直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌

目的 评价直肠拖出采用双吻合器技术实施保肛超低位直肠癌切除手术的疗效。方法1997年12月王2005年1月对38例超低位直肠癌，采用直肠拖出、双吻合器技术行保肛的手术切除。结果38例病人均成功地保留了有大便控制功能的肛门，术后发生吻合口瘘1例，随访中有2例局部复发。结论直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的。     

直肠拖出单吻合器技术行超低位直肠癌保肛术

目的:探讨超低位直肠癌经直肠拖出采用单吻合器技术行保肛手术的可行性。方法:对近8年来收治的31例超低位直肠癌（肿瘤下缘距肛缘≤5 cm）患者，采用全直肠系膜切除、直肠拖出、双荷包、单吻合器技术行结肠肛管吻合术。结果:31例患者均顺利完成直肠癌保肛根治切除手术，且均未行预防性回肠或结肠造口。术后发生吻合口瘘5例（16.1%），吻合口狭窄2例（6.5%），局部复发2例（6.5%），无大便失禁及围手术期死亡。5年的生存率为78.6％ (11/14)。结论:对于超低位直肠癌保肛手术，采用直肠拖出单吻合器技术一期手术，安全可行，且费用相对较低。     

肛管拖出式双吻合器在超低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用(附23例报告)

目的 探讨肛管拖出式双吻合器在超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性总结我院23例超低位直肠癌保肛手术的经验。结果 本组病例利用肛管拖出和双吻合器技术行超低位保肛术均获成功，术后发生吻合口漏1例（4．3％），切口感染2例（8．7％），术后局部复发2例（8．7％），无手术死亡。结论 肛管拖出式双吻合器技术行超低位保肛术是安全可靠的，它可以大大提高超低位直肠癌保肛手术的成功率。     

直肠拖出双吻合器超低位直肠癌保肛术：附46例报告

目的：评价以直肠拖出和双吻合器技术实施超低位直肠癌保肛手术的疗效。方法：1997年12月—2005年12月利用直肠拖出和双吻合器保肛技术，对46例超低位直肠癌患者行癌肿切除术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘4～7 cm，平均5.5 cm。Dukes分期：A期26例，B期16例，C期4例。结果：46例均成功地保留了肛门和大便控制功能。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2.2％），吻合口狭窄4例（8.7％）。全组平均随访54个月，其中有2例（4.3％）局部复发。5年生存率为81.3％;无发生排尿功能障碍者;82.4%的男性患者和83.3％女性患者术后性功能良好。结论：直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的，为超低位直肠癌患者提供了新的保肛术式选择。     

直肠拖出双吻合器保肛治疗超低位直肠癌临床观察（附17例报告）

目的探讨超低位直肠癌使用双吻合器技术（DST）在保肛手术中的价值。方法对17例距肛缘4～6cm的超低位直肠癌,根据直肠指检、结肠镜、盆腔CT等判断直肠癌浸润情况,在不影响根治的前提下,采用直肠拖出、双吻合器技术行保肛手术切除,观察疗效。结果17例均成功保留了有大便控制的肛门,术后发生吻合口狭窄1例,随访中1例局部复发。结论严格掌握适应证,直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的。     

男性低位直肠癌患者腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除联合直肠经肛门拖出式吻合术的治疗体会

目的探讨男性低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除联合直肠经肛门拖出式吻合术的治疗效果。方法回顾性总结23例男性低位直肠癌患者保肛手术成功的经验。结果本组病例行腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术,充分游离直肠下端并离断肿瘤近端后,将远端直肠和肿瘤一并经肛门拖出,闭合器切闭肿瘤远端,管状吻合器行直肠与降结肠端端吻合。23例患者均成功保留肛门,无手术死亡。术中及术后病理检查残端无肿瘤残留,术后均未发生吻合口漏。结论针对骨盆相对狭窄的男性患者,利用腹腔镜行全直肠系膜切除联合直肠经肛门拖出式吻合术,对于低位直肠癌保留肛门是安全可靠的,它可以简化手术难度,提高低位直肠癌保肛手术的成功率。     

双吻合器技术在中低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用54例分析

目的 探讨双吻合器技术在中低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用体会.方法 回顾性分析2011年5月至2011年10月使用双吻合器(弧形切割吻合器+圆形吻合器)行中低位直肠癌保肛术54例患者临床资料.结果 54例患者均于术中切割、吻合一次成功,本组均行根治性切除,无围手术期死亡.术后并发症发生率7.4%(4/54),包括:术后吻合口漏2例(3.7%),均为直肠阴道瘘;吻合口出血1例(1.9%),吻合口狭窄1例(1.9%).结论 双吻合器技术的应用能有效提高中低位直肠癌的保肛率,术中使用弧形切割吻合器使操作更简便.     

直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌临床报道

目的:探讨直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术在超低位直肠癌治疗中的临床效果。方法:对35例超低位直肠癌患者实施拖出式双吻合器保肛手术治疗,观察手术情况、术后吻合口瘘、排便、排尿及性功能等。结果:所有患者均顺利完成手术,无术中死亡,无1例改行腹会阴切除术(APR)。术后肠管断端切缘无肿瘤残留,术后吻合口瘘1例,术后1年出现吻合口狭窄1例;所有患者术后1个月均能自行控制排便,术后3个月排便基本恢复正常;术后1个月排尿功能恢复正常。18例(78.3%)男性患者勃起功能正常;10例(83.3%)女性患者性兴奋能力恢复正常。随访9个月至3年随访,至今均良好存活,随访中1例术后10个月肿瘤复发,再次手术切除后至今存活。结论:拖出式双吻合器保肛手术在超低位直肠癌中疗效确切,能够在保证根治的基础上最大限度保留肛门功能,且对排尿、性功能等方面影响较小,值得广泛应用。     

弧形切割吻合器在直肠癌前切除术中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨弧形切割吻合器在直肠癌前切除术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年11月至2006年8月间收治的57例直肠癌应用弧形切割吻合器进行前切除的临床资料.其中行双重器械吻合前切除术51例;Hartmann术6例.结果 双重器械吻合前切除51例中超低位吻合41例(80.4%),术后均无局部复发;吻合口瘘1例(2.0%),吻合口出血3例(5.9%),直肠阴道瘘2例(22例女性患者,发生率9.1%).行Hartmann术6例,直肠切割吻合处平均距肛缘2.8 cm.结论 弧形切割吻合器应用于低位直肠癌的保肛手术中具有吻合口瘘发生率低的优点.     

消化道吻合器在中、低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的 探讨消化道吻合器在中、低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用。方法 回顾分析120例直肠癌患者应用吻合器行保肛手术的临床资料。结果 本组保肛手术成功率为98．3％（118／120），吻合口漏发生率为3．3％（4／120），吻合口狭窄发生率为4．2％（5／120）。结论 在中、低位直肠癌行直肠前切除低位或超低位吻合术中使用吻合器，具有吻合成功率高，并发症少，操作安全简便的优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.