Indoor~(222)Rn Levels and Effective Dose Estimation of Academic Staff in izmir-Turkey

Objective To investigate the annual effective doses from indoor radon received by academic staff in the Faculty building.Methods Measurements of indoor radon concentrations were performed in the Arts and Sciences Faculty of Dokuz Eylul University for two surveys of about 1 month duration respectively using the SSNTD(Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors) method with LR115 detectors.Time integrated measurements comprised different locations inside the faculty building:classrooms,toilets,canteen and offices.Homes of academic staff were also tested for radon.Results The arithmetic mean radon concentration is 161 Bq m~(-3) with a range between 40 and 335 Bq m"3 in the Faculty.Six offices and three classrooms have a radon concentration above 200 Bq m~(-3).The results show that the radon concentration in classrooms is generally higher than in offices.Based on the measured indoor radon data,the annual effective doses received by staff in the Faculty were estimated to range from 0.79 to 4.27 mSv,according to UNSCEAR methodology.The annual effective doses received by staff ranged from 0.78 to 4.20 mSv in homes.On average,the Faculty contributed 56%to the annual effective dose.Conclusion Reported values for radon concentrations and corresponding doses are within the ICRP recommended limits for workplaces.     

重庆市38个区县居室氡暴露水平调查

目的 了解重庆市居室氡暴露水平,为重庆市居室氡防控提供依据。 方法 2020年7月—2021年6月,按照人口比例每10万人口,布置1个监测点,平行样数量为分配布点数的10%,监测点覆盖重庆市38个区县。采用氡累积探测器对重庆市38个区县共1 019个居室监测点进行氡浓度测量。 结果 重庆市各区县年度居室氡均值浓度较高的秀山县、黔江区、渝北区、酉阳县和沙坪坝区分别为78.8、78.0 、73.9、71.4 和69.8 Bq/m³;居室氡浓度均值较低的忠县长寿区、开州区、梁平区、和巫山县分别为37.6 、36.4、33.7、33.2和27.3 Bq/m³;重庆市4个季节居室氡浓度水平分别为46.0、53.4、45.1和59.5 Bq/m³,呈现夏季和冬季居室氡浓度较高,春季和秋季居室氡浓度较低的特点,且4个季度居室氡浓度差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;2017年以后新建的建筑居室氡浓度偏高,最高可达到61.8 Bq/m³,但不同建筑年代房屋居室氡浓度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;10层以下的建筑居室氡浓度偏高,最高可达到63.2 Bq/m3,且不同楼层房屋居室氡浓度存在显著差异（P<0.05）。重庆市居室年均氡浓度约（51.6±19.5） Bq/m³,居室相关人员吸入氡及其子体产生的年均有效剂量为（1.38±0.52） mSv。结论 重庆市居室年均氡浓度水平在我国推荐的标准限值内,但居室氡对人体健康的不良影响仍需重视,应尽可能的加强防氡控氡措施。     

医院PET-CT中心18F正电子放射性药物生产及使用中工作人员的辐射剂量监测

目的 研究以18F-脱氧葡萄糖（18F-FDG）为代表的正电子放射性药物在生产和使用过程中医务人员的辐射剂量,为临床辐射防护提供参考数据。方法 测量18例工作人员在制药、质控、分装、传送、注射及摆位的工作流程中手、胸部的当量剂量率（d）及操作时间（t）,并结合不同年检查工作量（w）估算各工作场所工作人员的年受照剂量。结果 估算得到年检查工作量为1000、4000、7000和10000例时,不同工作环节工作人员的累计年剂量为质控0.27mSv,分装0.02～0.20mSv,传送0.06～0.58mSv,注射2.49～24.9 mSv,摆位1.19～11.91mSv。结论 在现有防护设施和操作条件下, 分装和注射是接受剂量较高的工作环节。当年检查工作量在4000例以上时,从事分装工作的人员手部受照剂量超过国家标准关于职业个人年剂量限值的规定;当年检查工作量在10000例时,从事注射的人员年有效剂量亦超过相关国家标准的规定。     

南通市城区土壤中氡浓度分布状况研究

目的:了解南通市城区土壤中氡浓度分布状况。方法:采用测氡仪检测土壤氡浓度,在测量区域内按1km×1km网格状十字形布置测点,测点深度为600~800 mm,采样孔径为20 mm,绘制南通市城区土壤氡浓度分布图。结果:南通主城区土壤中氡浓度平均值为14 885 Bq/m3,最高为38 000 Bq/m3,最低为2 800 Bq/m3,69.9%浓度范围在6 000~20 000 Bq/m3。结论:南通市城区某些地点土壤氡浓度处于比较高的水平,进行区域性的土壤氡浓度普查及大型公共建筑室内氡污染状况调查已是当务之急。     

银川市26户居室内氡污染水平调查

目的 了解银川市居民住宅氡污染水平，探讨室内氡的变化规律。方法 采用现场监测的方法，对居室内氡、TSP等指标进行24h连续监测。结果 本地区室内氡浓度平均水平较全国其他地区高；未发现室内氡浓度与建筑类型、装修材料、楼层有明显关系；室内氡浓度与TSP浓度、空气湿度呈正相关，与气温呈负相关。室内氡浓度日变化是清晨6时最高、下午17时最低。结论 建筑材料可能是导致室内氡浓度升高的主要原因；室内TSP浓度、空气湿度、温度的改变可影响室内氡浓度水平。     

某新建核医学病房放射防护检测与评价分析

目的根据国家相关标准,对某医院新建核医学病房放射防护情况检测,并对检测过程发现的问题及检测结果进行评价分析,提出确保安全运行的放射防护建议。方法采用FD-3013B智能γ辐射仪及451P型加压电离室巡测仪测量核医学工作场所的环境放射防护水平,LB124型表面污染测量仪进行表面污染检测。结果该核医学科及周围环境辐射最大值为1．01μSv／h,各个工作场所中表面污染的最大值为2．14Bq／cm^2,职业人员全年有效剂量的最大值为2．02mSv。结论该核医学病房布局合理,辐射防护检测结果符合相关标准要求,但放射防护管理存在不完善的地方,经过整改后,在正常条件下能有效地控制职业病危害;为保护工作人员和公众的身体健康,应进一步完善相关防护措施,并使用专用防护用具。     

Radiation exposure to personnel performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) relies on the use of ionising radiation but risks to operator and patient associated with radiation exposure are unclear. The aim of this prospective study was to estimate the radiation dose received by personnel performing fluoroscopic endoscopic procedures, mainly ERCP. Methods: Consecutive procedures over a two month period were included. The use of thermoluminescent dosimeters to measure radiation exposure to the abdomen, thyroid gland, and hands of the operator permitted an estimation of the annual whole body effective dose equivalent. Results: During the study period 66 procedures (61 ERCP) were performed and the estimated annual whole body effective dose equivalent received by consultant operators ranged between 3.35 and 5.87 mSv. These values are similar to those received by patients undergoing barium studies and equate to an estimated additional lifetime fatal cancer risk between 1 in 7000 and 1 in 3500. While within legal safety limits for radiation exposure to personnel, these doses are higher than values deemed acceptable for the general public. Conclusions: It is suggested that personnel as well as patients may be exposed to significant values of radiation during ERCP. The study emphasises the need to carefully assess the indication for, and to use measures that minimise radiation exposure during any fluoroscopic procedure.     

2012年新疆医用放射工作人员个人剂量水平分析

目的：了解新疆医用放射工作人员个人剂量水平,为放射防护工作提供科学依据。方法对2012年新疆179家医院的2045名放射工作人员进行个人剂量监测。结果2012年新疆医用放射工作人员人均年有效剂量为0．96 mSv。不同工种医用放射工作人员人均年有效剂量从大到小排列依次为核医学（1．85 mSv）＞介入放射（1．21 mSv）＞牙科放射（1．01 mSv）＞放射治疗（0．92 mSv）＞诊断放射（0．85 mSv）＞其他放射学（0．78 mSv）。结论2012年新疆医用放射工作人员劳动强度适宜,工作环境安全。     

上海市某高校室内环境空气细菌污染状况

目的了解高校学习生活室内环境空气中细菌污染状况,并在此基础上提出应对措施。方法选择图书馆,教室,食堂,宿舍等场所,分别于人员聚集与稀疏的不同时相,采用暴皿沉降法检测空气中细菌浓度。结果图书馆,教室,食堂,宿舍四个场所空气中细菌浓度分别为516.40、613.08、1 337.78、3 550.36 cfu/m^3。与《消毒卫生法》制定清洁空气的标准相比,上述四处场所的空气合格率分别为100%,100%,91.7%和55%。除图书馆外的其他三处场所在不同时相的空气含菌量经统计学处理均有显著性差异（P〈0.001）,表明空气中细菌浓度与人员集中度有一定的关联。结果还表明低层学生宿舍空气中细菌浓度要明显高于高低层学生宿舍（P〈0.05）。结论高校某些与学生学习和生活有密切关系的室内环境空气存在一定程度的细菌污染状况,据此建议当室内环境人员聚集时应注意增强空气的流通性,并重点加强宿舍的保洁卫生工作,防止传染病的流行。     

室内氡暴露致儿童自血病的病例对照研究

目的探讨室内氡暴露与儿童白血病之间的关系,为儿童白血病的防治提供依据。方法采用1：2配比病例对照研究方法,病例组为南华大学三所附属医院儿科或血液病科于2006年7月。2008年6月确诊的56例儿童白血病患者,对照为该院与病例同期住院的112例其他非血液系统性疾病、非肿瘤疾病患者。结果客厅和儿童居室氡浓度与儿童白血病有统计学联系,其联系强度OR值（OR95％CI）分别为3．08（2．16-5．54）与3．73（1．55～8．98）。结论室内高浓度氡暴露町致儿童白血病的发病概率增加。     

Natural Gas and Indoor Air Pollution： A Comparison With Coal Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects.Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas,liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas;furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and l-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas.Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1%0 of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.     

Medical research at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, UWI, Mona Campus 1960-1990

The objective of this study was to evaluate research output in relation to undergraduate teaching output of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mona Campus, University of the West Indies between 1960 and 1990. The Departmental Reports published by the University of the West Indies were examined using a successive independent sample design with sentinel years at ten-year intervals for the 30-year period under review. The numbers of reported peer-reviewed publications for each department were disaggregated and analysed. Ten of the fourteen departments (10/14, 72%) of the Mona Faculty showed a decline in output of peer-reviewed publications of up to 100% between 1960 and 1990 (p < 0.001). The number of academic staff had risen from 41 in 1960 to 143 in 1990 (249%) while the publication/staff ratio had fallen from 1.73 in 1960 to 0.48 in 1990 (p < 0.0001). Student/staff ratios had declined significantly over the 30-year period (p < 0.005) as had the graduate/staff ratio (p < 0.01). The Faculty reports indicated that the research-in-progress reported far exceeded the actual publication rate in 1990, whereas the opposite was the case in 1960. There was a statistically significant decline in the number of international conference abstracts published and an increase in the number of regional conference abstracts (p < 0.01) and also a significant decrease in the number of papers presented at conferences compared with the number of conferences attended without a paper being presented (p < 0.0001). The research publication record and the medical graduate/staff ratio of the Mona Faculty had declined significantly over the 30 years under review. There was also a significant decline in the graduate/staff ratio in the same period. Some of the conventional reasons given for this decline such as staff shortages and increased clinical service or teaching load are discussed.     

Indoor-atmospheric radon-related radioactivity affected by a change of ventilation strategy

The present author has kept observation for concentrations of atmospheric radon, radon progeny and thoron progeny for several years at the campus of Fukushima Medical University. Accidentally, in the midst of an observation term, i.e., February 2005, the facility management group of the university changed a strategy for the manner of ventilation, probably because of a recession: (I) tidy everyday ventilation of 7:30-24:00 into (II) shortened weekday ventilation of 8: 00-21 : 00 with weekend halts. This change of ventilation manner brought a clear alteration for the concentrations of radon-related natural radioactivity in indoor air. The present paper concerns an investigation of the effect of the ventilation strategy on the indoor-atmospheric radon-related radioactivity.     

室内装修挥发性污染物对雄性小鼠生殖功能和精子凋亡的影响

目的：模拟室内装修主要挥发性物质的污染环境,探讨室内装修主要挥发性污染物甲醛、苯系物及氨对雄性小鼠生殖功能的影响。方法：选取雄性ICR小鼠20只,随机平均分为实验组和对照组,实验组小鼠进行甲醛（60 mg·m^-3）、二甲苯（50 mg·m^-3）和氨（40 mg·m^-3）经呼吸道混配静式染毒,同时对照组小鼠放入空气填充的静式染毒柜中。每天固定时间称量小鼠体质量并记录,连续染毒35d。染毒期间每天观察小鼠行为学变化。收集小鼠附睾尾部精子并计数,检测精子密度及活力;采用Diff-Quick染色法染色,计算精子畸形率;采用流式细胞术（FCM）检测小鼠附睾尾部精子凋亡率;采用Western blotting法检测小鼠睾丸组织中细胞凋亡相关因子Caspase-9和Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果：染毒28d后,实验组小鼠体质量与对照组比较明显降低（P<0.01）;染毒35d后,实验组小鼠精子浓度、活力及精子畸形率与对照组比较均明显下降（P<0.01）;与对照组比较,实验组小鼠精子凋亡率明显升高（P<0.01）。实验组与对照组小鼠睾丸组织中Caspase-9和Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达水平比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：室内装修主要污染物能够明显影响雄鼠附睾中精子质量。     

230例克罗恩病患者暴露电离辐射量的临床调查

目的 调查克罗恩病(CD)患者接受电离辐射暴露的剂量水平,探讨暴露于高水平辐射剂量CD患者相关危险因素.方法 收集CD患者230例,按照蒙特利尔标准进行分型,按照标准化量表回顾性计算每位患者的累计有效剂量(CED),高水平辐射剂量定义为CED≥50 mSv.以CED≥50 mSv的患者作为高水平辐射剂量组,并以同期CED＜50 mSv的患者作为对照组,应用Logistic回归分析CD患者暴露于高水平辐射剂量下的相关危险因素.结果 CT肠道显像和腹盆腔CT检查分别占总辐射剂量的52. 1％和39. 6％,合计占总辐射剂量的91.7％,每位患者的平均辐射剂量为 34. 07(95％ CI: 30. 845 ～ 37. 304) mSv,共计有 51 例(22.2％)CD患者的CED≥50 mSv.病程长,有CD相关手术史,回肠型,狭窄或穿透型患者,在其病程中接受了更高剂量的辐射.Logistic回归分析显示,狭窄或穿透型(OR=3.711,95％ CI:2. 239 ～ 6. 151,P＜0. 001),使用硫唑嘌呤(OR=4. 218,95％ CI: 1. 221 ～ 14. 579,P=0. 023)是 CD 患者暴露于高水平辐射剂量下的独立危险因素.结论 有超过1/5的CD患者暴露于高水平电离辐射,且主要是由CT检查所致.狭窄或穿透型,使用硫唑嘌呤是CD患者暴露于高水平辐射剂量下的独立危险因素.临床诊疗及随访中监测每位CD患者接收的辐射剂量,减少不必要的CT检查,或改用无辐射的影像学检查(如MRE)是至关重要的.     

双源CT胸痛序列心胸血管一站式低剂量成像探讨

目的探讨双源CT胸痛序列心胸血管一站式成像低剂量技术在急性胸痛征的临床价值。方法 102例临床要求行胸部血管检查的患者,采用胸痛序列血管成像。应用心电脉冲剂量调控技术,对不同的心率选择不同的全剂量曝光时间窗。心率≤75次/min,分为常规辐射剂量(A)组28例、低辐射剂量(B)组25例;心率76～120次/min,分为常规辐射剂量(C)组24例、低辐射剂量(D)组25例。对各组患者的肺动脉、冠状动脉、主动脉图像质量进行盲法评分,计算每例患者辐射有效剂量,并进行A组与B组、C组与D组比较。结果各辐射剂量组均获得满意图像,A与B组、C与D组图像质量评分差异均无统计学意义。有效剂量A组(7.09±0.95)mSv较B组(5.01±0.34)mSv高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组(4.79±0.91)mSv较D组(2.48±0.43)mSv高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于急性胸痛的患者,在心率相对平稳的情况下,采用低剂量胸痛序列对冠状动脉、肺动脉、主动脉快速明确地诊断,为临床争取更多的治疗时间,具有重要的临床意义。     

新装住宅卫生质量及其对居民健康的影响

目的：了解银川市新装住宅卫生质量及其对居民健康的影响。方法：随机抽取银川市82户新装住宅，分三个阶段（即装饰后一个月、六个月、十二个月）进行环境监测，并对居住在其中的313名居民进行不良反应调查，同时选择16户（20名居民）与之对比。结果：在三个监测时间段里，新装住宅空气中的甲醛浓度与对照组相比，有显著性差异（P＜0．05）；居民的眼刺激征和呼吸道症状与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：装饰住宅甲醛污染持续时间较长，应采取一定措施尽快降低室内甲醛浓度，减少其对人体的危害。     

邯郸市某医院核医学科改建建设项目放射防护屏蔽效果评价

目的 对某医院核医学科改建建设项目进行职业病危害控制效果放射防护评价。方法 采用放射卫生学现场调查和辐射监测方法,依据国家放射卫生相关的法律、法规和标准,评估该项目放射防护控制效果。结果 该核医学放射工作场所的周围辐射水平,γ周围剂量当量率为0.22~0.34 μSv/h,β表面污染水平为0.06~0.32 Bq/cm²,不同岗位放射工作人员受照剂量不同,所受剂量符合国家标准。 结论 该核医学场所的屏蔽可行,符合标准要求。     

An appraisal of goals for residency training in internal medicine

The goals for residency training in internal medicine were assessed by faculty and house staff members at one university-based program using a 38-item questionnaire based largely upon American Board of Internal Medicine criteria. The respondents rated each item according to its ideal importance, its actual emphasis in training, and the respondents' degree of satisfaction with their own level of accomplishment for that item. Faculty and house staff members shared similar perceptions of ideal goals and actual emphases of training, with both groups rating clinical judgment, gathering data, and formulating problems as the most important. Both groups also tended to rate highly as ideal goals those items that they considered to be their own professional strengths and that reflected their current respective roles in medical training. This trend was the most apparent for faculty members in ratings of academic skills and for house staff members in ratings of technical proficiency and patient management skills. The tendency to idealize one's own professional role and strengths may inhibit needed changes in residency training.     

成都市某高校室内空气细菌污染的监测与分析

目的 了解高校校园室内空气中微生物污染状况,并在此基础上提出相应改进措施,以保障学生身体健康。方法采用自然沉降法对学生宿舍、电子阅览室、食堂、教室、实验室等场所25个采样点进行室内空气细菌总数检测。结果除1间男生宿舍外,校园室内细菌浓度均在《室内空气质量标准》规定的范围内;学生宿舍空气微生物质量与性别有一定关联。结论高校室内环境空气质量受多种因素影响,需要采取综合防治措施,尤其应当加强学生的卫生健康教育,搞好个人和室内卫生,同时应当加强电子阅览室及学生宿舍等场所的室内空气流通。