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1.
Xu Wang Fahad Haroon Saoussen Karray Martina Deckert Dirk Schlüter 《European journal of immunology》2013,43(1):115-124
In T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases of the CNS, apoptosis of Fas+ T cells by FasL contributes to resolution of disease. However, the apoptosis‐inducing cell population still remains to be identified. To address the role of astrocytic FasL in the regulation of T‐cell apoptosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we immunized C57BL/6 glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)‐Cre FasLfl/fl mice selectively lacking FasL in astrocytes with MOG35–55 peptide. GFAP‐Cre FasLfl/fl mice were unable to resolve EAE and suffered from persisting demyelination and paralysis, while FasLfl/fl control mice recovered. In contrast to FasLfl/fl mice, GFAP‐Cre FasLfl/fl mice failed to induce apoptosis of Fas+ activated CD4+ T cells and to increase numbers of Foxp3+ Treg cells beyond day 15 post immunization, the time point of maximal clinical disease in control mice. The persistence of activated and GM‐CSF‐producing CD4+ T cells in GFAP‐Cre FasLfl/fl mice also resulted in an increased IL‐17, IFN‐γ, TNF, and GM‐CSF mRNA expression in the CNS. In vitro, FasL+ but not FasL? astrocytes induced caspase‐3 expression and apoptosis of activated T cells. In conclusion, FasL expression of astrocytes plays an important role in the control and elimination of autoimmune T cells from the CNS, thereby determining recovery from EAE. 相似文献
2.
Jiang Zhang Mlanie Wencker Quentin Marliac Aurore Berton Uzma Hasan Raphaël Schneider Daphn Laubreton Dylan E. Cherrier Anne-Laure Mathieu Amaury Rey Wenzheng Jiang Julie Caramel Laurent Genestier Antoine Marais Jacqueline Marvel Yad Ghavi-Helm Thierry Walzer 《Cellular & molecular immunology》2021,18(9):2140
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《Mucosal immunology》2019,12(3):668-678
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on leukocytes, endothelia, and epithelia that regulates biological processes including barrier function and immune responses. While JAM-A has been reported to facilitate tissue infiltration of leukocytes under inflammatory conditions, the contributions of leukocyte-expressed JAM-A in vivo remain unresolved. We investigated the role of leukocyte-expressed JAM-A in acute peritonitis induced by zymosan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or TNFα using mice with selective loss of JAM-A in myelomonocytic cells (LysM-Cre;Jam-afl/fl). Surprisingly, in LysM-Cre;Jam-afl/fl mice, loss of JAM-A did not affect neutrophil (PMN) recruitment into the peritoneum in response to zymosan, LPS, or TNFα although it was significantly reduced in Jam-aKO mice. In parallel, Jam-aKO peritoneal macrophages exhibited diminished CXCL1 chemokine production and decreased activation of NF-kB, whereas those from LysM-Cre;Jam-afl/fl mice were unaffected. Using Villin-Cre;Jam-afl/fl mice, targeted loss of JAM-A on intestinal epithelial cells resulted in increased intestinal permeability along with reduced peritoneal PMN migration as well as lower levels of CXCL1 and active NF-kB similar to that observed in Jam-aKO animals. Interestingly, in germ-free Villin-Cre;Jam-afl/fl mice, PMN recruitment was unaffected suggesting dependence on gut microbiota. Such observations highlight the functional link between a leaky gut and regulation of innate immune responses. 相似文献
5.
Protective dendritic cell responses against listeriosis induced by the short form of the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD are inhibited by full‐length CYLD 下载免费PDF全文
Rebecca Wurm Sissy Just Xu Wang Katharina Wex Ursula Schmid Nicolas Blanchard Ari Waisman Hans‐Jörg Schild Martina Deckert Michael Naumann Dirk Schlüter Gopala Nishanth 《European journal of immunology》2015,45(5):1366-1376
The deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD is an important tumor suppressor and inhibitor of immune responses. In contrast to full‐length CYLD, the immunological function of the naturally occurring short splice variant of CYLD (sCYLD) is insufficiently described. Previously, we showed that DCs, which lack full‐length CYLD but express sCYLD, exhibit augmented NF‐κB and DC activation. To explore the function of sCYLD in infection, we investigated whether DC‐specific sCYLD regulates the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Upon Listeria monocytogenes infection of CD11c‐Cre Cyldex7/8 fl/fl mice, infection of CD8α+ DCs, which are crucial for the establishment of listeriosis in the spleen, was not affected. However, NF‐κB activity of CD11c‐Cre Cyldex7/8 fl/fl DCs was increased, while activation of ERK and p38 was normal. In addition, CD11c‐Cre Cyldex7/8 fl/fl DCs produced more TNF, IL‐10, and IL‐12 upon infection, which led to enhanced stimulation of IFN‐γ‐producing NK cells. In addition CD11c‐Cre Cyldex7/8 fl/fl DCs presented Listeria Ag more efficiently to CD8+ T cells resulting in a stronger pathogen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell proliferation and more IFN‐γ production. Collectively, the improved innate and adaptive immunity and survival during listeriosis identify the DC‐specific FL‐CYLD/sCYLD balance as a potential target to modulate NK‐cell and Ag‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses. 相似文献
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Nguyen Thi Xuan Xu Wang Gopala Nishanth Ari Waisman Katrin Borucki Berend Isermann Michael Naumann Martina Deckert Dirk Schlüter 《European journal of immunology》2015,45(3):818-828
DCs contribute to immune homeostasis under physiological conditions and regulate the immune activation during infection. The deubiquitinase A20 inhibits the activation of NF‐κB‐dependent immune reactions, and prevents the hyperactivation of DCs under steady‐state conditions. However, the role of DC‐specific A20 under pathological conditions is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that upon injection of low‐dose LPS, mice with DC‐specific A20 deletion (CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl) died within 6 h, whereas A20fl/fl controls survived. LPS‐induced mortality in CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl mice was characterized by increased serum levels of IL‐2, IL‐10, IL‐12, IFN‐γ, and TNF. Upon LPS stimulation, the activation of NF‐κB and ERK‐NFATc3 pathways were enhanced in A20‐deficient DCs, resulting in an increased production of IL‐2, IL‐12, and TNF both in vitro and in vivo. Targeted inhibition of ERK in A20‐deficient DCs abolished the increased production of IL‐2. A20‐deficient DCs failed to induce LPS tolerance, which was independent of T cells and the intestinal flora, since T‐cell depletion and decolonization of CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl mice could not prevent death of LPS‐challenged CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl mice. In conclusion, these findings show that DC‐specific A20 preserves immune homeostasis in steady‐state conditions and is also required for LPS tolerance. 相似文献
8.
《Mucosal immunology》2020,13(5):788-798
Crohn's disease (CD), one of the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and associated with aberrant CD4+ T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses. Protein kinase 2 (CK2) is a conserved serine–threonine kinase involved in signal transduction pathways, which regulate immune responses. CK2 promotes Th17 cell differentiation and suppresses the generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. The function of CK2 in CD4+ T cells during the pathogenesis of CD is unknown. We utilized the T cell-induced colitis model, transferring CD45RBhi-naive CD4+ T cells from CK2αfl/fl controls and CK2αfl/fldLck-Cre mice into Rag1−/− mice. CD4+ T cells from CK2αfl/fldLck-Cre mice failed to induce wasting disease and significant intestinal inflammation, which was associated with decreased interleukin-17A-positive (IL-17A+), interferon-γ-positive (IFN-γ+), and double-positive IL-17A+IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells in the spleen and colon. We determined that CK2α regulates CD4+ T cell proliferation through a cell-intrinsic manner. CK2α is also important in controlling CD4+ T cell responses by regulating NFAT2, which is vital for T cell activation and proliferation. Our findings indicate that CK2α contributes to the pathogenesis of colitis by promoting CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th1 and Th17 responses, and that targeting CK2 may be a novel therapeutic treatment for patients with CD. 相似文献
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Marc Rosenbaum Virginia Andreani Tanya Kapoor Simone Herp Henrik Flach Marlena Duchniewicz Rudolf Grosschedl 《Genes & development》2014,28(11):1165-1178
MZB1 (pERp1) is a B-cell-specific and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein implicated in antibody secretion and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Here, we examine the role of MZB1 in vivo by conditional gene inactivation in the mouse germline and at different stages of B lymphopoiesis. Deletion of MZB1 impairs humoral immune responses and antibody secretion in plasma cells that naturally undergo ER stress. In addition, we found that experimental induction of ER stress by tunicamycin injections in mice results in a block of pro-B-cell to pre-B-cell differentiation specifically in Mzb1−/− mice. A similar developmental block was observed in Mzb1fl/flmb1Cre mice, whereby a Cre recombinase-induced genotoxic stress unmasks a role for MZB1 in the surface expression of immunoglobulin µ heavy chains (µHCs). MZB1 associates directly with the substrate-specific chaperone GRP94 (also called HSP90B1 or gp96) in an ATP-sensitive manner and is required for the interaction of GRP94 with µHCs upon ER stress. Thus, MZB1 seems to act as a substrate-specific cochaperone of GRP94 that enables proper biosynthesis of µHCs under conditions of ER stress. 相似文献
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Henry W. Murray Marisa Mitchell-Flack Hua Zheng Xiaojing Ma 《Infection and immunity》2015,83(2):702-712
In the livers of susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with Leishmania donovani, CD8+ T cell mechanisms are required for granuloma assembly, macrophage activation, intracellular parasite killing, and self-cure. Since gene expression of perforin and granzymes A and B (GzmA and GzmB), cytolytic proteins linked to CD8+ cell effector function, was enhanced in infected liver tissue, B6 mice deficient in these granular proteins were used to gauge host defense roles. Neither perforin nor GzmA was required; however, mice deficient in GzmB (GzmB−/−, GzmB cluster−/−, and GzmA×B cluster double knockout [DKO] mice) showed both delayed granuloma assembly and initially impaired control of parasite replication. Since these two defects in B6 mice were limited to early-stage infection, innately resistant 129/Sv mice were also tested. In this genetic setting, expression of both innate and subsequent T (Th1) cell-dependent acquired resistance, including the self-cure phenotype, was entirely derailed in GzmA×B cluster DKO mice. These results, in susceptible B6 mice for GzmB and in resistant 129/Sv mice for GzmA and/or the GzmB cluster, point to granzyme-mediated host defense regulation in the liver in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. 相似文献
13.
Lesley Smyth Michelle Howell I. Nicholas Crispe 《Clinical & developmental immunology》1992,2(4):309-318
MRL-Mp-lpr/lpr mice contain phenotypically abnormal populations of T cells, and
exhibit an SLE-like autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies are a prominent
feature. We analyzed the phenotype and T-cell receptor Vß expression pattern in CD4+ T
cells of this mutant mouse strain to detect abnormalities that could explain the
autoimmunity. The CD4+ T cells contain two distinct abnormal populations. One of
these expresses B220 and HSA, and in these and other respects closely resembles the
accumulating CD4–CD8– population. The other expresses a high level of CD44 (Pgp-1),
and a high level of the 16A epitope of CD45, and so resembles post-activation T cells.
Both of these cell types are exclusive to MRL-Mp-lpr/lpr. We also identified V ß5- and
V ß11-positive CD4+ T cells, in both MRL-Mp-lpr/lpr and MRL-Mp-+/+ mice. We
conclude that autoimmune T cells can be detected in these mice, but that they are not the
cause of the accumulation of abnormal CD4+ and CD4–CD8–cells. 相似文献
14.
Kidney‐specific knockout of Sav1 in the mouse promotes hyperproliferation of renal tubular epithelium through suppression of the Hippo pathway 下载免费PDF全文
Tomoki Kai Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto Naoki Hijiya Akinori Tokunaga Chisato Nakada Tomohisa Uchida Tsutomu Daa Hidekatsu Iha Mika Takahashi Takeo Nomura Fuminori Sato Hiromitsu Mimata Masahito Ikawa Masao Seto Keiko Matsuura Masatsugu Moriyama 《The Journal of pathology》2016,239(1):97-108
We have previously reported that Salvador homologue 1 (SAV1), a component of the Hippo pathway, is significantly down‐regulated in high‐grade clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) due to 14q copy number loss, and that this down‐regulation contributes to the proliferation and survival of renal tubular epithelial cells through activation of Yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1), a downstream target of the Hippo pathway. However, the impact of SAV1 loss on the proliferation and survival of kidney cells in vivo remained to be determined. To address this issue, we generated kidney‐specific Sav1‐knockout (Cdh16‐Cre;Sav1fl/fl) mice. Sav1 deficiency enhanced the proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells in Cdh16‐Cre;Sav1fl/fl mice, accompanied by nuclear localization of Yap1, suggesting suppression of the Hippo pathway. Sav1 deficiency in renal tubules also caused structural and cellular abnormalities of the epithelial cells, including significant enlargement of their nuclei. Furthermore, Cdh16‐Cre;Sav1fl/fl mice developed both glomerular and tubular cysts. Although lining cells of the glomerular cysts showed no atypia, those of the tubular cysts showed variations in cell size and nuclear shape, which became more severe as the mice aged. In aged Cdh16‐Cre;Sav1fl/fl mice, we observed focal disruption of proximal tubules and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. In conclusion, Sav1 is required for the maintenance of growth, nuclear size and structure of renal tubules under physiological conditions, and its deficiency leads to the acquisition of enhanced proliferation of renal epithelial cells through suppression of Hippo signalling. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Laurence U. Buxbaum 《Infection and immunity》2015,83(4):1366-1371
Chronic cutaneous disease of mice caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana requires interleukin-10 (IL-10) and FcγRIII (an activating IgG receptor). Macrophages readily secrete IL-10 in response to IgG-coated amastigotes, making macrophages a prime candidate as the critical source of IL-10. However, indirect evidence suggested that macrophage IL-10 is not essential for chronic disease. I now show directly that mice lacking IL-10 from macrophages and granulocytes still have chronic disease, like wild-type C57BL/6 mice. However, T cell-derived IL-10 is required for chronic disease. CD4-cre IL-10flox/flox mice lack IL-10 from T cells (both CD4+ and CD8+) and heal their L. mexicana lesions, with parasite control. I had previously shown that depletion of CD25+ T cells had no effect on chronic disease, and thus, T cells other than CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells should be the important source of IL-10. Given that conventional T cells do not express FcγRs, there is likely to be an indirect pathway by which FcγRIII on some other cell engaged by IgG1-amastigote immune complexes induces IL-10 from T cells. Further work is needed to delineate these pathways. 相似文献
16.
Tsvetelina Oreshkova Honglin Wang Anne M Seier Anca Sindrilaru Georg Varga Stephan Grabbe Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek Thorsten Peters 《Immunology》2009,128(2):271-286
Expressed on leucocytes, β2 integrins (CD11/CD18) are specifically involved in leucocyte function. Using a CD18-deficient (CD18−/−) mouse model, we here report on their physiological role in lymphocyte differentiation and trafficking. CD18−/− mice present with a defect in the distribution of lymphocytes with highly reduced numbers of naïve B and T lymphocytes in inguinal and axillary lymph nodes. In contrast, cervical lymph nodes were fourfold enlarged harbouring unconventional T-cell receptor-αβ (TCR-αβ) and TCR-γδ CD3+ CD4− CD8− (double-negative; DN) T cells that expanded in situ. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we found that these cells did not home to peripheral lymph nodes of CD18wt recipients but, like antigen-experienced T or natural killer (NK) T cells, recirculated through non-lymphoid organs. Lacking regulatory functions in vitro, CD18−/− TCR-αβ DN T cells did not suppress the proliferation of polyclonally activated CD4+ or CD8+ (single-positive; SP) T cells. Most interestingly, CD18−/− TCR-αβ DN T cells showed intermediate TCR expression levels, an absent activation through allogeneic major histocompatibility complex and a strong proliferative dependence on interleukin-2, hence, closely resembling NKT cells. However, our data oppose former reports, clearly showing that, because of an absent reactivity with CD1d-αGalCer dimers, these cells are not mature classical NKT cells. Our data indicate that CD18−/− TCR-αβ DN T cells, like NKT and TCR-γδ T cells, share characteristics of both adaptive and innate immune cells, and may accumulate as a compensatory mechanism to the functional defect of adaptive immunity in CD18−/− mice. 相似文献
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Dilara Begum Masayuki Umemura Ayano Yahagi Yuko Okamoto Satoru Hamada Kiyotetsu Oshiro Goro Matsuzaki 《Immunology》2009,128(4):556-563
Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are important in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To evaluate the effect of vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) on the CD8+ T-cell response to pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection, we analyzed the kinetics of CD8+ T cells specific to the mycobacterial Mtb32a309–318 epitope, which is shared by M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG, in the lung of mice infected with M. tuberculosis. The CD8+ T cells were detected by staining lymphocytes with pentameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I H-2Db–Mtb32a209–318 peptide complex and were analysed by flow cytometry. Mtb32a-specific CD8+ T cells became detectable on day 14, and reached a plateau on day 21, in the lung of M. tuberculosis-infected unvaccinated mice. Subcutaneous vaccination with M. bovis BCG in the footpads induced Mtb32a-specific CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes (LNs) on day 7 and their numbers further increased on day 14. When M. bovis BCG-vaccinated mice were exposed to pulmonaryinfection with M. tuberculosis 4 weeks after vaccination, the Mtb32a-specific CD8+ T cells in the infected lung became detectable on day 7 and reached a plateau on day 14, which was 1 week earlier than in the unvaccinated mice. The pulmonary CD8+ T cells from the BCG-vaccinated M. tuberculosis-infected mice produced interferon-γ in response to Mtb32a209–318 peptide on day 7 of the infection, whereas those of unvaccinated mice did not. The results demonstrate that induction of mycobacterial antigen-specific protective CD8+ T cells in the M. tuberculosis-infected lung is accelerated by subcutaneous vaccination with M. bovis BCG. 相似文献
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Conditional ablation of NKp46+ cells using a novel Ncr1greenCre mouse strain: NK cells are essential for protection against pulmonary B16 metastases 下载免费PDF全文
Leila Ben Merzoug Solenne Marie Naoko Satoh‐Takayama Sarah Lesjean Marcello Albanesi Hervé Luche Hans Jörg Fehling James P. Di Santo Christian A. J. Vosshenrich 《European journal of immunology》2014,44(11):3380-3391
To study gene functions specifically in NKp46+ cells we developed novel Cre mice allowing for conditional gene targeting in cells expressing Ncr1 (encoding NKp46). We generated transgenic Ncr1greenCre mice carrying an EGFPcre fusion under the control of a proximal Ncr1 promoter that faithfully directed EGFPcre expression to NKp46+ cells from lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. This approach allowed for direct detection of Cre‐expressing NKp46+ cells via their GFP signature by flow cytometry and histology. Cre was functional as evidenced by the NKp46+ cell‐specific expression of RFP in Ncr1greenCreRosa‐dtRFP reporter mice. We generated Ncr1greenCreIl2rgfl/fl mice that lack NKp46+ cells in an otherwise intact hematopoietic environment. Il2rg encodes the common gamma chain (γc), which is an essential receptor subunit for cytokines (IL‐2, ‐4, ‐7, ‐9, ‐15, and ‐21) that stimulate lymphocyte development and function. In Ncr1greenCreIl2rgfl/fl mice, NK cells are severely reduced and the few remaining NKp46+ cells escaping γc deletion failed to express GFP. Using this new NK‐cell‐deficient model, we demonstrate that the homeostasis of NKp46+ cells from all tissues (including the recently described intraepithelial ILC1 subset) requires Il2rg. Finally, Ncr1greenCreIl2rgfl/fl mice are unable to reject B16 lung metastases demonstrating the essential role of NKp46+ cells in antimelanoma immune responses. 相似文献
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Ahmet Arac Michele A. Grimbaldeston Andrew R.B. Nepomuceno Oluwatobi Olayiwola Marta P. Pereira Yasuhiro Nishiyama Anna Tsykin Gregory J. Goodall Ulrich Schlecht Hannes Vogel Mindy Tsai Stephen J. Galli Tonya M. Bliss Gary K. Steinberg 《The American journal of pathology》2014,184(9):2493-2504
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and the fourth most common cause of death in the United States. Inflammation is thought to play an important role in stroke pathology, but the factors that promote inflammation in this setting remain to be fully defined. An understudied but important factor is the role of meningeal-located immune cells in modulating brain pathology. Although different immune cells traffic through meningeal vessels en route to the brain, mature mast cells do not circulate but are resident in the meninges. With the use of genetic and cell transfer approaches in mice, we identified evidence that meningeal mast cells can importantly contribute to the key features of stroke pathology, including infiltration of granulocytes and activated macrophages, brain swelling, and infarct size. We also obtained evidence that two mast cell-derived products, interleukin-6 and, to a lesser extent, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7, can contribute to stroke pathology. These findings indicate a novel role for mast cells in the meninges, the membranes that envelop the brain, as potential gatekeepers for modulating brain inflammation and pathology after stroke.Stroke, the leading cause of adult disability and the fourth most common cause of death in the Unites States,1,2 occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the brain, and the resultant injury initiates a cascade of inflammatory events, including immune cell infiltration into the brain.3–5 This post-stroke inflammation is a critical determinant of damage and recovery after stroke; understanding the interplay between the immune system and the brain after stroke holds much promise for therapeutic intervention.4–7 However, successfully exploiting this therapeutic potential requires a detailed understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the brain after stroke.4An understudied but important aspect of this interplay is the role of meningeal-located immune cells in modulating brain pathology. The meninges have long been recognized as an anatomical barrier that protects the central nervous system (CNS). However, accumulating evidence suggests that the meninges are important for communication between the CNS and immune system during health and disease.8–10 All blood vessels pass through the meningeal subarachnoid space before entering the brain, and this vascular connection and the close proximity of the meninges to the underlying parenchymal nervous tissue make them ideally located to act as a gatekeeper to modulate immune cell trafficking to the CNS. To support this gatekeeper function is evidence that the meninges modulate brain infiltration of T cells, neutrophils, and monocytes during meningitis and autoimmune conditions,11–14 with immune cells observed in some instances accumulating in the meninges before they infiltrate into the parenchyma.11,13Emerging evidence suggests that the actions of immune cells resident in the meninges are important for this gatekeeper function.11,12,15 Mast cells (MCs), best known as proinflammatory effector cells, can play critical roles in the development of inflammation in many disease settings.16–18 MCs reside in high numbers within the meninges, but their function in this site has not been fully investigated in stroke pathology. Unlike most immune cells, mature MCs do not circulate in the blood but are long-term residents of tissues, often in perivascular locations, and can rapidly perform their functions in situ. CNS MCs are found in the brain parenchyma and the meninges of rodents and humans.18 It has been proposed that brain parenchymal MCs can enhance brain neutrophil numbers after stroke and can exacerbate stroke pathology.19–24 However, much of the evidence to support such conclusions is indirect. For example, some of the studies that implicate MCs in stroke pathology used pharmacologic approaches to interfere with MC activation,19,20,22 but such drugs can have effects on other cell types.25 Moreover, the role of the meningeal MCs in modulating post-stroke inflammation and pathology is unknown. Finally, little is understood about which among the many MC-derived mediators may be important in stroke pathology.17,26To address these questions, we used genetic and cell transfer approaches to study the role of MCs in the pathology of ischemic stroke in mice. Specifically, we tested a c-kit–mutant mouse model (ie, WBB6F1-KitW/W-v mice) which is profoundly MC deficient and can be repaired of this deficiency by engraftment of in vitro-derived MCs from wild-type (WT) mice. This MC knock-in approach enables the MC-dependent effects in the mutant mice to be separated from effects due to other abnormalities associated with their mutation,11,17,26,27 because only the MC deficiency is repaired by MC engraftment. Furthermore, one can investigate the mechanisms by which MCs influence stroke pathology by engrafting MCs from transgenic mice that lack specific MC-associated products. We also tested our newly described Cpa3-Cre; Mcl-1fl/fl mice, in which MC (and basophil) numbers are reduced constitutively via Cre-mediated depletion of the anti-apoptotic factor, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1), in the affected lineages.28
Cpa3-Cre; Mcl-1fl/fl mice lack the other abnormalities associated with the c-kit mutations in WBB6F1-KitW/W-v mice.28With the use of these in vivo models, we identified meningeal MCs as important contributors to key features of stroke pathology, including increased numbers of brain granulocytes and activated macrophages, brain swelling, and infarct size. We also obtained evidence that two potentially proinflammatory MC-derived products, IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7), can contribute to pathology in this setting. 相似文献
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Vedat Tiyerili Ulrich M. Becher Bakary Camara Cihan Yildirimtürk Adem Aksoy Moritz Kebschull Nikos Werner Georg Nickenig Cornelius Müller 《Archives of Medical Science》2015,11(4):877-885