative associations between gastric cancer and vegetable and fruit intake, they ‍were rather weak (OR 0.8 for both) and non significant. There were also weak (non-significant) associations with ‍smoking and alcohol consumption, and no association with H. pylori infection (OR=0.6; 95%CI 0.4-1.0). Infection of ‍H. pylori was associated with various indicators of crowding. ‍     

Risk Factors for Cholangiocarcinoma in the Lower Part of Northeast Thailand: a Hospital-based Case-control Study

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common cancer in Northeast Thailand. It is also acrucial health problem for Thai people. Various risk factors for CCA have been identified in the upper partof Northeast Thailand, but no similar studies of risk factors have been conducted in the lower parts of theregion. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with CCA in the resident population. Materials andMethods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted during 2009-2012 with the recruitment of 123 CCAcases and 123 non-CCA patient controls, matched for sex, age and residential area. Information was collectedby interview with a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for assays of anti-OV antibodies.Associations between various personal factors, dietary habits, family history, the presence of anti-OV antibodiesand CCA were analyzed using multiple conditional logistic regression. Results: Patients who consumed rawmeat (beef, pork) and alcoholic beverages ≥3 times per week had a higher risk of CCA than non-consumers(ORadj=4.33; 95%CI=1.14-16.35 and ORadj=2.13; 95%CI=1.00-4.55, respectively). Patients who had a familyhistory of cancer had a higher risk than those who did not (ORadj=4.34; 95%CI=1.80-10.43). Also, patients whohad anti-OV antibodies (AU>23.337) had a higher risk than those whose anti-OV antibodies were below thecut-off (AU≤23.34) (ORadj=3.09; 95%CI=1.04-9.16). Conclusions: As is the case in the upper part of NortheastThailand, OV infection is a crucial risk factor for CCA in people who live in lower part of the region. Similarly,a family history of cancer and the consumption of alcohol are risk factors for CCA.     

Dietary Fat and Physical Activity in Relation to Breast Cancer among Polish Women

Background: Dietary fat has been inconsistently associated with the risk of breast cancer. The purpose ofthis study was to examine the relationship between meat and animal and plant fat intake and breast cancer riskin subgroups by total lifetime physical activity, using data from a case-control study conducted in the Region ofWestern Pomerania, Poland. Materials and Methods: The study included 858 women with histological confirmedbreast cancer and 1,085 controls, free of any cancer diagnosis. The study was based on a self-administeredquestionnaire including questions about socio-demographic characteristics, current weight and height,reproductive factors, family history of breast cancer and lifestyle habits. Unconditional logistic regression wasperformed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: High animal fat intakesignificantly increased OR from 1.7 times (OR=1.66, 95%CI=1.07-3.59) to 2.9 times (OR=2.9, 95%CI=1.37-6.14) independent of physical activity level, comparing the third versus the lowest quartile. Women with a highintake of red meat or processed meat and low physical activity showed increased risk of breast cancer: OR=2.70,95%CI=1.21-6.03 and 1.78, 95%CI=1.04-3.59, respectively. The plant fat dietary pattern was negatively associatedwith breast cancer in sedentary women (OR=0.57, 95%CI=0.32-0.99). Conclusions: These results indicatedthat a diet characterized by a high consumption of animal fat is associated with a higher breast cancer risk insedentary women, while consumption of plant fat products may reduce risk in the same group.     

Alcohol drinking, body mass index and the risk of oral leukoplakia in an Indian population

Although tobacco habits have been associated with the risk of oral leukoplakia, alcohol drinking and body mass index (BMI) as risk factors have not been well established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the independent effects of drinking, BMI, tobacco chewing and smoking on the risk of oral leukoplakia. A case-control study was conducted, with data from an ongoing randomized oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. Trained health workers conducted interviews and performed oral visual inspections to identify oral premalignant lesions such as leukoplakia. The logistic regression model in SAS was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A total of 927 leukoplakia cases and 47,773 controls were included in the analysis. Ever alcohol drinking was a significant risk factor for oral leukoplakia among nonsmokers (OR=2.1, 95%CI=1.3, 3.4) and non-chewers (OR=1.8, 95%CI=1. 3, 2.5) after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI and tobacco habits. The association with alcohol drinking was stronger among women (OR=3.9, 95%CI=1.5, 10.4) than men (OR=1.5, 95%CI=1.3, 1.9). An inverse dose-response relationship was observed between BMI and the risk of oral leukoplakia (p for trend=0.0075). Tobacco chewing was a stronger risk factor for women (OR=37.7, 95%CI=24.2, 58.7) than for men (OR=3.4, 95%CI=2.8, 4.1). Smoking was a slightly stronger risk factor for men (OR=3.3, 95%CI=2.5, 4.3) than for women (OR=2.0, 95%CI=1.5, 2.9). In conclusion, alcohol drinking was found to be an independent risk factor while BMI might be inversely associated with the risk of oral leukoplakia in an Indian population.     

Hepatitis Viruses and Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Northeast Thailand

Liver cancer is the most common cancer in males in Thailand and the third in females. A high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is estimated in the northeast of Thailand. Chronic infection with Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) is the major risk factor for development of CCA. It has been demonstrated that HCV infection is a risk factor for CCA in non - endemic area of OV infection. We examined the association of HBV and HCV and risk of CCA in the northeast Thailand. All cases of CCA were recruited between 1999 and 2001 from Nakhon Phanom provincial hospital and all community hospitals in the province. One control per case was selected, matched by sex, age (±5 years) and residence. 106 case-control pairs were obtained. Anti-OV, HBsAg, and Anti HCV were determined by ELISA. Among 103 age-sex-place of residence matched case-control pairs, there were 7, 0, 0, 96 pairs for anti-HCV (+) case vs. (-) control, (+) case vs. (+) control, (-) case vs. (+) control and (-) case vs. (-) control combinations (OR=7/0). Among 106 matched pairs, there were 9, 2, 4, 91 pairs for the similar four combinations of HBsAg (OR=2.25 (95%CI: 0.63-10.00)). If the subject had anti-HCV and/or HBsAg, the OR for CCA was 4.00 (95%CI: 1.29-16.44). Even after adjustment for anti-OV, risk for HBsAg and/or anti-HCV positive was still marginally increased with an OR of 4.69 although not reaching statistical significance (95%CI: 0.98-22.47). Hepatitis B and C virus infection may also play role in the development of CCA in northeast Thailand.     

Dietary Fibre and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Case-Control Study

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers in China. Dietary fibre hasbeen thought to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in Western countries. However, studies investigatingthe association between dietary fibre (particularly soluble and insoluble fibres) and colorectal cancer havehitherto been lacking in China. Objective: This case-control study examined the effect of dietary fibre intakeon the risk of colorectal cancer, stratified by tumour site. Materials and Methods: The study included 265 cases(colon cancer, 105; rectal cancer, 144; colon and rectal cancer, 16) and 252 controls residing in Qingdao. A foodfrequency questionnaire that included 121 food items was used to collect dietary information. Odds ratio (OR)and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results:For food groups, controls in the study consumed more vegetables, soy food and total fibre than did colorectalcancer patients (p<0.05). The intakes of fruit, meat and sea-food did not differ significantly between cases andcontrols. However, we did not find any association between soy food intake and colon cancer. We observed inverseassociations between total fibre intake and colorectal, colon and rectal cancer (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.44, 95%CI, 0.27-0.73; OR=0.40, 95%CI, 0.21-0.76; OR=0.52, 95%CI, 0.29-0.91). Vegetable fibre intake showed similar inverseassociations (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.51, 95%CI, 0.31-0.85; OR=0.48, 95%CI, 0.25-0.91; OR=0.53, 95%CI, 0.29-0.97). Inaddition, inverse associations were observed between soluble fibre and insoluble fibre and both colorectal cancerand colon cancer. No relationship was found between colorectal cancer and fruit, soy or grain fibre intakewhenthe results were stratified by tumour site. Conclusions: The present study suggests that vegetable fibre and totalfibre play very important roles in protecting against colorectal cancer. Soluble and insoluble fibres were inverselyassociated with only colorectal cancer and colon cancer.     

Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 C-509T Polymorphism and Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis of 55 Case-control Studies

Aim: To investigate the association of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) C-509T polymorphismand susceptibility to cancer by means of meta-analysis. Methods: An extensive search was performed to identifyeligible case-control studies investigating such a link. The strength of the association between TGF-β1 C-509Tpolymorphism and cancer risk was assessed by pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95%confidence intervals (95%CIs)in fixed or random effects models. Results: 55 published case-control studies with a total number of 21,639 casesand 28,460 controls were included. Overall, there was no association between TGF-β1 C-509T and cancer risk inall genetic comparison models (TT vs. CC: OR=1.01, 95%CI=0.89-1.15; T vs. C: OR=1.01, 95%CI=0.94-1.07).However, a stratified analysis by cancer type indicated -509 T allele was significantly associated with decreasedrisk of colorectal cancer (CRC) (TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.76-0.95), especially for Caucasians (TT vs.CT/CC: OR=0.83, 95%CI=0.71-0.98) and for population-based studies (TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.68-0.89). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested that TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphism might contribute to adecreased risk on colorectal cancer susceptibility, especially for Caucasians.     

Risk Factors for Oral Cancer in Northeast Thailand

Oral cancer is a common site of head and neck cancer, and is relatively frequent in Northeast Thailand.The objective of this hospital-based, case-control study was to determine associations with risk factors. A totalof 104 oral cancer cases diagnosed between July 2010 and April 2011 in 3 hospitals were matched with controlsubjects by age, sex and hospital. Data were collected by personal interview. There were significant associationsbetween oral cancer and tobacco smoking (OR=4.47; 95%CI=2.00 to 9.99), alcohol use among women (OR=4.16;95%CI=1.70 to 10.69), and betel chewing (OR=9.01; 95%CI=3.83 to 21.22), and all three showed dose-responseeffects. Smoking is rare among Thai women (none of the control women were smokers), but betel chewing,especially among older women, is relatively common. We did not find any association between practicing oralsex and oral cancer.     

Relationship between acetylator status, smoking, and diet and colorectal cancer risk in the north-east of England

Some previous studies have suggested that the fast phenotype of the N- acetyltransferase NAT2 may confer susceptibility to colorectal cancer because of greater activation of dietary heterocyclic amines, particularly in individuals who also consume well-done red meat, but other studies have not supported this. We describe a large case-control study examining the interaction between dietary, smoking and drinking habits, and acetylation genotype in relation to susceptibility to colorectal cancer. One-hundred-and-seventy-four incident cases and 174 matched controls were recruited. Genotyping for polymorphisms in NAT2 was performed using a method that detects >95% of slow alleles and data on personal habits were collected using a standardized questionnaire. We found no difference in the frequency of the fast acetylator genotype between cases and controls [odds ratio = 0.95 (95% CI 0.61-1.49)], and analysis by sex, age and site also revealed no difference in acetylator genotype. There was, however, considerable heterogeneity in dietary risk factors between fast and slow acetylators. Analysis by acetylator type shows that recent smoking was more frequent in slow acetylator cases than matched controls [OR = 2.31 (1.16-4.6)] and that heavy alcohol consumption was also more frequent in the slow acetylator cases than controls [OR = 2.5 (1.02-7.29)]. In contrast, frequent fried meat intake was seen more frequently in fast acetylator cases than matched controls [OR = 6.0 (1.34-55)]. The odds ratio for the combination of fast acetylator status and frequent fried meat consumption in cases was 6.04 (1.6-26). Our study suggests that there may be different risk factors for colorectal cancer in slow and fast acetylators, and reveals a new observation that slow acetylators may be at risk of colon cancer from smoking. In our community, the overall effect of acetylator status on colorectal cancer risk is neutral.      

Obesity,Diet and Physical Inactivity and Risk of Breast Cancer in Thai Women

To evaluate the relationship between obesity, diet, physical activity and breast cancer in Thai women, weconducted a case control study with 1,130 cases and 1,142 controls. Informed consent was obtained from allparticipants and a structured questionnaire was performed by trained interviewers to collect information ondemographic and anthropometric data, reproductive and medical history, residential history, physical activityand occupation as well as dietary habits. A significant positive association with an increased risk of breast cancerwas observed in women body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 mg/m2 (OR=1.33, 95%CI 1.07-1.65), the risk beinghigher in postmenopausal women (OR=1.67, 95%CI 1.24-2.25). In addition, underweight BMI at ages 10 and 20years showed an inverse association in all women (OR=0.70, 95%CI 0.56-0.88 and OR=0.74, 95%CI 0.59-0.93,respectively) and in those with a premenopausal status (OR=0.69, 95%CI 0.51-0.93 and OR=0.76, 95%CI 0.56-0.99, respectively). Regular exercise was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer (OR=0.78, 95%CI0.68-0.98). Interestingly, analysis by type of activity revealed significant protective effects for women who reportedthe highest levels of walking for shopping (OR=0.58, 95%CI 0.38-0.88). High consumption of vegetables andfruit were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, while high consumption of animal fat showed anincreased risk in postmenopausal women. In conclusion, our results indicate that obesity and high consumptionof animal fat are associated with breast cancer risk, particularly in postmenopausal women, while recreationalphysical activity has protective effects. It seems that primary prevention of breast cancer should be promotedin an integrated manner. Effective strategies need to be identified to engage women in healthy lifestyles.     

Adenocarcinoma of the lung among women: risk associated with smoking,prior lung disease,diet and menstrual and pregnancy history

To investigate the role of tobacco and some other known or suspected factors responsible for the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the lung, and to compare with other cell types (squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers) in Czech women, we conducted a case-control study. Data collected by personal interviews from 145 cases of adenocarcinoma of the lung, 221 lung cancer cases of other cell types, and 1624 controls were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Cigarette smoking was the main determinant of all major cell types of lung cancer among Czech women, its effect was weaker on adenocarcinoma than on squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers. Among never smokers, passive smoking in childhood (before age 16) did not significantly increase the risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=1.35, 95%CI 0.75-2.45), contrasting with an elevation in the risk of squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers combined (OR=2.10, 95%CI 1.02-4.33). Excess risk associated with consumption of red meat daily or several times per week (OR=1.81, 95%CI 1.04-3.18) was restricted to squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers combined. Wine drinking, at higher frequency than once per month, was inversely associated with the risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=0.46, 95%CI 0.23-0.92), however, not with squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers combined (OR=0.77, 95%CI 0.47-1.28). Inverse associations with the risk of squamous-, small- and large-cell cancers combined emerged for the quantity of menstrual flow (OR=0.63, 95%CI 0.40-0.99), and pains or mental tension related to menses (OR=0.61, 95%CI 0.42-0.89).     

中国女性乳腺癌危险因素的Meta分析

[目的]评价中国女性乳腺癌部分危险因素的作用,探讨乳腺癌的病因。[方法]运用Meta分析方法对我国1996～2006年间公开发表的有关乳腺癌危险因素病例对照研究的12篇文献资料进行定量综合分析。[结果]各因素合并OR值分别为：初潮年龄OR=1．5401（95％CI：1．3437～1．7654）;哺乳OR=0．6837（95％CI：0．4779—0．9782）;口服避孕药OR=1．3278（95％CI：1．0627—1．6589）;良性乳腺疾病史OR=2．6180（95％CI：2．0275—3．3804）;吸烟OR=1．8576（95％CI：1．5394—2．2415）;饮酒OR=0．8137（95％CI：0．6196～1．0686）;饮茶OR=0．8625（95％CI：0．7646～0．9728）。[结论]初潮年龄、口服避孕药、良性乳腺疾病史及吸烟是乳腺癌发生的危险因素,哺乳及饮茶则是乳腺癌的保护因素。     

ABO Blood Groups and Risk of Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: For decades, studies have been performed to evaluate the association between ABO bloodgroups and risk of cancer. However, whether ABO blood groups are associated with overall cancer risk remainsunclear. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to assess this association. Materialsand Methods: A search of Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Web of Knowledge databases (to May2013) was supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies of key retrieved articles and relevant reviews.We included case-control studies and cohort studies with more than 100 cancer cases. Results: The searchyielded 89 eligible studies that reported 100,554 cases at 30 cancer sites. For overall cancer risk, the pooled ORwas 1.12 (95%CI: 1.09-1.16) for A vs. non- A groups, and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.80-0.88) for O vs. non-O groups. Forindividual cancer sites, blood group A was found to confer increased risk of gastric cancer (OR=1.18; 95%CI:1.13-1.24), pancreatic cancer (OR=1.23; 95%CI: 1.15-1.32), breast cancer (OR=1.12; 95%CI: 1.01-1.24), ovariancancer (OR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.04-1.27), and nasopharyngeal cancer (OR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.00-1.33). Blood groupO was found to be linked to decreased risk of gastric cancer (OR=0.84; 95%CI: 0.80-0.88), pancreatic cancer(OR=0.75; 95%CI: 0.70-0.80), breast cancer (OR=0.90; 95%CI: 0.85-0.95), colorectal cancer (OR=0.89; 95%CI:0.81-0.96), ovarian cancer (OR=0.76; 95%CI: 0.53-1.00), esophagus cancer (OR=0.94; 95%CI: 0.89-1.00), andnasopharyngeal cancer (OR=0.81; 95%CI: 0.70-0.91). Conclusions: Blood group A is associated with increasedrisk of cancer, and blood group O is associated with decreased risk of cancer.     

女性乳腺癌危险因素的病例对照研究

[目的]探讨江苏女性乳腺癌的危险因素。[方法]用病例对照研究的方法,对经病理确诊的206例乳腺癌患者及经年龄频数匹配（±2．5岁）214例对照资料进行非条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]被动吸烟（OR=2．21,95％CI：1．32～3．701、自然流产史（OR=1．71,95％CI：0．65—4．55）、口服避孕药服用史（OR=3．70,95％CI：2．00～6．82）、有良性乳腺疾病史（OR=2．69,95％CI：1．66～4．36）、肥猪肉（OR=2．39,95％CI：1．34～4．28）及腌制类食品年摄入量高（OR=4．71,95％CI：2．91～7．60）、轻体力活动职业（OR=6．29,95％CI：2．95～13．42）可能是女性乳腺癌发生的危险因素。而经常参加体育锻炼（OR=0．44,95％CI：0．26～0．74）、月经初潮年龄晚（OR=0．19,95％CI：0．06—0．65）、鲜奶（0R=0．32,95％CI：0．20～0．511、新鲜豆类（0R=0．07,95％CI：0．04—0．13）和水果年摄入量高（OR=0．30,95％CI：0．18—0．48）则降低乳腺癌发生的风险。[结论]减少口服避孕药、肥猪肉及腌制类食品的摄入,增加新鲜水果、新鲜豆类摄入,加强体育锻炼,对患有良性乳腺疾病的妇女加强体检。加大乳腺癌预防及健康宣教工作可预防乳腺癌的发生。     

Risk Factors for Rectal Cancer and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms in a Population in Northeast Thailand

Background and Aim: Polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) are known to beassociated with predisposition for certain cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lifestyle factors,family history and genetic polymorphisms in MTHFR C677T and A1298C on rectal cancer risk and possibleinteractions with lifestyle factors in Northeast Thailand. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study wasconducted during 2002-2006 with recruitment of 112 rectal cancer cases and 242 non-rectal cancer patient controls.Information was collected using a structured-questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained for assay of MTHFRC677T and A1298C genotypes by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) techniques. Associations between lifestyle factors, family history and genetic polymorphisms v.s.rectal cancer risk were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Subjects with frequent and occasionalconstipation had a higher risk (OR_adj.=14.64; 95%CI=4.28-50.04 and OR_adj.=2.15; 95%CI=1.14-4.06), along withthose who reported ever having hemorrhoids (OR_adj.=2.82; 95%CI=1.36-5.84) or a family history of cancer(OR_adj.=1.90; 95%CI=1.06-3.39). Consumption of a high level of pork was also associated with risk (OR_adj.=1.82;95%CI=1.05-3.15). Interactions were not observed between MTHFR and other risk factors. Conclusions: Thisstudy suggested that the risk factors for rectal cancer in the Thai population are bowel habits, having hadhemorrhoids, a family history of cancer and pork consumption.     

Case-Control Study of Alcohol Usage and Fruit Intake and Stomach Cancer in the North Viet Nam

Background: The aim was to examine the association between alcohol usage, fruit intake and stomach cancer treated in hospitals in the Hanoi city during 2018-2019. Methods: A case-control study was performed for 379 newly incidence cases of stomach cancer and matched 1096 hospital controls for sex and age (+/-5). We used the validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to collect data on the intake of alcohol and fruits and other food groups. The average amount of total fruits intake (grams per week) was estimated. The adjusted Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (OR (95%CI) were estimated. Results: Intake of alcohol significantly increased the risk of stomach cancer, the mean frequency of intake per year of 345.1 times vs. non-drinkers, OR (95%CI): 1.51 (1.05, 2.17), p_trend=0.026. In contrast, a higher total of fruits intake was associated with a significantly decreased risk of stomach cancer in both sexes, men, and women, (Q5 vs Q1), OR (95%CI): 0.47 (0.30, 0.72), p_trend=0.000, OR (95%CI): 0.45 (0.26, 0.77), p_trend =0.003, OR (95%CI): 0.52 (0.24, 1.12), p_trend=0.026, respectively. Conclusions: We observed alcohol usage increased the risk of stomach cancers. In contrast, a total of fruits intake was associated with a decreased risk of stomach cancer.     

Interleukin-12 and Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Bladder Cancer in the Iranian Population

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an antitumor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an inflammatory cytokine, areimmunomodulatory products that play important roles in responses in cancers and inflammation. We testedthe association between two polymorphisms of IL-12(1188A>C; rs3212227) and IL-6 (-174 C>G) and the riskof bladder cancer in 261 patients and 251 healthy individuals. We also investigated the possible association ofthese SNPs in patients with high-risk jobs and smoking habits with the incidence of bladder cancer. The genotypedistributions of IL-6 (-174 C/G) genotype were similar between the cases and the control groups; however, amongpatients with smoking habits, the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism and incidence of bladder cancerwas significant. After a control adjustment for age and sex, the following results were recorded: CC genotype(OR= 2.11, 95%CI=1.56-2.87, p=0.007), GC genotype (OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.16-4.12, p=0.014) and GC+ CC(OR=2.6, 95%CI=1.43-4.47, p=0.011). A significant risk of bladder cancer was observed for the heterozygousgenotype (AC) of IL-12 (OR=1.47, 95%CI=1.01-2.14, p=0.045) in all cases, and among smokers (AC) (OR=3.13,95%CI=1.82-5.37, p=0.00014), combined AC+CC (OR=3.05, 95%CI=1.8-5.18, p=0.000015). Moreover amonghigh risk job patients, there was more than a 3-fold increased risk of cancer in the carriers of IL-12 betaheterozygous (OR=3.7, 95%CI=2.04-6.57, p=0.000056) and combined AC+CC(OR=3.29, 95%CI=1.58-5.86,p=0.00002) genotypes as compared with the AA genotype with low-risk jobs. As a conclusion, this study suggeststhat IL-12(3’UTR A>C) and IL-6 (-174 C>G) genotypes are significantly associated with an increased risk ofbladder cancer in the Iranian population with smoking habits and/or performing high-risk jobs.