与鼻内窥镜手术有关的眶尖区解剖及临床应用

目的为鼻内窥镜手术路径提供应用解剖学数据和资料,以利于临床手术的成功开展和减少并发症的发生.方法采用30例随机选取的国人成人无病损的10%福尔马林固定的成人尸头(男21例,女9例),依经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术的相同体位和路径,逐层解剖并测量各解剖标志的深度、仰角、外偏角和旁开距等,观察其正常解剖和变异情况.同时,采用"FV"线为轴位扫描基线进行扫描并对图像径"Sharp"加工处理.结果①视神经管眶口和颅口内上壁距前鼻棘的距离分别为62.01±5.51mm和68.23±5.82mm;②眶口内上壁和颅口内上壁与鼻底平面的仰角(前鼻棘为基点)分别为38.77±5.71°和34.08±4.94°,随着深度增加,仰角逐渐减少;③眶口外上壁和颅口外上壁与自前鼻棘的颅正中线的外偏角分别为13.25°±1.15°和8.87±0.94°,随着深度增加,角度越来越小,并向中线靠近;④眶口与颅口离颅正中矢状面的旁开距分别为(1/2)32.01±2.20mm和(1/2)22.94±2.00mm;⑤眶口和颅口外上缘与自喙突的正中矢状线的外偏角分别为26.39±1.87°和26.63±2.84°.结论①眶尖部和视神经管的CT扫描,应以"FV线为轴位基线,进行2mm连续断层扫描.②经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术,应以经筛窦、蝶窦、眶尖和视神经管入路为最便捷和安全的入路,以视神经管内侧壁中段为视神经管开放的最佳入口.     

与鼻内窥镜手术有关的眶尖区解剖及临床应用

目的:为鼻内窥镜手术路径提供应用解剖学数据和资料,以利于临床手术的成功开展和减少并发症的发生.方法:采用30例随机选取的国人成人无病损的10%福尔马林固定的成人尸头(男21例,女9例),依经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术的相同体位和路径,逐层解剖并测量各解剖标志的深度、仰角、外偏角和旁开距等,观察其正常解剖和变异情况.同时,采用“FV“线为轴位扫描基线进行扫描并对图像径“Sharp“加工处理.结果:①视神经管眶口和颅口内上壁距前鼻棘的距离分别为62.01±5.51mm和68.23±5.82mm;②眶口内上壁和颅口内上壁与鼻底平面的仰角(前鼻棘为基点)分别为38.77±5.71°和34.08±4.94°,随着深度增加,仰角逐渐减少;③眶口外上壁和颅口外上壁与自前鼻棘的颅正中线的外偏角分别为13.25°±1.15°和8.87±0.94°,随着深度增加,角度越来越小,并向中线靠近;④眶口与颅口离颅正中矢状面的旁开距分别为(1/2)32.01±2.20mm和(1/2)22.94±2.00mm;⑤眶口和颅口外上缘与自喙突的正中矢状线的外偏角分别为26.39±1.87°和26.63±2.84°.结论:①眶尖部和视神经管的CT扫描,应以“FV线为轴位基线,进行2mm连续断层扫描.②经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术,应以经筛窦、蝶窦、眶尖和视神经管入路为最便捷和安全的入路,以视神经管内侧壁中段为视神经管开放的最佳入口.     

经口咽至斜坡区手术入路的应用解剖学

目的 :为经口咽至斜坡区的手术入路提供解剖基础。方法 :整颅 60个 ,颅的水平切面 2 0个 ,正中矢状切面 2 0个 ;头颈部尸体标本 2 5个 ,其中 10个行正中矢状切面。测量切牙孔、前、后鼻棘至咽结节的距离 ;咽结节、正中线与卵圆孔、颈静脉、颈动脉管外口和舌下神经管外口内缘以及与枕骨大孔前端的间距 ;测量斜坡高及其上、中、下段的厚度。斜坡区硬膜的厚度以及观测蝶窦与斜坡的位置关系等。结果 :正中线距卵圆孔内侧缘、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口、舌下神经管外口内侧缘分别为 2 3 .3 3± 2 .0 4mm ,10 .5 4±2 .65mm ,2 5 .2 4± 2 .85mm和 17.18± 1.86mm。斜坡的高和上、中、下段的厚度分别为 3 4.63± 4.3 6mm和 17.78± 3 .72mm ,10 .46± 2 .40mm ,7.3 6± 1.91mm。结论 :切牙孔或前鼻棘至咽结节的深度为 70 .99mm和 78.2 7mm ,切开咽后壁至颅底外面 ,以咽结节为圆心 ,以 2 0mm为半径作圆行斜坡区开骨窗 ,可有效防止伤及舌下神经、颈内动脉等     

内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体瘤鞍区应用解剖

目的 :为临床开展神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤提供解剖基础。方法 :对 2 5例成人头部固定标本进行蝶鞍区的解剖测量 ,并对 9具新鲜尸头进行内窥镜下经鼻蝶至蝶鞍的解剖观察。结果 :鞍膈高度(5 .5± 0 .6)mm ,鞍膈孔前后径 (6.2± 1.3 )mm ,鞍膈孔左右径 (6.5± 1.5 )mm ,鞍膈孔前缘到鞍结节 (3 .4± 1.3 )mm ,鞍膈孔前缘到垂体柄 (2 .5± 1.1)mm ;视神经出视神经颅口宽 (5 .0± 0 .4)mm ,两侧内缘间距 (13 .7±2 .3 )mm ,视交叉前缘距视神经间沟中点 (6.8± 1.3 )mm ,视交叉宽 (11.5± 1.4)mm。结论 :神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤应熟悉蝶鞍底及窦内的解剖标志 ,并充分利用鞍膈等解剖结构有序地做肿瘤切除。     

小儿与成人视神经管显微外科解剖学比较

目的 :研究小儿视神经管解剖特点 ,为小儿颅底外科提供解剖学资料。方法 :35例无颅眶疾病、经福尔马林固定的尸头 ,成人组 2 0例 ,小儿组 1 5例。在手术显微镜下测量视神经管的颅口、眶口、顶、底、内、外侧壁等参数。结果 :小儿颅口宽 4 35± 0 .5 8mm ,管顶长 6 95± 1 .2 4mm ,管底长 4 6 3± 0 .2 6mm ,内侧壁长 6 5 2± 1 .0 8mm ,外侧壁长 6 4 5± 0 .97mm。眶口宽 4 6 1± 0 .6 7mm ,高 4 93± 0 .2 9mm。小儿视神经管为实质型 ;成人视神经管依蝶窦、筛窦气化程度分为三型 :倒U型 ;C型 ;D型。结论 :小儿视神经颅内段较管腔内段相对较长 ;管壁厚 ,呈实质型 ,无狭部存在 ;至成人管顶伸长是管底的 3倍 ;颅口硬膜返折部短且边缘圆钝。     

内窥镜下经口咽至中下斜坡入路的应用解剖研究

目的研究内窥镜下经口咽入路至中、下斜坡局部解剖学并测量相关解剖数据,为临床手术提供形态学依据。方法交替使用手术显微镜和0°、30°硬质内窥镜研究10例成人尸头,测量与入路相关的60具成人颅骨标本数据。结果斜坡常规开窗20 mm×30 mm,对应脑干侧前方的解剖结构为:口咽→咽后壁软组织→骨性标志(枕骨大孔前缘→下斜坡→咽结节→中斜坡)→硬脑膜→非骨性标志(VI~X II颅神经、椎基底动脉及其分支,以及其之间解剖毗邻关系);切牙孔、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节及后四项至中线的距离分别为:71.0±4.1、78.3±4.3、33.7±4.3、27.2±2.1、13.2±2.0、25.7±2.3、19.7±1.3、23.3±2.1、10.5±2.0、25.2±3.7、17.2±2.7 mm。结论应用内窥镜经口咽入路可完成中下斜坡脑干腹侧部位病变的手术治疗,以处理椎基底动脉瘤及体积较小且血供一般的病变为佳。     

视神经管显微解剖学研究

目的　为视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据。方法　利用解剖学方法对 10 0个颅骨和 6 7个尸头视神经管口及四壁的结构与毗邻进行了观察和测量。结果　视神经管由蝶骨小翼两根与喋骨体构成 ,管自后内向前外斜行 ,分内、外、上、下四壁和颅、眶两口。其上壁、下壁、内侧壁、外侧壁的长度分别为 10 70±0 2 3mm ,6 2 5± 0 18mm ,9 6 7± 0 18mm ,7 91± 0 17mm。内侧壁向筛窦、蝶窦内突入形成视神经管隆凸。视神经在颅口处有硬脑膜压迹 ,视神经腹侧有眼动脉形成的压迹。结论　视神经管隆凸可作为确定视神经管位置的解剖标志。视神经管下壁和内侧壁与视神经、眼动脉、颈内动脉等结构毗邻 ,切除管壁时应注意保护邻近结构。     

颅底外面枕骨基底部及周边骨性结构的测量和临床意义

目的为斜坡区肿瘤手术提供解剖资料。方法20例整颅,10例行水平切面,10例行正中矢状切面。测量切牙孔、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、枕骨大孔前端、枕髁前端、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节的距离;测量卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至正中线的距离;测量枕骨基底部颅底外面的长径、枕骨大孔纵径(FML)、枕骨大孔前正中点与枕髁后缘连线垂直距离(AOCP)、枕髁轴径(OCA)、枕髁间距。结果切牙孔后缘、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、枕骨大孔前端、枕髁前端、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节的距离分别为(mm):72.12±4.25、77.77±3.89、33.73±2.07、13.14±1.91、15.71±1.74、27.51±2.12、15.98±1.98、25.93±2.23、19.15±1.49。卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至中线的距离分别为:25.55±1.63、11.72±1.70、25.75±1.98、17.41±1.41。枕骨基底部颅底外面长径、FML、AOCP、OCA、枕髁间距分别为(mm):28.80±2.67、35.84±2.59、17.10±1.13、24.55±2.35、21.07±1.92。结论经口咽至斜坡区的手术入路中,开骨窗时安全范围是以咽结节为中心,以15mm为半径做斜坡磨除;也可以做矩形骨窗,即以咽结节为中心开一长(高)25mm×宽20mm的骨窗。     

鼻内窦镜筛窦切除术的应用解剖

目的：鼻内窦镜筛窦切除术时常出现眶内及颅内严重并发症。本研究为此类手术提供解剖数据，依此避免术并发症的出现。方法：在６０个完整成人尸体头部标丁 对鼻内窦镜下行筛窦切除术的应用解剖进行了研究，通过颅正中矢状面，水平切面，设计了１条测线、９个测角和５项观察。结果（１）前鼻棘至手术有关重要解剖结构的距离及角度约分别为：钩突中部３５ｍｍ、４９°，筛泡中部３７ｍｍ、５２°，中鼻甲基板４３ｍｍ，５８°，筛板前     

内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体瘤手术中蝶鞍的解剖定位

目的 :为临床开展神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤提供解剖基础。方法 :对 2 5例成人头部固定标本进行鼻道及蝶窦底的解剖测量 ,并对 9具新鲜尸头进行内窥镜下经鼻蝶至蝶鞍的解剖观察。结果 :鼻柱根部到蝶窦口 (65 .3± 3 .1)mm ,鼻根到蝶窦口 (4 5 .4± 2 .4)mm ,蝶窦口到蝶筛隐窝顶 (7.1± 3 .4)mm ,鞍底到鼻柱根部与中鼻甲下缘连线的垂直距离 (12 .1± 2 .0 )mm ,蝶窦口长径 (3 .3± 1.5 )mm ,蝶窦口宽 (1.3± 0 .5 )mm ,蝶窦口上端距中线 (3 .0± 1.0 )mm ,蝶窦口下端距中线 (3 .9± 1.2 )mm。结论 :借助观察到的蝶窦口等解剖标记 ,内窥镜能够较好的定位蝶鞍。     

Computer-based sessions in radiological anatomy: one year’s experience in clinical anatomy

In the last curricular review (1995/96) radiological anatomy was introduced as an innovation in the program of the course of clinical anatomy of the Medical School. Since computer-based media are known to facilitate the understanding of the human body, computer technology was selected in the academic year of 1997/98 as an elective educational tool to teach radiological anatomy. CD-ROMs were introduced as additional instructional resources in 1997/98. This technology aimed to provide educational support to the program, namely, to the sessions of radiological anatomy in each section of the course head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the opinion of the students enrolled in this course, focusing on the teaching sessions of radiological anatomy. Of 152 students, 135 (88.8%) returned the questionnaire. To describe the relationship between the value of this technology and several aspects of its organisation and adequacy, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used canonical correlation was used for the various practical sessions. The comments of students were very positive emphasising the quality of the media, organisation of the course, immediate feedback, degree of interactivity and simplicity of use they suggested a larger facility for the computers and acquisition of more programs and hardware. The positive evaluation of the use of the CD-ROMs in clinical anatomy allows us to foresee the formal integration of these instructional tools in the whole course, and not to restrict its use to specific units within the course.     

A reappraisal of pediatric thoracic surface anatomy

Accurate knowledge of surface anatomy is fundamental to safe clinical practice. A paucity of evidence in the literature regarding thoracic surface anatomy in children was identified. The associations between surface landmarks and internal structures were meticulously analyzed by reviewing high quality computed tomography (CT) images of 77 children aged from four days to 12 years. The results confirmed that the sternal angle is an accurate surface landmark for the azygos‐superior vena cava junction in a plane through to the level of upper T4 from birth to age four, and to lower T4 in older children. The concavity of the aortic arch was slightly below this plane and the tracheal and pulmonary artery bifurcations were even lower. The cardiac apex was typically at the 5^th intercostal space (ICS) from birth to age four, at the 4^th ICS and 5^th rib in 4–12 year olds, and close to the midclavicular line at all ages. The lower border of the diaphragm was at the level of the 6^th or 7^th rib at the midclavicular line, the 7^th ICS and 8^th rib at the midaxillary line, and the 11^th thoracic vertebra posteriorly. The domes of the diaphragm were generally flatter and lower in children, typically only one rib level higher than its anterior level at the midclavicular line. Diaphragm apertures were most commonly around the level of T9, T10, and T11 for the IVC, esophagus and aorta, respectively. This is the first study to provide an evidence‐base for thoracic surface anatomy in children. Clin. Anat. 30:788–794, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Anatomical Variation of the Tarsus in Common Inbred Mouse Strains

Rodent models are used for a variety of orthopedic research applications; however, anatomy references include mostly artistic representations. Advanced imaging techniques, including micro‐computed tomography (microCT), can provide more accurate representations of subtle anatomical characteristics. A recent microCT atlas of laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) anatomy depicts the central and tarsal bone III (T3) as a single bone, differing from previous references. Fusion of tarsal bones is generally characterized as pathological secondary to mutations associated with growth factors, and normal variation has not been documented in the mouse tarsus. Therefore, it is unclear if this fusion is a normal or a pathological characteristic. The aim of this study is to characterize the tarsus of the laboratory mouse and compare it to the rat and selected outgroup species (i.e., white‐footed mouse) via microCT and histology to determine if the central and T3 are separate or fused into a single bone. Laboratory mice (C57/Bl6 [n = 17] and BalbC [n = 2]) and rats (n = 5) were scanned with microCT. A representative laboratory mouse from each strain was evaluated histologically via serial sagittal sections through the mid‐tarsus. General pedal anatomy was similar between all species; however, the central and T3 bones were fused in all laboratory mice but not the rat or white‐footed mouse. A band of hyaline cartilage was identified within the fused bone of the laboratory mice. We conclude that the fusion found is a normal characteristic in laboratory mice, but timing of the fusion remains ambiguous. Anat Rec, 300:450–459, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

视神经管手术入路断层与应用解剖学研究

目的为开展视神经管新型手术提供精细的解剖学基础。方法在大体解剖学研究基础上,应用改进的火棉胶包埋技术对前颅底区域进行连续的三维薄切片,通过两者的有机结合,深入研究视神经管区域精细的解剖结构与复杂的毗邻关系。结果对视神经管区域解剖结构与毗邻关系显示良好精确。中鼻甲根部上缘至视神经管距离左侧为(28.0±5.0)mm,右侧为(29.0±6.0)mm。蝶窦下壁厚度左侧为(3.0±0.9)mm,右侧为(2.7±0.9)mm,视神经管与蝶窦或(和)筛窦间壁厚度左侧为(1.0±0.3)mm,右侧为(1.0±0.4)mm。结论经鼻、蝶窦或(和)筛窦入路行视神经管手术安全可行。     

颅脑断层标本和图像上的皮质机能定位和动脉区域配布

在灰质染兰的脑断层标本上辨认其沟回后,在连续断层标本上追踪其沟回,以校验结构观察的正确性.依据相同层面的脑和颅脑标本上的脑表沟回,内部特征性结构和颅底骨性标志进行标本的层回定位.在断层标本的层次定位后,且在层面上正确认识结构,则每个断层标本上的机能定位和大脑动脉的分布区域得以确定.同样的方法亦应用于CT.MR和ECT图像.标志动脉配布界线的沟和侧脑室各部的连结虚线作为断层标本或图像上的大脑动脉区域配布的分界线.     

翼腭窝手术入路的断层与应用解剖学研究

目的:用改进火棉胶包埋技术,为翼腭窝新型手术入路提供应用解剖学依据.方法:固定成人尸头标本30例,取其前颅底.标本经脱钙、脱水等系列处理,分别行三维连续薄切片,厚度0.25 mm.同时对80侧干燥骨进行测量.结果:翼腭窝形态多样,除有三角形外,还有弧形、横置"S"形、楔形、"L"形、哑铃形、短棒状或斜向外上的窄长条形.翼腭窝在中鼻道处内侧壁厚度为(1.95±0.66)mmm(左),(1.97±0.74)mm(右).在中鼻道处上颌窦口后缘至翼腭窝距离(11.25±1.95)mm(左),(11.22±1.96)mm(右).结论:新型手术入路不经过上颌窦,运用器械从中鼻道深入至翼腭窝的内侧壁深度,打开薄骨板,直接进入翼腭窝,由此处入路手术创伤小、出血少、安全、术后并发症少.     

Books,bones and bodies: The relevance of the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany for medical education today

The history of anatomy in Nazi Germany highlights the consequences to humanity when the destructive potentials immanent to all science and medicine are enabled by an anti-democratic, totalitarian regime. Anatomy presents an example of ethical transgressions by scientists and health care professionals that were amplified in the criminal political climate of the Nazi regime. This can happen anywhere, as science is never apolitical. This article gives a short account of anatomy in Nazi Germany, which is followed by an outline of the tangible and intangible legacies from this history, to then discuss implications for anatomy education today. While Jewish and politically dissident anatomists were forced out of their positions and country by the Nazi regime, the majority of the remaining anatomists joined the Nazi party and used bodies of Nazi victims for education and research. Some anatomists even performed deadly human experiments. Patterns and legacies that emerge from this history can be traced into the present and concern research ethics in general and anatomical body procurement specifically. They shed light on current practices and controversies in the anatomical sciences, including anthropology. It will be argued here that the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany can inform current anatomy education in a concept of anatomy as the first “clinical discipline.” By integrating insights from the history of anatomy into the learning process, anatomy education can model an approach to medicine that includes a full appreciation of the shared humanity of medical practitioners and patients.