Mechanical thrombolysis of acute ischemic stroke

Chemical thrombolysis has been the mainstay of acute stroke treatment; however, these methods come with the risk of potentially lethal intracerebral hemorrhage. This article discusses the different methods of mechanical thrombolysis and other techniques used in the treatment of acute stroke, including angioplasty and stent placement. Some of the very latest technologies under development are reviewed. These techniques allow for a multimodal endovascular approach that includes chemical and mechanical thrombolysis to provide the optimum treatment for acute ischemic stroke.     

Mechanical thrombolysis of acute ischemic stroke

Chemical thrombolysis has been the mainstay of acute stroke treatment; however, these methods come with the risk of potentially lethal intracerebral hemorrhage. This article discusses the different methods of mechanical thrombolysis and other techniques used in the treatment of acute stroke, including angioplasty and stent placement. Some of the very latest technologies under development are reviewed. These techniques allow for a multimodal endovascular approach that includes chemical and mechanical thrombolysis to provide the optimum treatment for acute ischemic stroke.     

动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中动脉内接触性溶栓治疗的安全性和有效性。方法对178例急性缺血性脑卒中病人在起病后2～24h进行尿激酶超选择性动脉内接触性溶栓,尿激酶用量50～130万U(平均85万U)。结果颈内动脉系统血管闭塞117例,椎-基底动脉系统闭塞30例,脑血管造影未见明显异常31例。闭塞的颈内动脉再通14例,大脑中动脉再通29例,大脑中动脉分支再通30例,椎-基底动脉系统再通20例。11例因血管狭窄明显,溶栓后给予球囊扩张、支架置入术。临床症状完全恢复正常或明显好转108例,并发脑出血6例,消化道出血15例。结论超选动脉内接触性溶栓可使血栓局部迅速达到较高的血药浓度,疗效好,见效快,用药总量小,并发症少。     

血压水平对急性缺血性卒中预后的影响

目的　探讨血压水平对急性缺血性卒中 (Acute ischemic stroke,AIS)神经功能缺损恢复的影响。方法　将 2 0 6例 AIS患者随机分为 A、B、C3组 ,并均在发病后 72 h内给予治疗。A组和 C组分别予生脉注射液和复方丹参注射液静滴 ,B组在 A组治疗的基础上加服洛汀新降血压治疗。观察各组患者的血压变化、中国卒中量表(CSS)评分和神经功能缺损症状加重的病例数。结果　治疗后 A组的平均血压明显高于 C组 (P<0 .0 0 1)。 3组患者治疗后的 CSS评分均较治疗前有明显改善 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,但 3组间比较在统计学上无显著性差异 (F=2 .6 34,P>0 .0 5 )。B组患者神经功能缺损加重例数明显多于 A组 ,两组间差异显著 (χ2 =4 .972 8,P<0 .0 5 )。A、B、C3组总体不良反应分别为 33.3%、30 .3%和 33.8% ,3组之间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　在 AIS急性期降压治疗可增加神经功能缺损症状恶化的风险。生脉注射液可减缓急性期后的血压下降 ,且与复方丹参注射液一样安全、有效。关于急性期提高血压与临床疗效之间的关系尚有待于进一步研究。     

Intravenous rtPA thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke

Early intravenous thrombolysis within the first three hours has been considered in the United States as the first proven treatment in acute ischemic stroke. However, not all patients will respond to this therapy which is also associated with a risk of symptomatic, including fatal, intracranial hemorrhage. This overview addresses the issue of efficacy and safety of intravenous alteplase (tPA) in acute cerebral ischemia. The rationale for thrombolytic therapy and its limits are described. The controlled studies show that intravenous tPA is effective and safe when given under restrictive conditions within 3 hours after stroke onset, but the data for a larger therapeutic window between 3 and 6 hours remain controversial. The expected functional improvement and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage greatly depend on selective clinical and imaging criteria. For this purpose, MRI, using the diffusion- and perfusion-weighted sequences combined with MR- angiography, should be preferred to CT scan in the next future. Applicability of tPA thrombolysis in current neurological practice in Belgium is discussed. Before its generalization, this therapy should be restricted to specialized stroke centers and all treated patients should be recorded in a central data bank to guarantee continued surveillance.     

rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的血压变化及对预后的影响

目的探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)后的血压变化及对预后的影响。方法选取98例行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的AIS患者作为研究对象,根据溶栓后收缩压(SBP)下降与否分为观察组(58例,SBP下降)和对照组(40例,SBP未下降),对比两组静脉溶栓后2h及24h的血压值变化,分析溶栓后血压值变化与患者预后的相关性。结果观察组患者溶栓前及溶栓后24h的NIHSS评分均明显低于对照组,(P0.05)。观察组溶栓2h和溶栓24h后的SBP水平均显著低于对照组,(P0.05)。溶栓后2h SBP、溶栓后24h SBP、溶栓前NIHSS评分与患者预后呈负相关关系。对照组的颅内出血率、症状性颅内出血率和死亡率均显著高于观察组,(P0.05)。结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗AIS具有确切疗效,溶栓后2h及24h的收缩压水平与患者预后密切相关,收缩压偏低者预后效果更好。     

Influence of acute blood pressure on short- and mid-term outcome of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

The optimal management of blood pressure (BP) during acute stroke is controversial. We aimed to investigate whether (1) acute BP has differential impact on clinical outcome of ischemic stroke (IS) and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and (2) the magnitude of such an effect varies from the very acute phase to the postacute phase of the two diseases. BP values were automatically recorded at 15-min intervals within the first 48 h in consecutive patients with stroke onset less than 24 h before Stroke Unit admission. Growth mixture models were applied to evaluate the association between binary outcome measures [(1) early neurological deterioration (defined as a ≥4-point increase in 48-h National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score), (2) 90-day unfavorable functional status (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 3–6), and (3) 90-day mortality] and the latent heterogeneity of maximum BP trajectories over time, expressed by two (high/low) BP latent classes within stroke groups. After exclusions, 264 patients (198 IS, 66 ICH) were included. High systolic BP (sBP) class was associated with (1) a direct ~15% increased risk of early neurological deterioration [risk difference (RD), +0.151; 95% confidence interval (CI) +0.039 to +0.263] and ~4% worse 48-h outcome for ICH with respect to IS (RD, +0.038; 95% CI +0.005 to +0.071), (2) a ~28% increased risk of 90-day unfavorable outcome in the group of patients with ICH with respect to IS [IRD = RD(ICH) – RD(IS), +0.289; 95% CI +0.010 to +0.571], and (3) no significant effect on 90-day mortality. The influence of acute BP values on mid-term stroke outcome varies depending on the stroke subtype.     

急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓后24 h血压变化与神经功能恶化的相关性

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后24 h血压与早期神经功能恶化的相关性.方法 采用连续入组方便取样的方法纳入2018年11月1日至2019年9月30日在首都医科大学宣武医院住院的353例急性缺血性脑卒中患者.采用Logistic回归分析控制混杂因素后对入院、溶栓完成即刻、24 h、日间、夜间血压与早期神经功能恶...