TST 联合外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔的临床观察

目的：观察选择性痔上黏膜切除吻合术（TST）联合外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2017 年 1 月—2017 年 12 月我们采用选择性痔上黏膜切除吻合术（TST）加外剥内扎术治疗治疗环状混合痔的 90 例的术中情况、疗效及并发症情况。结果：90 例手术均成功，住院时间 5~9 d，创面愈合时间 7~15 d。术后随访 6 个至 12 月，均无再次脱出，无便血，无肛门狭窄。结论：选择性痔上黏膜切除吻合术加外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔疗效显著，患者满意度高， 值得推广应用。     

痔动脉结扎加外剥内扎保留齿状线术治疗环状混合痔的临床观察

为探讨痔动脉结扎加外剥内扎保留齿状线术治疗环状混合痔的临床效果,将126例环状混合痔分为两组,治疗组64例采用痔动脉结扎加外剥内扎保留齿状线术,对照组62例采用传统外剥内扎术。术后观察两组创面愈合时间及并发症等情况,术后均随访1年。结果显示,治疗组在减轻术后疼痛,缩短疗程以及预防舡门狭窄,保护肛门功能,减少复发等方面均优于对照组。结果表明,痔动脉结扎加外剥内扎保留齿状线术不损伤齿状线,保留了肛垫,降低了术后并发症的发生率,是治疗环状混合痔合理有效的术式。     

外剥内扎痔核悬吊保留齿线术治疗环状混合痔临床观察

目的总结外剥内扎痔核悬吊保留齿线术治疗环状混合痔临床观察,为提高手术治疗环状混合痔的疗效,减少术后并发症。方法将120例环状混合痔患者随机分为2组,各60例。治疗组采用外剥内扎痔核悬吊保留齿线术,对照组采用传统外剥内扎术。结果 2组患者治愈率差异无统计学意义,P>0.05;但治疗组在术后疼痛、坠胀、水肿、肛周皮赘、肛门溢液及愈合时间等方面均明显优于对照组,P<0.05。结论外剥内扎痔核悬吊保留齿线术治疗环状混合痔创伤小,并发症少。疗效肯定。     

TST与外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔的疗效比较

为比较选择性痔上黏膜切除术（TST）与外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔的临床疗效,回顾2013年3～8月于我院行TST或外剥内扎术治疗的162例环状混合痔患者资料,将84例行TST者设为观察组,78例行外剥内扎术者设为对照组,对比两组患者术中、术后的一般情况及并发症的情况。结果显示,两组治愈率均为100％,差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05;但观察组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、恢复工作时间及术后肛门疼痛、尿潴留、肛门坠胀感、便中带血、创口渗血发生率方面均明显优于对照组,P〈0．05。结果表明,TST与外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔总体疗效相当,但TST术后并发症少,患者恢复快,优于外剥内扎术者。     

外剥内扎弧形切除缝合术治疗环状混合痔60例临床观察

为解决环状混合痔术后肛门狭窄、残留痔、皮桥水肿等并发症,采用环状混合痔外剥内扎术、保留皮桥处痔核弧形切除缝合术加肛门内括约肌侧切松解术治疗环状混合痔60例,结果显示,脱出、疼痛、出血等症状消失,治愈率100％。结果表明,外剥内扎弧形切除缝合术治疗环状混合痔疗效肯定,避免了术后肛门狭窄、皮桥创缘水肿及残留痔等并发症和后遗症。     

环状混合痔的手术治疗进展

环状混合痔较常用的手术方法主要有痔环切术、各种外剥内扎术及其改良术式、保留齿状线或肛垫的术式、多种方法综合应用的术式以及新近在国内外相继开展的吻合器痔上黏膜环切术（PPH）。     

保留肛垫缝悬内注射治疗环状混合痔的临床观察

目的探讨保留肛垫缝悬内注射治疗环状混合痔的临床效果。方法观察组采用外痔分段切除、痔动脉根部缝扎及悬吊、内痔注射的手术方法,对照组分别采用痔上黏膜环切术(PPH术)和传统的外剥内扎术(MM术)。结果观察组术后疼痛、出血、大便失禁发生率低于外剥内扎术(P<0.01),创面愈合时间较外剥内扎术缩短(P<0.01)。观察组术后肛门坠胀、迟发性出血发生率低于PPH术。结论该方法具有更好的保护肛垫及功能,减少并发症,缩短创面愈合时间等优点。     

痔上黏膜悬吊注扎外剥术治疗混合痔合并直肠黏膜内脱垂

目的:探讨痔上黏膜悬吊注扎外剥术治疗混合痔合并直肠黏膜内脱垂的可行性。方法:将40例混合痔合并直肠黏膜内脱垂分为治疗组，对照组各20例，治疗组采用保留肛垫痔上黏膜悬吊注扎内注外剥术，对照组采用传统内扎外剥术。结果:治疗组在术后疼痛、愈合时间、术后出血、肛门水肿等方面均优于对照组（P＜0.05)，术后随访1~2年均无肛门狭窄及大便失禁等后遗症。结论:痔上黏膜悬吊注扎外剥术能使肛垫及直肠黏膜上移，可减少术后并发症的发生，缩短创口愈合时间，达到治疗目的。     

内扎外切弧形缝合加肛门切扩术治疗环状混合痔的临床应用研究

为观察内扎外切弧形缝合加肛门切扩术治疗环状混合痔的临床疗效,将200例环状混合痔患者随机分为两组。治疗组100例采用内扎外切弧形缝合加肛门切扩术;对照组100例采用传统外剥内扎术并进行对比观察。结果显示,治疗组与对照组治愈率分别为94％和80％（P〈0．01）,两组间的术后住院时间、创面愈合时间、肛缘水肿、肛门狭窄及术后复发率存在显著性差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结果表明,治疗环状混合痔时,内扎外切弧形缝合加肛门切扩术具有治愈率高、复发率低等优点,呵减少环状混合痔术后肛门狭窄、肛缘水肿等并发症的发生。     

外剥内扎侧切缝合术治疗环状混合痔36例疗效观察

为探讨外剥内扎侧切缝合术和单纯外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔的临床疗效,将72例Ⅲ、Ⅳ期环状混合痔患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各36例,分别采用外剥内扎侧切缝合术和单纯外剥内扎术予以治疗,并对两组疗效进行比较。结果显示,通过对术后出血情况、疼痛指数、创口水肿、尿潴留、愈合时间、患者满意度等进行观察比较,治疗组优于对照组。结果表明,外剥内扎侧切缝合术保留单纯外剥内扎术的优势,克服其不足之处,较单纯外剥内扎术治疗环状混合痔具有明显优势。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.