治糜灵栓体外抗阴道毛滴虫的作用

目的 观察治糜灵栓体外杀灭阴道毛滴虫效果,为临床应用提供依据.方法 以实验药物治糜灵及对照药物甲硝唑配制大豆蛋白胨液体药物培养基,接种临床分离的阴道毛滴虫,培养24 h,观察药物的抗滴虫作用.结果 随着药物作用时间的延长和浓度的增加,滴虫死亡率升高,虫体裂解,密度下降.治糜灵对阴道毛滴虫的最低有效浓度为15 mg/ml.结论 治糜灵对阴道毛滴虫有较强的抑制作用.     

白头翁体外抗阴道毛滴虫的效果及扫描电镜观察

目的　探讨白头翁杀阴道毛滴虫作用机制。　方法　利用不同浓度白头翁水提液 (PWE)进行体外抗滴虫实验 ,并用光镜及扫描电镜观察白头翁作用后滴虫的形态变化。　结果　随着药物作用时间的延长和药物浓度的增加 ,滴虫死亡率增高。 5mg/ml药物作用 8h ,滴虫死亡率达到 10 0 %。白头翁水提液 2 4h杀灭滴虫的最低有效浓度为 1.2 5mg/ml。药物作用后虫体内空泡增多 ,颗粒堆积 ,虫体裂解。扫描电镜显示 ,虫体表面皱褶加深 ,表膜凹陷、剥脱、破裂 ,鞭毛和波动膜受损。　结论　白头翁可直接作用于虫体表膜 ,具有较强的抗滴虫作用。     

葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯体外抗阴道毛滴虫作用的研究

目的通过对葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯体外抗阴道毛滴虫作用的实验观察,为该药的临床应用提供依据.方法以实验药物葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯及对照药物甲硝唑制成大豆蛋白胨液体药物培养基,接种临床分离的阴道毛滴虫,进行24 h培养,观察药物的抗滴虫作用.结果随着药物作用时间的延长和浓度的增加,滴虫死亡率升高,虫体裂解,密度下降.该药对阴道毛滴虫的最低有效浓度为16 mg/ml.结论葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯对阴道毛滴虫有较强的抑制作用.     

葡萄糖酸—δ—内酯体外抗阴道毛滴虫作用的研究

目的 通过对葡萄糖酸－δ－内酯体外抗阴道毛滴虫作用的实验观察,为该药的临床应用提供依据。方法 以实验药物葡萄糖酸－δ－内酯及对照药物甲硝唑制成大豆蛋白胨液体药物培养基,接种临床分离的阴道毛滴虫,进行24h培养,观察药物的抗滴虫作用。结果 随着药物作用时间的延长和浓度的增加,滴虫死亡率升高,虫体裂解,密度下降。该药对阴道毛滴虫的最低有效浓度为16mg/ml。结论 葡萄糖酸－δ－内酯对阴道毛滴虫有较强的抑制作用。     

白头翁体外抗阴道毛滴虫的效果及扫描电镜观察

目的 探讨白头翁杀阴道毛滴虫作用机制。方法 利用不同浓度白头翁水提液(PWE)进行体外抗滴虫实验，并用光镜及扫描电镜观察白头翁作用后滴虫的形态变化。结果 随着药物作用时间的延长和药物浓度的增加，滴虫死亡率增高。5mg／ml药物作用8h，滴虫死亡率达到100％。白头翁水提液24h杀灭滴虫的最低有效浓度为1．25mg／ml。药物作用后虫体内空泡增多，颗粒堆积，虫体裂解。扫描电镜显示，虫体表面皱褶加深，表膜凹陷、剥脱、破裂，鞭毛和波动膜受损。结论 白头翁可直接作用于虫体表膜，具有较强的抗滴虫作用。     

双氢青蒿素与甲硝唑体外抗阴道毛滴虫的电镜观察

目的观察双氢青蒿素与甲硝唑单用和联合用药体外对阴道毛滴虫超微结构的影响。方法在2.5×10~6个/ml滴虫培养液中加入两药合剂(双氢青蒿素0.5 mg/ml和甲硝唑0.002mg/ml),同时设不加药的阴性对照组和单药对照组,即甲硝唑组(5 mg/ml)、双氢青蒿素组(1 mg/ml),37℃培养3.5～5 h,扫描电镜和透射电镜观察阴道毛滴虫超微结构结果扫描电镜观察结果表明,仅用双氢青蒿素作用3.5 h,阴道毛滴虫细胞膜被破坏,部分表膜脱落;仅用甲硝唑作用3.5 h虫体表面结构无变化,作用5 h虫体表面出现许多小泡和小凹,但表膜未见破坏。两药联合作用3.5～4.2 h,阴道毛滴虫表面凹凸不平,出现皱褶、裂隙;细胞膜破损、脱落明显,表面粗糙,呈蜂窝状;细胞内含物从细胞膜裂口处溢出,虫体破裂,其内氢化酶体、核、轴柱和盾等裸露。透射电镜观察结果表明,仅用双氢青蒿素作用3.5 h,阴道毛滴虫膜系统破坏明显,破坏的滴虫细胞质从细胞膜破损处溢出;仅用甲硝唑作用3.5～5 h,细胞质破坏严重,细胞中可见许多空泡、裂隙和无结构区两药联合作用3.5～4.5 h,滴虫表膜破损,细胞内含物破坏严重,出现许多空泡、裂隙,内质网肿胀,氢化酶体膜破损、变形,细胞器大多消失;细胞核变形,核内出现裂隙,核膜受损,甚至消失。结论双氢青蒿素和甲硝唑对阴道毛滴虫的作用部位不同,两药联用可增进对虫体的破坏力。     

鸡冠花体外抗阴道毛滴虫作用研究

为探讨鸡冠花体外抗阴道毛滴虫的作用,将不同浓度的鸡冠花水提物作用于体外培养的阴道毛滴虫,记录药物作用后不同时间阴道毛滴虫死亡率。结果随着药物作用时间的延长和药物浓度的增加,阴道毛滴虫死亡率增高。鸡冠花水提物杀伤阴道毛滴虫的最低有效浓度为5.00 mg/ml,鸡冠花作用后的阴道毛滴虫体内充满大量颗粒和空泡,部分虫体裂解、内容物外溢。表明鸡冠花具有较强的抗阴道毛滴虫作用。     

双氢青蒿素对体外培养阴道毛滴虫作用的电镜观察

目的 观察双氢青蒿素（DHA）对阴道毛滴虫超微结构的影响。 方法 在2.5×10⁶个／ml滴虫培养液中加入双氢青蒿素1 mg／ml。 37 ℃ 培养3 和3.5 h, 进行扫描电镜观察，培养2.5和4 h进行透射电镜观察。 结果 双氢青蒿素作用滴虫后，虫体细胞膜受损明显，表面皱褶加深、表膜凹陷，并出现裂隙。细胞核膜破损，细胞核和细胞质均出现裂隙。内质网呈囊状肿胀，氢化酶体受损、变形。细胞质从细胞膜破裂处溢出。 细胞膜剥脱后细胞核、氢化酶体和盾等结构裸露。最后虫体变性、坏死。 结论 双氢青蒿素能破坏阴道毛滴虫膜系结构并导致虫体裂解死亡。     

双氢青蒿素对体外蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的损伤

目的 探讨双氢青蒿素（DHA）对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的损伤作用。 方法 用含不同浓度DHA的TYI-S-33培养基培养蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫滋养体。分别在光镜和电镜下观察药物作用后虫体的形态结构变化。 结果 随着药物作用时间延长和浓度的增加，虫体死亡率增高。在同一时间内随着药物浓度的增高，虫体死亡率升高(P<0.01)。DHA浓度为100 μg/ml, 作用12 h，虫体死亡率为46.6%，浓度增至200 μg/ml时, 虫体死亡率为100%；同一药物浓度随着作用时间延长, 虫体死亡率也升高（P<0.05），当浓度为100 μg/ml,作用12 h，虫体死亡率为46.6%，作用24 h死亡率增至100%。药物作用后24、48和72 h光镜下观察结果显示，虫体变形、肿胀、出现空泡、失去正常的瓢形运动能力；鞭毛摆动迟缓或停止运动。电镜下观察，见虫体变形、肿胀、细胞膜崩解、脱落，表面出现胞质突起；细胞质内核糖体溶解，出现空泡；吸器失去凹状结构，隆起变成大泡；核染色质稀疏，核周间隙变宽，并出现异形核。 结论 DHA对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的质膜及细胞骨架有较强的损伤作用。     

白头翁体外抗阴道毛滴虫透射电镜观察

目的 探讨白头翁杀阴道毛滴虫作用机制。方法 用浓度1．25mg／ml白头翁水提液进行体外抗滴虫实验，并用透射电镜观察白头翁作用后滴虫的超微结构变化。结果 在约物作用下，滴虫粗面内质网排列紊乱、脱颗粒，核糖体解聚，虫体内空泡增多、变大。随着药物作用时间的延长，高尔基复合体肿胀变形，细胞核核质疏松，核膜不完整，最终虫体破裂，内部结构不能分辨。结论 白头翁具有较强的抗滴虫作用，可损伤虫体内部结构，多种细胞器受损。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.