开窗对口引流术治疗马蹄形肛瘘90例疗效观察

目的探讨手术治疗马蹄形肛瘘的临床效果。方法采用主管道切开留桥挂线对口引流术治疗马蹄形肛瘘90例,观察临床疗效。结果一次手术治愈90例（98.9%）,二次手术治愈1例（1.1%）,随访1～5年,未见肛门失禁、肛门畸形,无复发。结论本术式治疗马蹄形肛瘘,安全有效,能保护肛门括约肌及局部正常组织,减少术后合并症及后遗症的发生。     

一次性切开挂线放射状多切口引流治疗高位马蹄形肛门直肠周围脓肿128例

目的 探讨一次性切开挂线放射状多切口引流治疗高位马蹄形肛门直肠周围脓肿的临床疗效.方法 对128例高位马蹄形肛门直肠周围脓肿采用一次性切开挂线放射状多切口引流治疗的临床资料作回顾性分析.结果 临床一次性治愈122例,治愈率95.3%,6例复发.疗程20～40 d,平均25.4 d.122例经1年门诊复查或电话随访无后遗肛瘘,无肛门失禁、畸形,肛门功能正常.结论 一次性切开挂线放射状多切口引流治疗高位马蹄形肛门直肠周围脓肿,对肛周肌肉、血管、神经的损伤小,术后瘢痕形成小,有效防止了肛门变形、肛门失禁,缩短了疗程,减轻患者需多次手术的痛苦,保护了肛门正常功能.     

主管切开挂线支管对口引流术治疗高位复杂性肛瘘37例临床分析

目的观察高位复杂性肛瘘患者实施主管切开挂线支管对口引流术的治疗效果。方法对37例高位复杂性肛瘘患者实施主管切开挂线支管对口引流术治疗。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组37例患者1次手术治愈25例,2次手术治愈12例。住院时间(20.03±1.02)d。术后患者均随访2 a,未发生肛门失禁及肛门狭窄等后遗症及复发病例。结论主管切开挂线支管对口引流术治疗高位复杂性肛瘘,可缩短愈合时间,改善患者临床症状,提高治愈率,减少术后复发。     

主管道低切高挂、支管道开窗留桥对口引流术治疗马蹄形肛瘘52例临床观察

目的观察主管道低位切开高位挂线、支管道开窗留桥对口引流治疗马蹄形肛瘘的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我科2006~2008年采用该法治疗马蹄形肛瘘52例临床案例。结果一次性手术治愈49例,二次治愈3例,治愈率100％。结论主管道低位切开高位挂线、支管道开窗留桥对口引流治疗马蹄形肛瘘疗效较好,值得临床推广应用。     

切开挂线对口引流对高位后马蹄形肛瘘肛门功能保护作用临床研究

目的探讨切开挂线对口引流术对高位后马蹄形肛瘘治疗效果及对肛门功能保护作用。方法对2010年4月至2012年12月60例高位后马蹄形肛瘘患者随机分成切开挂线对口引流术组（治疗组,30例）,切开挂线引流组（对照组,30例）,对两治疗组治愈时间、治愈率、术后疼痛、术后尿潴留、术后肛门功能进行对照分析。结果两组在治愈率、尿潴留方面无明显差异,在治愈时间、疼痛和肛门功能方面优于对照组。结论切开挂线对口引流术可以很好保护高位后马蹄形肛瘘肛门功能。     

改良切开挂线术治疗马蹄型肛瘘的临床观察

目的:探讨改良切开挂线术治疗马蹄形肛瘘的临床应用价值.方法:采用改良切开挂线术治疗马蹄形肛瘘患者50例.对照组为同期切开挂线术治疗患者42例.观察两组手术时间、术后创面出血情况、术后疼痛、创面愈合时间、肛门瘢痕大小、肛门畸形、肛门功能状况以及术后复发情况.结果:治疗组与对照组比较,手术时间、术中及术后渗血时间、术后疼痛持续时间、创面愈合时间皆缩短;肛门瘢痕小;肛门畸形发生率低;肛门部分失禁发生率低;术后复发率两者差异无统计学意义.结论:改良切开挂线术治疗马蹄形肛瘘较切开挂线术效果好,值得临床推广应用.     

切开挂线引流术治疗婴幼儿肛瘘34例

目的探讨切开挂线引流术治疗婴幼儿肛瘘的临床疗效。方法对我院2006年7月至2009年7月收治的34例幼儿肛瘘患者采用切开挂线引流术治疗的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果34例全部治愈,随访半年无复发。结论切开挂线引流术是治疗幼儿肛瘘的好方法。     

复杂性肛瘘64例手术治疗体会

为总结复杂性肛瘘的手术治疗体会,回顾分析接受手术治疗的64例复杂性肛瘘患者资料。对其中低位复杂性肛瘘采用单纯切开法治疗,外口距肛门较近的高位复杂性肛瘘采用切开挂线法治疗。外口距肛门较远的高位复杂性肛瘘采用开窗加切开挂线法治疗,蹄铁型肛瘘采用皮桥旷置法或切开缝合法治疗,术后给予全面护理。结果显示,1次手术治愈63例（98．4％）,2次手术治愈1例。术后随访半年,均无复发．无肛门失禁和肛门畸形等后遗症发生。结果表明,复杂性肛瘘以手术治疗为主,术式选择应根据患者具体病情而定,术后全面护理是于术成功的保障。     

一期切开高位挂线治疗后马蹄形脓肿

采用后位一期切开高位挂线两侧坐骨直肠间隙开窗对口引流治疗后马蹄形脓肿30例，全部一次治愈，疗程20－32d，平均23．6d。术后随访1－4年无遗留肛瘘、肛门狭窄、肛门失禁及肛门畸形。     

婴幼儿肛瘘治疗59例分析

目的 观察手术治疗婴幼儿肛瘘治疗效果.方法 59例患儿基础加局麻或局麻行肛瘘单纯切开术或切开挂线术,术后给予换药及对症治疗.结果 59例患者52例一次治愈,7例患者行二次手术治疗后治愈.结论 婴幼儿肛瘘早期手术治疗效果好,术后创面易恢复,不易出现肛门失禁等并发症.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.