乳腺癌患者乳房重建决策指导的最佳证据总结

目的 总结乳腺癌患者乳房重建决策指导的相关证据,为开展乳腺癌相关乳房重建决策指导提供参考。方法 检索国内外相关数据库、指南网站及乳腺癌专业学会网站中关于乳腺癌患者乳房重建决策指导的临床决策、指南、证据总结、系统评价和专家共识,检索时限为建库至2023年4月,对纳入的文献进行质量评价以及证据提取、评价和汇总。结果 共纳入17篇文献,包括4篇临床决策、4篇指南、1篇证据总结、4篇系统评价、4篇专家共识。在决策指导团队、乳房重建决策评估、决策指导内容、实施决策指导4个方面形成27条最佳证据。结论 总结的乳腺癌患者乳房重建决策指导的最佳证据可为临床护理人员提供循证依据。证据使用者需要结合具体临床情境,针对性地选择证据,以实现患者决策利益最大化。     

维持性血液透析患者容量管理的最佳证据总结

目的检索、评价并整合维持性血液透析患者容量管理的最佳证据,为完善维持性血液透析患者容量管理提供参考。方法系统检索循证资源及文献数据库、专业协会网站中有关维持性血液透析患者容量管理的证据,包括临床决策、指南、证据总结、最佳临床实践信息册、推荐实践、专家共识及系统评价。结果共纳入文献12篇,包括临床决策2篇、指南6篇、专家共识1篇、证据总结2篇、系统评价1篇,从评估与监测、钠水限制、容量超负荷处理、提高患者依从性4个方面汇总14条证据。结论医护人员可结合所在机构环境与患者意愿,选择性应用证据,为患者制定个性化容量管理方案,从而提高护理质量。     

慢性心力衰竭患者容量管理的最佳证据总结

目的 总结慢性心力衰竭患者容量管理的最佳证据,为临床护理干预提供循证依据。 方法 按照“6S”证据资源金字塔模型,系统检索国内外循证数据库、指南网、协会网站、相关原始文献数据库中有关慢性心力衰竭患者容量管理的指南、最佳临床实践信息手册、证据总结、专家共识、系统评价,检索时限为建库至2022年3月。由2名接受过循证培训的研究人员独立完成质量评价,结合专业知识,对符合质量评价标准的文献进行证据提取及总结。 结果 共纳入20篇文献,包括指南8篇、证据总结2篇、专家共识6篇、系统评价1篇、随机对照试验3篇。总结包含容量状态评估、容量管理目标、容量管理措施、多学科团队合作、过渡期护理、健康教育及随访7个方面的24条证据。 结论 现有慢性心力衰竭患者容量管理的证据较为全面,可指导临床护理工作的开展。     

老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动康复的最佳证据总结

目的 系统检索、提取、汇总和分析老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动康复管理的最佳证据，为冠心病并存衰弱老年患者运动决策和干预提供参考。 方法 遵循“6S”证据金字塔模型，由上自下循序检索国内外相关重要数据库中关于老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动干预的文献，包括指南、证据总结、临床决策、专家共识、系统评价。由2名研究者独立进行文献筛选和质量评价，根据主题提取和汇总相关证据。 结果 共纳入16篇文献，包括6篇指南、4篇专家共识、1篇证据总结、4篇系统评价、1篇临床决策。汇总形成8个主题（多学科团队、运动评估、运动流程、运动强度、运动方式、运动频率与时间、运动安全、随访）共29条最佳证据。 结论 医护人员应结合临床实际情况及具体需求，选择最佳证据用于老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动康复的临床实践，以减缓或逆转衰弱，提升患者生存质量。     

膀胱灌注全流程管理的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、评价和总结膀胱灌注全流程最佳证据，为临床实施膀胱灌注护理实践提供循证依据。方法 依据“6S”证据模型，检索有关中英文数据库、指南网站及专业学会网站，纳入2017年1月至2022年12月涉及膀胱灌注流程护理与管理的所有证据，包括临床实践指南、系统评价、证据总结、临床决策、专家共识及随机临床对照试验。由2名硕士研究生对最终纳入文献所提取的证据进行标准化整合及汇总。结果 共纳入文献8篇，其中指南4篇，专家共识2篇，随机临床对照试验研究2篇。总结了28条最佳证据，包括药物配制、职业暴露防护、灌注流程管理、灌注后排泄管理、不良反应与并发症管理、延续性护理管理6个方面。结论 膀胱灌注全流程管理的最佳证据可为临床护理实践提供循证依据，应用证据时，应结合实际情况选择性地制定切实可行的管理方案。     

老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动康复的最佳证据总结

目的 系统检索、提取、汇总和分析老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动康复管理的最佳证据,为冠心病并存衰弱老年患者运动决策和干预提供参考。方法 遵循“6S”证据金字塔模型,由上自下循序检索国内外相关重要数据库中关于老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动干预的文献,包括指南、证据总结、临床决策、专家共识、系统评价。由2名研究者独立进行文献筛选和质量评价,根据主题提取和汇总相关证据。结果 共纳入16篇文献,包括6篇指南、4篇专家共识、1篇证据总结、4篇系统评价、1篇临床决策。汇总形成8个主题(多学科团队、运动评估、运动流程、运动强度、运动方式、运动频率与时间、运动安全、随访)共29条最佳证据。结论 医护人员应结合临床实际情况及具体需求,选择最佳证据用于老年冠心病并存衰弱患者运动康复的临床实践,以减缓或逆转衰弱,提升患者生存质量。     

肿瘤患者失眠评估与护理干预的最佳证据总结

目的 总结肿瘤患者失眠评估与护理干预的最佳证据,为改善肿瘤患者失眠症状提供实践依据.方法 计算机检索UpTo Date、JBI循证实践数据库、美国国家综合癌症网络、医脉通、PubMed、中国知网等数据库中有关肿瘤患者失眠评估与护理干预的指南、专家共识、临床决策、最佳实践、证据总结、系统评价和Meta分析,检索时限为建库...     

先天性心脏病术后患儿肠内营养喂养不耐受管理的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、评价并总结先天性心脏病术后患儿肠内营养喂养不耐受管理的最佳证据,为医护人员开展临床实践提供依据。方法 系统检索国内外循证资源数据库、指南及专业协会网站中涉及先天性心脏病术后患儿肠内营养喂养不耐受管理的文献,检索时限为建库至2023年4月1日。2名经循证训练的研究者对纳入文献进行文献质量评价、证据提取和整合。结果 共纳入15篇文献,包括临床决策1篇,指南3篇,专家共识5篇,系统评价4篇,随机对照研究2篇。从喂养不耐受的评估与监测、营养制剂、喂养方式、症状处理、管理策略5个方面总结24条最佳证据。结论 先天性心脏病术后患儿肠内营养喂养不耐受管理的最佳证据可为进一步加强患儿的营养管理,提高临床护理质量提供循证依据。     

发音障碍患者嗓音康复的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、评价并总结发音障碍患者嗓音康复的最佳证据,为临床开展嗓音康复护理提供循证依据。方法 按照“6S”证据金字塔模型检索临床决策支持系统、各大指南网、数据库及专业协会网站中关于发音障碍患者嗓音康复的相关证据,检索时间为2013年1月1日至2023年5月16日,涵盖临床决策、指南、专家共识、证据总结、系统评价等文献类型,对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价、证据提取整合、等级评价和推荐级别确定。结果 共纳入15篇文献,包括临床决策2篇、指南3篇、专家共识2篇、系统评价7篇和1篇证据总结,整合为发音障碍患者嗓音康复的多学科协作、嗓音评估、干预措施、随访4大方面,共17条证据。结论 总结的发音障碍患者嗓音康复的最佳证据可指导临床医护人员对患者实施嗓音康复训练,促进发音障碍患者的嗓音功能康复。     

造血干细胞移植后患者肠外营养管理的证据总结

目的 评价并总结造血干细胞移植后患者肠外营养管理的最佳证据,为临床干预提供方案。 方法 计算机检索JBI循证护理数据库、英国卫生医疗质量标准署数据库、美国国立指南库、Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、中国知网、万方数据库的相关指南、证据总结、专家共识等,按文献质量评价原则和标准提取证据。 结果 共纳入6篇文献,其中证据总结1篇,指南2篇,系统评价1篇、专家共识2篇。纳入最佳证据14条,包括肠外营养评估、预防外渗及导管并发症、预防代谢异常及标签管理4个方面。 结论 总结的最佳证据可用于造血干细胞移植后患者肠外营养管理;临床应用过程中宜根据当时情形针对性地选择证据,以保障适用、安全。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.