Estimated risk of West Nile virus transmission through blood transfusion during an epidemic in Queens,New York City

BACKGROUND: Human West Nile virus (WNV) infection has been documented in the eastern United States since its discovery there in 1999. Epidemics of WNV encephalitis and meningitis raise concern that transmission of WNV may occur through voluntary blood donations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Case onset dates from the 1999 Queens, NY, epidemic of WNV encephalitis and meningitis, and historic data on viremia in humans are used to estimate the number of cases that were viremic throughout the epidemic. Estimates of the inapparent-to-apparent WNV infection ratio, the proportion of asymptomatic infections reported in a seroepidemiologic survey coincident with the epidemic, and the population size are used to infer the WNV transfusion-transmission risk. Statistical resampling methods are used. RESULTS: The maximum and mean risk of WNV transmission (/10,000) from donors in Queens were estimated as 2.7 (95% CI, 0.9-5.6) and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4-2.2), respectively. The risk peaked in late August, with very low risk before August and after September. CONCLUSION: Although most WNV-infected individuals have subclinical infections, these data suggest a low prevalence of viremia throughout the Queens epidemic and subsequent low risk of transmission of WNV by blood transfusion.     

Risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by transfusion: A literature review

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emergence of this virus in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 and its worldwide spread to reach the pandemic stage has raised concerns about the possible risk that it might be transmissible by transfusion. This theoretical risk is further supported by reports of the detection of viral RNA in the blood of some infected individuals. To further address this risk, a thorough PubMed literature search was performed to systematically identify studies reporting data on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in blood or its components. Complementary searches were done to identify articles reporting data on the in vitro infectivity of blood components. At least 23 articles presenting data on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in blood, plasma, or serum were identified. Of these, three studies reported on blood donors with COVID-19 infection identified after donation, and no cases of transfusion transmission were identified. A few studies mentioned results of in vitro infectivity assays of blood components in permissive cell lines, none of which were able to detect infectious virus in blood or its components. Complementary searches have identified reports demonstrating that the correlation between the presence of viral RNA in a biologic sample and infectivity requires a minimal RNA load, which is rarely, if ever, observed in blood components. Overall, the available evidence suggests that the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by transfusion remains theoretical.     

SARS流行期发热患者的诊治及影响因素分析

目的：对严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)流行期发热患者的病因构成、诊治状况及影响因素进行分析，探讨SARS及发热相关疾病的早期诊断及鉴别诊断方法。方法：将2003年3月15日—5月10日北京大学附属第三医院急诊科接诊的4060例发热患者流行病学及临床资料进行总结分析，并评价其影响因素的作用。结果：4060例发热患者中，被收入隔离病房者275例，145例确诊为SARS(占3．57％)，29例为疑似病例，排除诊断101例。诊断非SARS性肺感染93例，并诊断流行性脑膜炎2例，化脓性脑膜炎8例，流行性出血热3例。结论：SARS高发期发热患者中约90％的病因为流行性感冒或其他病毒感染，非SARS性肺感染及发热相关传染病占有一定比例。应提高发热的鉴别诊断意识和水平，白细胞升高不是排除SARS的诊断依据，X线胸片异常可不与发热同时出现，必须进行胸片复查。     

SARS合并ARDS患者死亡高危因素分析

目的：了解严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者死亡的高危因素，为制定相应的防治措施作参考，以期降低病死率。方法：以我院中心ICU收治的25例SARS合并ARDS患者为对象，采用回顾性研究方法，用SPSSl0．0统计软件作Logistic回归，筛选和分析死亡的危险因素。结果：筛选出年龄、缺氧持续的时间、血小板减少、高血钠、血肌酐升高5个死亡危险因素，其相对危险度分别为1．203、1．067、111．932、26．667和111．932。结论：应重视并针对死亡的危险因素制订相应的防治措施，降低病死率。     

NAT screening of blood donors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus can potentially prevent transfusion associated transmissions

BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first described in February 2003. Close contact with symptomatic patients appears to be the main route of transmission, whereas blood transfusion transmission could not be ruled out. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) detection kit developed by C. Drosten (Bernhard Nocht Institute, BNI) was used to amplify SARS-CoV sequences from blood donor samples. We tested 31,151 blood donor samples in minipools of up to 96 samples. To validate the sensitivity of the assay, routine donor minipools (88 +/- 8 samples per pool) were spiked with plasma of an imported case of SARS or of a subsequently infected contact person, respectively. Gamma-irradiated cell culture supernatants of Vero E6 cells, infected with SARS-CoV, were used as positive controls. RESULTS: None of 31,151 blood donors were positive for the presence of SARS. Two 96-member plasma pools that were each spiked with 100 microL of plasma of the German index patient or his wife, respectively, were positive. Overall, 0.85 percent of test results had to be considered invalid owing to negative internal controls. CONCLUSION: A real-time CoV PCR test is able to detect SARS-CoV in viremic blood donor samples even in the beginning of the disease when patients present minor clinical symptoms. Thus the assay could potentially help to prevent transfusion-associated SARS-CoV transmissions.     

传染性非典型肺炎流行期间医学院校不同生源学生心理焦虑状况比较

目的:了解成人医学专科生和高职医学专科生在传染性非典型肺炎流行时期的心理焦虑情况以及相互之间的差别,探讨学生的生源背景与重大传染病流行时期学生心理焦虑状况的关系。方法:于2003-04-17/18采用自我设计的调查问卷和焦虑状态-特质问卷对对河北省职工医学院的634名成人专科生和920名高职学生进行了调查,分别包括临床医疗、护理、临床检验和中医等专业学生。结果:传染性非典型肺炎时期成人医学专科男生平均状态焦虑得分(43.9±6.3)分,女生(45.3±8.6)分,高职男生平均状态焦虑得分(45.6±7.8)分,女生(46.4±8.1)分,均分别高于其特质焦虑得分。高职学生状态焦虑得分无性别差别,成人专科女生的状态焦虑得分则高于成人专科男生,高职男、女学生状态焦虑得分则分别显著高于成人专科男、女学生。结论:传染性非典型肺炎流行时期医学生的心理焦虑程度与医学生的生源背景有关。     

传染性非典型肺炎患者凝血功能的变化

目的 观察传染性非典型肺炎(严重急性呼吸综合征,SARS)患者在发病急性期和治愈后不同时期的凝血功能改变。方法 检测在急性期和治愈后不同时期SARS患者血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、血浆纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)和血浆D-二聚体含量(DD)的变化。结果 与SARS恢复期相比,患者发病急性期的PT、APTT明显延长(P<0.01),FIB极显著升高(P<0.0001),DD含量显著升高(P<0.01)。急性期SARS患者血浆PT、APTT、FIB和DD异常的阳性率分别为31.8％、53.2％、80.9％和50％。结论 在SARS发病急性期,大部分患者存在高纤维蛋白原血症,约1/2的患者有凝血功能障碍和轻度继发性纤溶亢进,重症患者可并发DIC。SARS患者治愈后,凝血功能可逐渐恢复正常。     

Estimated risk of transmission of the West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the US, 2002

BACKGROUND: The West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in 2002 in the US saw over 3300 reported human cases of WNV disease, with over 2300 reported cases of WNV encephalitis and meningitis. The first documented cases of transfusion transmission of WNV through voluntary blood donation also occurred. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Case onset dates from the 2002 WNV epidemic in the US were used to estimate the risk of transfusion-associated transmission with statistical resampling. An easily computed approximating formula for the mean risk was derived. Estimates were computed for six high-incidence states and metropolitan areas. RESULTS: Mean and maximum risk of transfusion-associated WNV transmission (per 10,000 donations) during the epidemic period for the selected states ranged from 2.12 to 4.76 and from 4.34 to 10.46, respectively; for the selected metropolitan areas, they ranged from 1.46 to 12.33 and from 3.02 to 21.32, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of the mean risk of WNV transmission by transfusion ranged from 1.46 to 12.33 per 10,000 donations for six high-incidence metropolitan areas during the 2002 epidemic. Because the risk was highly geographically and temporally variable, computation of geographically localized estimates is recommended. The derived approximating formula for the mean risk performed well for the estimates given.     

综合性心理干预对严重急性呼吸道综合征流行期间发热患者的临床研究

目的分析综合性心理干预在严重急性呼吸道综合征(SARS)流行期间对发热患者的治疗效果.方法对713例发热诊室就诊患者按发热程度、热程长短、病情严重程度分组,在常规使用抗生素、抗病毒药物治疗的基础上,采用综合性心理干预治疗、支持性心理治疗等措施,并在治疗前和治疗3天末分别进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)测查,并进行比较.结果治疗后患者依从性明显提高(P<0.01).治疗后不同体温组患者各项症状因子均明显改善(P<0.01～0.05).体温>38 ℃患者中,肺炎组各项症状因子分均高于非肺炎组;综合性干预治疗后两组各项症状因子明显改善(P<0.01);肺炎组仅抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子分明显高于非肺炎组(P<0.01～0.05).结论综合性心理干预能有效提高严重急性呼吸道综合征流行期间发热患者生活质量、接受诊治的依从性,从而顺利有效控制病情.     

Transesophageal echocardiography in prone position during severe acute respiratory distress syndrome

Objective  

Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) often require prolonged sessions of prone position (PP) because of refractory hypoxemia. Because of frequent hemodynamic impairment, use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is also advocated during ARDS, but its implementation during PP has not been described yet. Our objective is to report the feasibility, tolerance, and therapeutic implications of TEE during PP for severe ARDS, and to compare it with TEE performed supine.     

广西医学院校女生传染性非典型肺炎流行期间心理状况调查

目的:调查传染性非典型肺炎流行期间医学院校女生的心理健康状况。方法:于2003-04-28在广西某医学院校,以班级为抽样单位,随机抽取二年级3个班级的女生128名。采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表评定学生的心理健康状况,反映其精神性-情感症状;躯体障碍;精神运动性障碍;抑郁的心理障碍。以焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表的得分标准分达到50分认为可能有心理问题。结果:收回121份回答规范问卷,回收率为96.1%。121名女生中焦虑自评量表标准分超过50分的有27名,焦虑症状阳性检出率为22.3%,平均(43.61±8.88)分,高于健康人群(29.78±0.46,t=54.01,P=0.00);121名女生中抑郁自评量表标准分超过50分的有41名,抑郁症状阳性检出率为33.9%,平均(45.78±9.51)分,高于健康人群(29.78±0.46,t=52.93,P=0.00)。结论:传染性非典型肺炎期间女大学生焦虑症状和抑郁症状明显高于健康人群的平均水平。     

广西医学院校女生传染性非典型肺炎流行期间心理状况调查

目的：调查传染性非典型肺炎流行期间医学院校女生的心理健康状况。方法：于2003—04—28在广西某医学院校，以班级为抽样单位，随机抽取二年级3个班级的女生128名。采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表评定学生的心理健康状况，反映其精神性-情感症状；躯体障碍；精神运动性障碍；抑郁的心理障碍。以焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表的得分标准分达到50分认为可能有心理问题。结果：收回121份回答规范问卷，回收率为96．1％。121名女生中焦虑自评量表标准分超过50分的有27名，焦虑症状阳性检出率为22.3％，平均（43．61&;#177;8．88）分，高于健康人群（29．78&;#177;0．46，t=54．01,P：0．00）；121名女生中抑郁自评量表标准分超过50分的有41名，抑郁症状阳性检出率为33．9％，平均（45.78&;#177;9．51）分，高于健康人群（29．78&;#177;0．46，t=52．93．P=0．00）。结论：传染性非典型肺炎期间女大学生焦虑症状和抑郁症状明显高于健康人群的平均水平。     

12例SARS患者死亡危险因素分析

目的 :探讨严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者的死亡危险因素。方法 :采用回顾性调查方式 ,对 12例SARS死亡患者和 3 2例治愈病例 (对照组 )进行分析比较。结果 :12例 SARS死亡患者平均年龄为 67岁 ,治愈对照组平均年龄仅为 42岁 ,而且死亡组中有 5例患者存在 1～ 5种基础疾病。 SARS存活患者 CD+4 (4 16.6±2 3 5 .0 )个 /μl、CD+8(2 96.1± 181.5 )个 /μl;死亡患者的 CD+4 (14 3 .8± 78.1)个 /μl,CD+8(10 3 .6± 63 .2 )个 /μl;较正常参考值均有下降 ,但死亡组的 CD+4 、CD+8下降更为显著。死亡组 12例合并细菌感染 5例 ,其中真菌感染3例 ,败血症 2例 ,出现电解质紊乱和肾脏损害率为 41.67% ,明显高于治愈对照组 3 .12 %。应用有创呼吸机患者的病死率高达 80 .0 % ,且 5例患者继发肺部细菌性感染 ;而应用无创呼吸机者无一例死亡。结论 :年龄及基础疾病是 SARS患者死亡的最主要危险因素 ;患者机体免疫功能低下、继发感染、并发症的出现以及有创呼吸机的应用等也与死亡有关     

200例严重急性呼吸综合征患者嗜酸性粒细胞检测结果的分析

目的　评价嗜酸性粒细胞对严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)的诊断、预后判定等方面的意义。方法　采用CELL DYN370 0全自动五分类血球分析仪对 2 0 0例SARS患者及 2 0 0例其他发热患者的嗜酸性粒细胞进行检测并对 10 0例SARS患者 (包括 11例死亡病例 )进行连续观察。结果　 89.5 %SARS患者的嗜酸性粒细胞下降明显 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,且随着病情的好转嗜酸性粒细胞逐渐恢复正常 ,病情无好转的患者嗜酸性粒细胞持续降低。结论　嗜酸性粒细胞对SARS的诊断及预后判断有较大意义。     

200例严重急性呼吸综合征患者嗜酸性粒细胞检测结果的分析

目的评价嗜酸性粒细胞对严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的诊断、预后判定等方面的意义.方法采用CELL-DYN3700全自动五分类血球分析仪对200例SARS患者及200例其他发热患者的嗜酸性粒细胞进行检测并对100例SARS患者(包括11例死亡病例)进行连续观察.结果 89.5% SARS患者的嗜酸性粒细胞下降明显(P<0.001),且随着病情的好转嗜酸性粒细胞逐渐恢复正常,病情无好转的患者嗜酸性粒细胞持续降低.结论嗜酸性粒细胞对SARS的诊断及预后判断有较大意义.     

Impact of a viral respiratory epidemic on the practice of medicine and rehabilitation: severe acute respiratory syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new respiratory viral epidemic that originated in China but has affected many parts of the world, with devastating impact on economies and the practice of medicine and rehabilitation. A novel coronavirus has been implicated, with transmission through respiratory droplets. Rehabilitation was significantly affected by SARS, because strict infection control measures run counter to principles such as multidisciplinary interactions, patients encouraging and learning from each other, and close physical contact during therapy. Immunocompromised patients who may silently carry SARS are common in rehabilitation and include those with renal failure, diabetes, and cancer. Routine procedures such as management of feces and respiratory secretions (eg, airway suctioning, tracheotomy care) have been classified as high risk. Personal protection equipment presented not only a physical but also a psychologic barrier to therapeutic human contact. Visitor restriction to decrease chances of disease transmission are particularly difficult for long-staying rehabilitation patients. At the height of the epidemic, curtailment of patient movement stopped all transfers for rehabilitation, and physiatrists had to function as general internists. Our experiences strongly suggest that rehabilitation institutions should have emergency preparedness plans because such epidemics may recur, whether as a result of nature or of bioterrorism.     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者外周血实验室检查结果分析

目的　分析严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者血液学指标特点及其与组织学改变关系 ,为临床诊治提供依据。方法　对明确诊断为SARS的 67例患者外周血血细胞、血清生化等指标进行检测 ,对其中 2 3例痊愈出院患者进行了各项指标的发病早期、中期和恢复期的动态观察。结果　发病早期 ,67例患者外周血白细胞计数 (WBC)在正常范围内 [(4 0～ 10 0 )× 10 9/L]的为 93 % (62 / 67) ,低于 4 0× 10 9/L的为 7% (5/ 67) ;淋巴细胞绝对值 (LYM )多降低 ,低于 1 5× 10 9/L的占 88% (59/67) ,正常计数的为 12 % (8/ 67) ;粒细胞分类、血红蛋白、血小板均正常 ;血清常规 2 7项指标中 ,发病 1周内血清总蛋白、胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、γ 谷氨酰转肽酶、胆汁酸总量、胆碱酯酶、淀粉酶、肌酐、尿酸、钙、磷、镁、钾、钠、氯、二氧化碳结合力、葡萄糖、胆固醇总量、甘油三酯等 2 0项指标均正常 ;白蛋白异常降低占 3 5% (2 3 / 67) ;2例死亡病例尿素 (urea)全部降低至 2 0mmol/L以下 ;心肌酶 [乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH )、肌酸激酶 (CK)、α 羟丁酸脱氢酶 (α HBD)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)〗增高 ,异常率分别为 63 %、42 %、3 8%和 2 2 % ;铁 (Fe)降低 ,异常率为 72 %。与正常人群及疑似病人(后排除SARS)血清学     

Measures to decrease the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome transmission by blood transfusion. Evidence of volunteer blood donor cooperation

We studied whether volunteers giving blood to the Greater New York Blood Program (GNYBP) cooperated with procedures implementing public health recommendations intended to decrease the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) transmission by blood transfusion. Predonation medical screening was expanded to exclude donors who might be ill with AIDS. To exclude possible asymptomatic carriers of the disease, members of groups at increased risk of AIDS were asked either not to give blood or to give it for laboratory studies. A confidential questionnaire, administered to all donors after medical screening, provided the vehicle for donors to advise the GNYBP whether their donation was for laboratory studies or for patient transfusion. We found that the number of male donors decreased; AIDS-related questions in medical history led to a 2 percent increase in donor rejections; 97 percent of donors said their blood could be used for transfusions; 1.4 percent said their blood could be used for laboratory studies only; and 1.6 percent did not respond. Only units designated for transfusion were released to hospitals. People who indicated that their donation was for laboratory studies had a higher prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus and of antibodies to cytomegalovirus. White cell counts and helper/suppressor T lymphocyte ratios were not significantly different in the two groups. We conclude that volunteer donors have cooperated with the established procedures. None of the laboratory assays identified blood units donated by individuals who, based on information about AIDS high-risk groups, designated their donation for laboratory studies.