短肠综合征的肠内营养支持

目的探讨短肠综合征患者肠内营养支持的临床意义、疗效及注意事项。方法回顾性总结1999至2005年收治的40例短肠综合征患者的临床资料。所有患者均存活至今,并随访2年以上。统计分析其肠内营养用量、费用、脱离肠外营养时间及目前营养状况。结果40例患者平均残存小肠（50．8±29．4）cm,脱离肠外营养平均时间为（29．1±9．2）个月。肠内营养用量为（3284．0±1408．8）kJ／d,其费用显著低于肠外营养（P〈0．01）。目前本组患者平均体质指数为（17．8±3．2）kg,／m^2,血红蛋白（113．3±14．8）g／L,血清白蛋白（35．0±4．1）g／L。平均大便次数为（3．4±1．7）次／d,平均大便量为（720．2±350．3）ml／d。结论肠内营养对于维持短肠综合征患者营养状况、减少并发症具有重要意义,但在具体实施时需掌握方法。     

短肠综合征的肠外营养支持治疗

报告８例短肠综合征肠外营养支持。腹泻期平均５１．４天,腹泻量平均３．８Ｌ／ｄ,ＴＰＮ供热３０Ｋｃａｌ／ｋｇ,糖脂热卡比为１∶１,非蛋白热卡∶氮为１５０（Ｋｃａｌ）∶１（ｇ）,ＴＰＮ平均持续４９．４天。腹泻量＜２．５Ｌ／ｄ则逐渐过渡为口服肠内营养制剂。据腹泻量及血生化检查,确定Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋及ＨＣＯ－３输入量,矫正低钾、低钠及代谢性酸中毒。回肠广泛切除要补钙、镁、磷制剂。本组无１例死亡。对肠外营养支持在短肠综合征的治疗价值及具体实施进行了讨论。     

序贯应用肠内、肠外营养对重症监护室老年肿瘤患者营养及预后的影响

目的 分析序贯应用肠内、肠外营养对重症监护室老年肿瘤患者营养及预后的影响。方法 将2020年3月至2021年5月云南省肿瘤医院重症监护室收治的老年肿瘤患者92例作为研究对象,根据营养治疗方式不同分为两组各46例。对照组给予肠外营养支持,观察组序贯应用肠内、肠外营养支持,对比两组患者干预前后营养指标变化情况、免疫指标变化情况,以及住院情况、并发症发生情况。结果 干预前两组患者血清蛋白、前白蛋白及血红蛋白水平比较差异无显著性（P> 0.05）,干预后观察组血清蛋白、前白蛋白及血红蛋白水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）。干预前两组患者IgG、IgM水平比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）,干预后观察组IgG、IgM水平高于对照组（P <0.05）。观察组呼吸机带机时间及住院时间均短于对照组（P<0.05）,并发症发生率为13.0%,低于对照组的37.0%(P <0.05)。结论 序贯应用肠内、肠外营养可改善重症监护室老年肿瘤患者营养状况,提高机体免疫能力,缩短住院时间,减少并发症发生情况,促进康复,对改善其预后具有重要意义。     

全小肠切除患者家庭肠外营养16年的代谢研究

目的：探讨家庭肠外营养（HPN）患者的代谢变化及并发症。方法：总结1例全小肠及右半结肠切除并接受家庭肠外营养支持16年的临床资料，分析其不同阶段的代谢状态。结果：患者在接受肠外营养5年后妊娠，产下1健康女婴，在16年中，肝功能各项指标基本正常，每根静脉导管的平均留置时间为240d，最长1根导管使用26个月，而且导管感染率仅为0．2次／年，但先后曾出现贫血，低锌血症及高铁等代谢异常，其脂质过氧化及DNA损害，尿中8－OH Gua值（66．8fmol/ug DNA）等明显高于正常值，结论：长期HPN患者可出现一系列代谢，感染等并发症，应积极防治导管的堵塞与感染，并根据患者情况合理调整其营养配方。     

短肠综合征的营养康复治疗

短肠综合征的治疗主要为营养支持和小肠移植,但两种疗法都有其限制和不足之处。作者总结了３例短肠综合征患者联合应用重组人生长激素、谷氨酰胺、纤维素行营养康复治疗的经验,３例患者残存小肠的长度分别为６５、７５、３０ｃｍ,治疗后患者残存肠管的吸收功能和营养状况均有明显改善。作者认为营养康复疗法为短肠综合征提供了一个新的有效的治疗选择。     

胃癌根治术后肠内营养与肠外营养支持的Meta分析

目的：系统分析评价胃癌根治术后肠内营养与肠外营养支持治疗的疗效。方法：计算机检索中国生物医学光盘数据库、中文生物医学期刊数据库等,收集比较胃癌根除术后肠内营养与肠外营养支持的随机对照治疗结果。结果：共纳入6项研究,包括426例研究对象。meta分析结果显示,肠内营养组排气时间短于肠外营养组[OR=-2.69,95%CI (-3.45,-2.13)];排便时间、总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白等指标间不存在异质性（P＞0.05,I2=0%）。结论：胃癌术后肠内营养支持的患者排气时间较肠外营养组短,说明肠内营养符合机体的一般代谢规律,可能是目前合理有效的营养支持治疗方法,可以促进预后且其安全性可以接受。     

肝切除术后早期肠内与肠外营养支持对比的前瞻性研究

目的比较肝切除术后早期肠内营养与肠外营养在患者营养支持治疗中的作用。方法 59例肝切除术患者随机分为两组,手术后分别接受肠内和肠外营养1周,观察两种营养支持方法对患者基础营养状况、肝功能、胃肠功能、术后白蛋白用量、死亡率、并发症率和营养支持的费用等方面的影响。结果两组患者日均热卡及氮摄人量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0．05),营养支持耐受性较好。术后第8天时,肠内营养组的白蛋白、体重、上臂围未恢复至术前水平,而肠外营养组只有前白蛋白恢复至术前水平。肠内营养组患者胃肠功能恢复时间(29±12)h较肠外营养组(38± 14)h短,营养支持的日均费用(235±46)元较肠外营养组(344±65)元低,差异有统计学意义(P< 0．05)。结论对肝切除患者而言,肠内营养优于肠外营养。     

短肠综合征的现代治疗方法与评估

短肠综合征(SBS)有较高的并发症发生率和死亡率。近年来,随着营养支持技术的进步以及对SBS代谢变化、残存肠道机制等认识的加深,SBS的治疗也取得了显著的进步。短肠综合征的现代治疗方法包括营养支持、促肠康复治疗、非移植手术治疗、小肠移植及防治并发症等。对于无法摆脱TPN并有难治性TPN并发症者,需考虑小肠移植。一、营养支持营养支持是SBS的基本治疗措施。广泛肠切除术后失代偿期应尽早行中心静脉置管并给予肠外营养(PN)支持,以保证足够营养摄入量,并维持体液平衡。此时,病人处于高代谢状态,营养需要量很大,可将能量测定结果作…     

生长因子及其在短肠综合征中的应用

目的探讨生长因子促进大量肠切除后肠道代偿的作用与机制,并了解其在短肠综合征营养支持治疗中的研究进展。方法对介绍生长因子促进肠切除后肠道代偿以及其在短肠综合征患者的应用的有关文献进行综述。结果不同种类的生长因子对促进肠切除后肠道代偿产生着不同的效应,可根据短肠综合征患者的具体情况合理选择外源性生长因子,以缩短残留小肠代偿时间,改善患者的营养状况。结论生长因子能够在一定意义上促进肠切除后肠道代偿,但不同种类的生长因子有各自的作用效应,将对短肠综合征患者尽早摆脱完全肠外营养有帮助,但仍需进一步的研究。     

短肠综合征康复治疗的实验研究和临床应用

目的观察应用重组人生长激素、谷氨酰胺和膳食纤维行康复治疗的实验动物及短肠综合征患者的治疗效果。方法 30只大鼠分为对照组、短肠组和生长激素 (growthhormone ,GH)组 ,短肠组和GH组切除 80 %小肠 ,GH组术后第 1天开始注射GH 1U·kg-1·d-1,共 2 8d ;9例患者残存小肠长度为 (4 4± 2 4)cm ,其中 3例无完整结肠。结果S期细胞比率系数、增殖指数和增殖细胞核抗原表达的增强表明外源性GH可明显促进残存小肠粘膜的增殖 ,GH的作用机理可能与原癌基因C jun表达的改变有关。康复治疗后 9例患者营养状况和残存肠管吸收功能均明显改善 ,8例患者进行了随访 ,75 %的患者完全脱离肠外营养 ,2 5 %的患者需间断肠外营养补充。结论康复治疗为短肠综合征提供了一个新的有效的治疗方法     

Prevalence of life-threatening complications in pediatric patients affected by intestinal failure

Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as the reduction of functional gut mass necessary to maintain health and growth in children. Causes of IF include short bowel syndrome (SBS), neuromuscular intestinal disorders (NID), and severe protracted diarrhea (SPD). If patients require long-term parenteral nutrition (PN); they can now be discharged on home PN (HPN), thus improving their quality of life. Children requiring long-term PN are at high risk of developing life-threatening IF complications that hinder HPN, namely, IF associated liver disease (IFALD), catheter-related infections (CRI), and thrombosis. The goal of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the prevalence of life-threatening complications among IF patients according to the HPN indication. From January 1989 to May 2006, 60 IF patients (41 boys and 19 girls) underwent prolonged HPN. Total program duration was 46,391 days (127 total years, mean 2.1 years per patient). Indications for HPN were SBS in 36 cases, SPD in 19 cases, or NID in 5 cases. In our experience patients affected by SBS displayed a significantly higher prevalence of life-threatening complications than patients with other IF causes. Sixteen (27%) among 60 patients developed IFALD. CRI and thrombosis prevalence were 1.4/1000 central venous catheter (CVC) days and 0.2/1000 CVC days respectively. SBS seemed to lead to life-threatening complications more often than other HPN indications. SBS patients on long-term PN therefore require careful management to identify complications early, and they seem to be the candidates for early referral to small bowel transplantation centers.     

Home parenteral nutrition: Westmead Hospital experience

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been used in 13 patients over a 7 year period for intervals ranging from 14 to 608 days with a mean of 255 days. This represents a total experience of 3315 patient days or 9.1 patient years. The commonest causes for intestinal failure requiring HPN were short bowel syndrome following massive small bowel resection for mesenteric ischaemia (four patients), and radiation enteritis (three patients). Four patients died, including three of four who had presented with mesenteric ischaemia and one from disseminated malignancy. One of the deaths was from massive pulmonary embolus and may have been catheter-related. Seven patients were able to cease HPN after a mean of 200.7 days because of treatment and/or improvement in the underlying cause of their intestinal failure. Central venous thrombosis was the commonest complication and occurred in six patients, including the four who died.     

Prevalence of liver complications in pediatric patients on home parenteral nutrition: indications for intestinal or combined liver-intestinal transplantation

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the only treatment for patients affected by chronic intestinal failure (CIF). Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) programs are started when patients need prolonged PN. Unfortunately, many patients on prolonged PN develop liver disease (LD). The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of LD in our series of patients on HPN. We reviewed our records of patients discharged from the hospital on HPN for CIF. HPN was started when one parent was fully trained in the use of this treatment and if the social and familial home environment was reliable. All patients received total PN by a central venous catheter. All patients with abnormal AST, ALT, ALK, gammaGT, and bilirubin values for more than 3 months were considered affected by PN-related LD. Thirty-six patients (23 of whom were boys and 13 girls) were discharged on HPN. During the study period, for CIF, 16 were affected by short bowel syndrome (SBS), of whom 6 had ultra-short bowel; 16 with functional intestinal failure, and 4 with chronic intestinal pseudobstruction (CIPO). Mean duration of HPN was 2.1 years/patient. Nine of 36 patients (25%) on HPN for CIF showed LD. Seven of the 16 patients (43%) with LD were affected by SBS and 2 (12.5%) patients by functional intestinal failure. No patients with CIPO developed LD. In patients affected by SBS, the onset of LD was very earlier than in patients with ID.     

Intestinal failure after surgery for complicated radiation enteritis

Between 1983 and 1997, a total of 16 patients were referred to a tertiary Intestinal Failure Unit (IFU) following surgery elsewhere for complications of radiation enteritis. Eleven were female with a mean age of 43 years (range 21-71 years) and the most common primary site of malignancy was genitourinary (n = 13). Patients had undergone an average of two laparotomies (range 1-7 laparotomies) for complications of radiation enteritis prior to transfer to the IFU. On admission, the principal problem in eight patients was persisting intestinal fistulation, four patients had continuing intestinal obstruction and four had the short bowel syndrome after extensive intestinal resection. Only one patient had evidence of residual malignancy; this patient with short bowel syndrome was allowed home without invasive therapy. Of the remaining 15 patients, 12 required an abdominal surgical procedure, while three were discharged without further surgery after training for home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Following abdominal surgery, five patients died in hospital, but the remaining seven patients went home alive--including two further patients on HPN. Overall, of the 15 patients referred with intestinal failure after surgery for complications of radiation enteritis and actively treated, one-third died in hospital and a further third required institution of HPN before being able to be discharged home.     

Report on the first annual survey of home parenteral nutrition in Japan

An annual survey of the current national status of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in Japan was begun in 1991, with a total of 231 registered patients from 142 institutions providing adequate data for evaluation and analysis. HPN was given for an average of 683±764 days to 93 patients with malignant diseases and 138 with benign disease, including 53 with inflammatory bowel disease and 79 with short bowel syndrome, 107 (46.3%) of whom were successfully rehabilitated. By the end of 1990, 61% of the patients investigated were still on HPN, 7% had already completed HPN, and 26% had died, the deceased accounting for 54% of the patients with malignant disease and 7% of those with benign diseases. A total of 321 catheters had been used by all 231 patients, the most common being the subcutaneously implanted type, accounting for 33% of all catheters. By the end of 1990, 32% of these 321 catheters were still in place, 18% had been removed on the termination of HPN and 44% had been removed due to complications of total parenteral nutrition, including 20% for catheter fever. Rehospitalization was required in 62% of the patients, the cause being HPN-related in 21% of the total patients. Metabolic complications were experienced by 60% of the patients, but none of these were severe although 6% required hospitalization. Thus, the total population of HPN patients and the success rate of rehabilitation in Japan were close to those reported in Europe, while the indications for HPN and its outcome were similar to those documented in the USA OASIS report, except that the incidence of rehospitalization from HPN-related causes in the Japanese survey was lower.     

A century of home parenteral nutrition for Crohn's disease

During an 11-year period, 41 patients with Crohn's disease were placed on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for a mean of 1,083 days (range: 33 to 3,258 days). Data were retrospectively analyzed to determine whether HPN had an effect on the course of their disease, i.e., on the number of operative procedures performed and the intensity of required medical therapy. Data represented information obtained during a total of 121 patient-years of HPN for Crohn's disease. The main indications for HPN were short bowel syndrome (66%) and high stoma output. Twenty-four of 41 patients (59%) underwent surgery for Crohn's disease during the course of HPN. There was no significant difference between the number of procedures performed per patient per year of Crohn's disease during pre-HPN and HPN periods (p greater than 0.25). Although there was no significant change in body weight, both serum albumin and transferrin levels increased during HPN (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01, respectively). Twenty-nine percent of patients were taking prednisone while on HPN, compared with 54% of patients during the pre-HPN period (p less than 0.01). HPN appeared to result in a significant improvement in the numerically assessed quality of life. During the HPN period, 24 patients had 1 or more HPN-related complications that required 1 to 13 hospital admissions (mean: 1.8). These complications included catheter sepsis in 19 patients, blocked or damaged catheters in 15 patients, and dehydration and/or electrolyte imbalance in 5 patients. Eight patients died, with 7% of deaths secondary to catheter-related sepsis. Although permanent HPN is associated with an identifiable morbidity and mortality and is not associated with a reduction in the frequency of surgery for Crohn's disease, benefits include a decrease in the intensity of medical therapy, an improvement in patients' nutritional state, and a significant perceived improvement in patients' quality of life. Without HPN, we believe all patients would have died secondary to malnutrition and/or dehydration.     

短肠综合征患者饮食行为特征及管理的质性研究

目的 深入了解短肠综合征患者饮食行为特征及自我饮食管理方面的体验,以进一步指导和干预患者饮食管理,提高饮食管理依从性.方法 运用质性研究中的现象学方法 ,对15例短肠综合征患者进行面对面、半结构式访谈,采用Colaizzi现象学资料分析法分析访谈资料.结果 短肠综合征患者的饮食行为特征及管理中主要存在4个方面的体验:日...     

Home parenteral nutrition: results in 34 pediatric patients.

Although home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been used successfully for adult patients, no extensive experience with children has been reported. During the past three years, we have managed 34 patients, ages 1 1/2 months to 20 1/2 years, on a HPN program for periods ranging from 23 to 786 days. Silastic Broviac catheters were inserted into the superior vena cava through the jugular or cephalic veins or into the inferior vena cava through the saphenous vein. The catheters were brought out onto the chest or lower abdominal wall through a subcutaneous tunnel. Solutions were infused over a 10--14-hour period each day, using a volumetric pump system. All patients improved their nutritional status. Twenty-three of 29 on the program for more than two months showed an increase in height. All patients evidenced a significant decrease in symptomatology. All resumed per group activities while on HPN and were able to continue their education or work. At present 24 patients including 15 with Crohn's disease no longer receive HPN. Administration of HPN through a Broviac catheter is a safe, successful technique for maintaining an optimal nutritional status in children with severe digestive disorders, and permits resumption of a more normal daily lifestyle. Following HPN, bowel adaptation and initiation of full oral alimentation become possible in many patients.     

Isoperistaltic bowel lengthening for short bowel syndrome in children

BACKGROUND: Short bowel syndrome, secondary to a variety of causes, can be lethal in infancy and childhood. Isoperistaltic bowel lengthening, performed by longitudinal division of dilated small bowel with end-to-end anastomosis, has shown early promise but long-term outcome is unknown. METHODS: Sixteen infants and children (aged 3 months to 14 years) had short bowel syndrome from necrotizing enterocolitis (8), gastroschisis (4), atresia (2), and volvulus (2). All of these patients were partially or totally dependent on parenteral nutrition and have undergone isoperistaltic bowel lengthening for short bowel syndrome (length <100 cm). Bowel length was increased by 22% to 85% (mean 42%) with the procedure. Studies of intestinal function were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: Isoperistaltic bowel lengthening resulted in significant improvement in stool counts, intestinal transmit time, intestinal clearance of barium, D-xylose absorption, and fat absorption at 6 months and 12 months postoperatively. Fourteen of 16 patients (88%) have been weaned from parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that isoperistaltic bowel lengthening can be an effective operation for short bowel syndrome in children, improving absorption and motility, and allowing weaning from parenteral nutrition.     

Segmental living related small bowel transplantation in adults

The advent of small bowel transplantation has provided selected patients with chronic intestinal irreversible failure with a physiologic alternative to total parenteral nutrition. Recently a standardized technique for living related small bowel transplantation (LR-SBTx) has been developed. Three patients with short bowel syndrome underwent LR-SBTx at our institution. All donors were ABO compatible with a good human leukocyte antigen match. A segment of 180 to 200 cm of ileum was harvested and transplanted with its vascular pedicle constituted by the ileocolic artery and vein. The grafts were transplanted with a short cold and warm ischemia time. The immunosuppression regimen consisted of oral FK-506, prednisone, and intravenous induction with atgam. Serial biopsies of the intestinal grafts were performed to evaluate rejection or viral infections. The postoperative course was uneventful for all donors. All of the recipients are currently alive and well. Two of three patients are off total parenteral nutrition and tolerating an oral diet with no limitations on daily activity. In the third patient, the graft was removed 6 weeks after transplantation. At the time of enterectomy, no technical or immunologic complications were documented. Absorption tests for D-xylose and fecal fat studies were performed showing functional adaptation of the segmental graft. All biopsies were negative for acute rejection. A well-matched segmentai ileal graft from a living donor can provide complete rehabilitation for patients with short bowel syndrome. Our initial experience suggests that the risk of acute rejection and infection is greatly reduced compared to cadaveric bowel transplantation. Further clinical application of this procedure is warranted. Presented at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Diego, Calif., May 21–24, 2000.