骨髓间充质干细胞分泌物对淀粉样β蛋白1～40损伤PC12细胞的神经保护作用

背景:由于骨髓间充质干细胞能分泌多种对退变胆碱能神经元有保护作用的神经营养因子,因此为阿尔茨海默病的治疗提供了新希望.目的:观察骨髓间充质干细胞分泌物对Aβ1～40损伤PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用.设计、时间及地点:随机分组设计,对比观察,于2008-01/10在中国医科大学神经内科实验室完成.材料:体质量150 g左右的SD大鼠,雌雄不拘.方法:在体外培养、纯化骨髓间充质干细胞并收集其培养上清,实验分为4组:①空白对照组:在细胞培养体系中不加入任何药物和上清液.②骨髓间充质干细胞上清液组:细胞接种后24 h在细胞培养体系中加入骨髓间充质干细胞上清液30,60,120 已μL,并用体积分数为5%胎牛血清/RPMI 1640将终体积补足至300 μL,使其上清液体积分数分别为10%,20%,40%.③Aβ1～40损伤组:以10 mg/LAβ1～40刺激PC12细胞,终浓度为5,10,20 mg/L:换用1640培养24 h后,收集受损PC12上清培养液.④联合培养组:以10 mg/L Aβ1～40刺激PC12细胞过夜(阿尔茨海默病细胞模型),除去培养上清,换用1640培养24 h后,收集受损PC12上清作为条件培养液,分别给予骨髓间充质干细胞上清液30,60,120 μL,各组细胞给药后24 h和48 h进行指标检测.主要观察指标:①骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原鉴定.②骨髓间充质干细胞分泌物对PC12细胞活力的影响.结果:骨髓单个核细胞培养2～5 d为生长潜伏期,细胞增殖较慢,细胞数变化不明显.6～12 d为细胞快速增殖期,排列有一定方向性,呈旋涡样生长.培养15～18 d,细胞出现80%～90%的融合,克隆间出现重叠.胰酶消化传代的细胞于12 h内完全贴壁、伸展并重新变为长梭形,生长迅速,7～10 d达到完全融合.骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原的鉴定通过免疫荧光检测显示,CD45表达为阴性,证明其为非造血类细胞;CD44表达阳性.②Aβ1～40的终浓度为5,10,20 mg/L孵育24,48 h后,细胞活力与空白对照组相比均降低(P<0.01),且随着Aβ1-40质量浓度的增大,活力降低越明显.与Aβ1-40 mg/L孵育24,48 h组相比,联合培养组细胞活力上升,且相邻剂量间两两比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);作用24,48 h骨髓间充质干细胞上清液组各浓度组与空白对照组相比,细胞活力没有变化.结论:骨髓间充质干细胞对Aβ1-40损伤的PC12细胞凋亡有保护作用,其保护作用的强弱与骨髓间充质干细胞上清液浓度有关.     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的影响

背景：鉴于骨髓间充质干细胞体外分化为神经样细胞的最终研究目的,是将诱导后的细胞移植入体内参与损伤神经系统的修复过程,因此,保证移植细胞的活性显得十分重要。目的：探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对隐丹参酮体外诱导猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的保护作用。方法：以隐丹参酮为诱导剂诱导第8代猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞,应用流式细胞仪检测不同时段诱导细胞的凋亡百分比（每间隔0.5h为1组,共12组）。选择细胞凋亡百分比较高的一个时段,观察添加不同质量浓度胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（0-100μg/L,共11组）对诱导细胞凋亡的影响。结果与结论：诱导后细胞凋亡百分比逐渐升高,约4h时达到峰值,维持约1h后下降（P〈0.05）。随着胶质细胞源性神经营养因子质量浓度由0μg/L提高到30μg/L,细胞凋亡百分比逐渐下降（P〈0.05）,当胶质细胞源性神经营养因子质量浓度超过30μg/L后,细胞凋亡水平受胶质细胞源性神经营养因子质量浓度影响不再显著。结果可见胶质细胞源性神经营养因子在隐丹参酮体外诱导猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞过程中具有保护作用。     

地塞米松对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的影响

背景:研究发现地塞米松能有选择性地促进骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡.目的:了解地塞米松对骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的影响以及作用机制.方法:体外培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第2代后分两组培养,对照组不加地塞米松,实验组分别加入10-9,10-8,10-7 mol/L地塞米松,作用3,6,12,24 h后通过流式细胞仪检测凋亡率.MTT法检测地塞米松对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖率的影响.取10-7 mol/L地塞米松作用骨髓间充质干细胞24 h,反转录后检测Caspase-3和bcl-2的表达.结果与结论:与对照组比较,10-8,10-7 mol/L地塞米松作用12~24 h对骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡有明显促进作用,且与作用浓度和时间存在相关性,随着作用浓度的增大和时间的延长骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡率有增高的趋势.MTT结果表明10-8,10-7 mol/L地塞米松作用24 h对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖率影响显著,这与上述流式细胞仪的检测结果相符.RT-PCR提示地塞米松作用组Caspase-3显著增高,bcl-2降低.结果证实地塞米松可能是通过细胞外通路和(或)线粒体通路促进骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡.     

地塞米松对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的影响

背景：研究发现地塞米松能有选择性地促进骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡。目的：了解地塞米松对骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的影响以及作用机制。方法：体外培养 SD 大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第 2 代后分两组培养,对照组不加地塞米松,实验组分别加入 10-9,10-8,10-7 mol/L 地塞米松,作用 3,6,12,24 h 后通过流式细胞仪检测凋亡率。MTT 法检测地塞米松对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖率的影响。取 10-7 mol/L 地塞米松作用骨髓间充质干细胞 24 h,反转录后检测 Caspase-3 和 bcl-2 的表达。结果与结论：与对照组比较,10-8,10-7 mol/L 地塞米松作用 12~24 h 对骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡有明显促进作用,且与作用浓度和时间存在相关性,随着作用浓度的增大和时间的延长骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡率有增高的趋势。MTT 结果表明10-8,10-7 mol/L 地塞米松作用 24 h 对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖率影响显著,这与上述流式细胞仪的检测结果相符。RT-PCR提示地塞米松作用组 Caspase-3 显著增高,bcl-2 降低。结果证实地塞米松可能是通过细胞外通路和（或）线粒体通路促进骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡。     

鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对缺氧-复氧神经元修复的体外实验

目的:观察在体外培养条件下骨髓间充质干细胞对缺氧-复氧新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元活性的影响。方法:实验于2005-01/2006-12在兰州大学第一医院中心实验室完成。健康Wistar大鼠成鼠5只,健康新生Wistar大鼠20只,无菌条件下分离、培养、传代Wistar大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,细胞融合达90%时更换培养基培养24h,收集细胞培养液即为骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基;无菌条件下培养新生Wistar大鼠大脑皮质神经元,第8天随机分为正常对照组、缺氧组、间充质干细胞条件培养基处理组,即用骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基进行缺氧神经元的修复。分别于缺氧0h、缺氧6h、复氧24h用噻唑蓝盐比色法测定吸光度值和BeckMan全自动生化仪测定培养液乳酸脱氢酶漏出量,分别检测各组神经元的活性和细胞损伤后修复的程度。结果:各实验组均全部进入结果分析。①各组神经元的活性:鼠大脑皮质神经元缺氧6h及复氧24h后缺氧组噻唑蓝明显低于正常对照组,骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基处理组复氧24h后噻唑蓝高于缺氧组(缺氧6h:缺氧组0.42±0.14,正常对照组0.81±0.12;复氧24h:缺氧组0.35±0.15,正常对照组0.82±0.21,骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基处理组0.74±0.25,P<0.01或0.001)。②各组细胞损伤后修复的程度:缺氧6h和复氧24h后,缺氧组乳酸脱氢酶漏出量比正常对照组明显增多,骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基处理组比缺氧组明显减少[缺氧6h:缺氧组(790.16±34.51)nkat/L,对照组(340.07±25.17)nkat/L,骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基处理组(570.11±53.18)nkat/L;复氧24h:缺氧组(1790.36±252.38)nkat/L,对照组(340.07±19.00)nkat/L,骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基处理组(860.17±40.17)nkat/L,P<0.001]。结论:在体外培养条件下骨髓间充质干细胞能增加缺氧神经元的细胞活性,促进缺氧神经元的修复。     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞与羊膜的共培养

背景:近年来利用组织工程技术构建软骨以修复软骨缺损已经取得较大进步。骨髓间充质干细胞在软骨组织工程研究中作为一种常见的种子细胞被广泛应用。目的:以人羊膜作为细胞支架负载兔骨髓间充质干细胞,观察羊膜的生物相容性。方法:将兔骨髓间充质干细胞接种于人脱细胞羊膜上,体外共培养后进行形态学观察,以四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法观察骨髓间充质干细胞增殖活性,评价羊膜的组织相容性。应用4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚染色法观察细胞存活和凋亡情况。结果与结论:骨髓间充质干细胞在羊膜上生长较好,细胞活力增强,4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚染色结果示仅有少量细胞凋亡。提示羊膜是一种具有良好生物相容性的支架材料,可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖。     

鼠脑C6胶质瘤细胞上清液诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

目的:观察人骨髓间充质干细胞经鼠脑C6胶质瘤细胞上清液诱导后向神经元样细胞方向的分化情况。方法:取肝素抗凝人骨髓血,Percoll梯度法体外分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,胰酶消化后传代扩增。取第4~6代骨髓间充质干细胞,当细胞达90%融合时,按2×103/孔接种于24孔板内,第2天分为两组,诱导组用含有50?胶质瘤细胞上清液的完全培养基(含体积分数为0.1胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基)诱导,每隔2d换液1次;对照组单纯加入完全培养基进行培养。诱导后3d,两组细胞采用S-P法进行免疫细胞化学染色,检测神经元特异性标志物的表达。结果:诱导24h后,诱导组多数骨髓间充质干细胞表现出典型的神经元样外观,对照组细胞形态无明显变化。诱导3d后,诱导组神经元烯醇化酶阳性细胞率显著高于对照组(P<0.01);诱导组神经丝蛋白阳性细胞率为(44.2±2.4)%,对照组为阴性;两组胶质纤维酸性蛋白均呈阴性表达。结论:鼠脑C6胶质瘤细胞上清液可成功诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化。     

鼠脑C6胶质瘤细胞上清液诱导人骨髓间充质千细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

目的:观察人骨髓间充质干细胞经鼠脑C6胶质瘤细胞上清液诱导后向神经元样细胞方向的分化情况.方法:取肝素抗凝人骨髓血,Percoll梯度法体外分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,胰酶消化后传代扩增.取第4～6代骨髓间充质干细胞,当细胞达90%融合时,按2×103/孔接种于24孔板内,第2天分为两组,诱导组用含有50%C6胶质瘤细胞上清液的完全培养基(含体积分数为0.1胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基)诱导,每隔2 d换液1次;对照组单纯加入完全培养基进行培养.诱导后3 d,两组细胞采用S-P法进行免疫细胞化学染色,检测神经元特异性标志物的表达.结果:诱导24 h后,诱导组多数骨髓间充质干细胞表现出典型的神经元样外观,对照组细胞形态无明显变化.诱导3 d后,诱导组神经元烯醇化酶阳性细胞率显著高于对照组(P<0.01);诱导组神经丝蛋白阳性细胞率为(44.2±2.4)%,对照组为阴性:两组胶质纤维酸性蛋白均呈阴性表达.结论:鼠脑C6胶质瘤细胞上清液可成功诱导入骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化.     

不同来源骨髓间充质干细胞对CD34+细胞增殖的影响

背景:作者前期研究显示,银屑病患者与正常人骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性、免疫学反应及抗原提呈功能有明显差异,而与流产胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞无明显差异.目的:观察不同来源骨髓间充质干细胞对正常人骨髓CD34+细胞增殖的影响.方法:密度梯度离心法分离银屑病患者和流产胎儿骨髓单一核细胞并培养、传代,传至第2代72 h后收集培养上清液,流式细胞仪鉴定骨髓CD34+细胞及骨髓间充质干细胞纯度.倒置显微镜下观察培养细胞的生长状态,细胞磁珠分选仪分选出的正常人骨髓CD34+细胞加入骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液培养24 h 后,四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法检测骨髓CD34+细胞的增殖活性.结果与结论:CD34+细胞加入银屑病患者和流产胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清培养24 h后,细胞形态无差别.银屑病患者和流产胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液对正常人骨髓CD34+细胞增殖的影响差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05).     

不同来源骨髓间充质干细胞对CD34~＋细胞增殖的影响

背景：作者前期研究显示,银屑病患者与正常人骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性、免疫学反应及抗原提呈功能有明显差异,而与流产胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞无明显差异。目的：观察不同来源骨髓间充质干细胞对正常人骨髓CD34^＋细胞增殖的影响。方法：密度梯度离心法分离银屑病患者和流产胎儿骨髓单一核细胞并培养、传代,传至第2代72h后收集培养上清液,流式细胞仪鉴定骨髓CD34^＋细胞及骨髓间充质干细胞纯度。倒置显微镜下观察培养细胞的生长状态,细胞磁珠分选仪分选出的正常人骨髓CD34^＋细胞加入骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液培养24h后,四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法检测骨髓CD34^＋细胞的增殖活性。结果与结论：CD34^＋细胞加入银屑病患者和流产胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清培养24h后,细胞形态无差别。银屑病患者和流产胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液对正常人骨髓CD34^＋细胞增殖的影响差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。     

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell RCC is the most common type of RCC that occurs in adults. It has the worst prognosis among the common epithelial tumors of the kidney. Histologically, a wide range of morphologic patterns can be encountered. Those cases with a multi-locular cystic architecture are considered to be a distinct subtype because of the clinicopathologic features.     

Tumor cell growth and cell kinetics

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways, but most importantly by not responding to normal growth-control mechanisms. Whereas the growth and division of normal cells is carefully regulated to meet the needs of the body, tumor cells proliferate autonomously and continually, eventually interfering with and destroying the functions of normal tissue. Knowledge of molecular cell biology has grown exponentially over the last decade. Yet much remains to be understood before there can be a significant impact on our ability to design more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, thereby decreasing mortality.     

Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and histologic subtypes, pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment options for basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, and the molecular biology of sunlight-induced carcinogenesis. DATA SOURCES: Journal and review articles, research studies, textbooks, and clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma will occur in more than one million cases annually in the United States, and are highly curable when detected and treated early. During the last decade, significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis and in identifying newer approaches for the management and treatment of these keratinocyte cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can play crucial roles in decreasing the morbidity and mortality from the skin cancer epidemic by identifying and referring patients with lesions suspicious for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.     

White cell related red cell antibodies

Occasional sera react weakly with a few red cells in the antiglobulin phase but without a recognizable pattern. We sought to identify the nature of such antibodies in 27 samples referred to our HLA laboratory for lymphocytotoxin testing. All samples were tested against a panel of 15 red cells by a capillary tube antiglobulin technique developed to conserve sera. This technique correlates well with tube antiglobulin tests, and can be performed with either fresh or thawed red cells. Of 27 sera, 14 contained anti-HLA B7, B17, or A28, since they reacted only with red cells from donors whose lymphocytes were B7, B17, or A28. Eight further sera probably contained anti-B7, -B17, or -A28, but reacted with one or two additional red cells. Two samples agglutinated all panel red cells so the presence of anti-B7, B17, or A28 could not be determined. In three additional sera, lymphocytotoxin testing suggested that specificity other than anti-B7, B17, or A28 was present. Of 27 sera containing weak unidentified red cell antibodies, 22 (81%) contain definite or probable anti-B7, -B17, or -A28. The identity of these troublesome antibodies can be determined by maintaining red cell panels of donors whose HLA phenotypes are known.     

Red blood cell storage and cell morphology

Aim: In this study, we performed weekly assessment of morphology‐related parameters through monitoring of CPD‐SAGM leuco‐filtered erythrocyte concentrates from blood withdrawal until the 42nd day of storage. Background: Liquid storage of red blood cells (RBCs) delivers a blood‐derived therapeutic, which is safe, available, effective and affordable for most patients who need transfusion therapy in developed countries. However, a growing body of accumulating controversial evidences, from either biochemical or retrospective clinical studies, prompted safety concerns about longer stored RBCs. Methods: Statistical image analysis through scanning electron microscope was coupled to osmotic fragility and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Results: We could observe that by day 21 more than 50% of RBCs displayed non‐discocyte phenotypes. This observation was related to an increase in osmotic fragility, which was totally overlapped in day 0 controls and day 7 RBCs while only slightly augmented in day 14 samples. Cation dysregulation (pH internal/external alteration and potassium) might both reflect and trigger a negative feedback loop with metabolic fluxes and membrane cation pumps. Conclusion: Morphology parameters suggest that significant alterations to RBC morphology over storage duration occur soon after the 14th day of storage, as to become significant enough within the 21st day.     

Human mononuclear cell modulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Endothelial cell proliferation is a histologic characteristic of several forms of nephritis characterized by infiltration of the glomerulus with mononuclear cells. To investigate the mechanism mediating this event, human endothelial cells isolated from umbilical veins and cultured in vitro were incubated with supernatants of cultured human mononuclear cells. Supernatants from mononuclear cells exerted a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on endothelial cell proliferation. The stimulatory effect of supernatant was almost entirely removed by prior depletion of mononuclear cells of monocytes by adherence, suggesting that a monocyte product was responsible for the activity. To investigate the nature of the ligand responsible, partially purified human interleukin I added to endothelial cell cultures was found to stimulate cellular proliferation.     

Dendritic cell vaccine strategies for renal cell carcinoma

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are an important experimental immunotherapy for renal cell carcinomas. DC vaccines have proven safe, but only minimal clinical efficacy has been observed to date. DC vaccine strategies reflect the continually evolving understanding of DC biology. The use of mature DCs is particularly important to avoid the induction of regulatory T cells. Better defined sources of immunizing antigens and more efficient antigen-loading will contribute to DC vaccines of better quality. Improved clinical efficacy may also be achieved using DCs that secrete biologically active IL-12, which fosters innate immunity and polarizes T helper type 1 responses that contribute to optimal antitumor immunity. Furthermore, combination therapies that treat systemic immune suppression will be crucial for obtaining improved clinical responses to DC vaccines in patients with advanced disease.     

胰岛细胞移植过程中细胞受损的提示

背景:胰岛移植后可能发生有害的组织不相容性反应,影响细胞的存活及功能.目的:探讨胰岛细胞移植中早期胰岛细胞的损害程度及原因.方法:采用脑死亡自愿捐赠器官供者的胰腺,采用胶原酶P进行消化分离胰岛细胞,测定不同冷缺血时间下胰岛细胞损害程度.将胰岛细胞与血液进行分组培养,HLA匹配组:受者全血+胰岛细胞,受者全血+胰岛细胞+肝素:错配组:受者全血+胰岛细胞,受者全血+胰岛细胞+肝素;对照组:受者伞血+RPMI1640.观察移植早期可能出现的胰岛细胞损害.结果与结论:胰腺切取顺利,在冷缺血5 h以内胰岛细胞活性率都在80%以上,超过8 h活性胰岛细胞数量只有19%甚至更低.人胰岛暴露于未经抗凝的人血液中,胰岛将诱发一个迅速血细胞消耗.血小板、中性粒细胞和单核细胞计数显示,无论HLA错配还是匹配与对照组相比较血细胞都发牛明显的消耗:加入肝素后HLA错配组及HLA匹配组血细胞消耗反应明显减轻;HLA匹配组胰岛细胞体外培养24 h活性胰岛细胞数量高丁HLA错配组(P<0.05),说明良好组织相容性有利于胰岛细胞存活.结果提示冷缺血时间对胰岛细胞活性的影响很大,在冷缺血时间小于5 h的情况下获取的胰腺可以用于临床胰岛细胞移植的胰腺获取;移植到血液的胰岛细胞会有普遍性的炎症性损害及HLA相关性损害.     

CEUS鉴别诊断肾透明细胞癌和嫌色细胞癌

目的 探讨CEUS对肾透明细胞癌（CCRCC）和嫌色细胞癌（ChRCC）的鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集接受肾脏CEUS检查并经术后病理证实为CCRCC的患者75例及ChRCC的患者26例。观察CCRCC和ChRCC的增强方式、增强程度、增强形态、假包膜征及病灶对局部淋巴结、肾包膜及肾静脉的侵犯情况,并绘制时间-强度曲线,获得校正的始增时间（ΔAT）、达峰时间（ΔTTP）和峰值强度（ΔPI）,进行统计学分析。结果 CCRCC多表现高增强（41/75,54.67%）、弥漫性增强（54/75,72.00%）和不均匀增强（58/75,77.33%）,56.00%（42/75）有假包膜征。ChRCC多表现为低增强（19/26,73.08%）、向心性增强（14/26,53.85%）和均匀增强（17/26,65.38%）,61.54%（16/26）有假包膜征。CCRCC与ChRCC增强程度、增强方式及增强形态的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,假包膜征检出率的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。CCRCC的ΔAT和ΔTTP与ChRCC比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,而CCRCC的ΔPI明显高于ChRCC（P<0.001）。以ΔPI=0.05%为阈值鉴别诊断CCRCC和ChRCC的准确率最高,其敏感度为82.70%,特异度为100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.969。CCRCC出现肾周和（或）肾窦脂肪受累和肾门和（或）腹膜后淋巴结转移的百分率均高于ChRCC（P均<0.05）。结论 CCRCC和ChRCC具有不同的CEUS特征,有助于二者的鉴别诊断。