基于自我效能理论的伴侣参与式护理干预对母乳喂养的影响

目的探讨基于自我效能理论的伴侣参与式护理干预对母乳喂养自我效能和母乳喂养的影响。方法将200例初产妇按照住院日期分为观察组和对照组各100例。对照组采用常规护理措施,观察组实施基于自我效能理论的伴侣参与式护理干预,即按照自我效能理论构建护理方案并实施,包括直接性经验、代替性经验、言语劝说和启用社会支持系统,并加强延续护理。对两组产妇母乳喂养自我效能、喂养方式、母乳喂养知识掌握情况进行比较。结果产后第3天、1个月、3个月、6个月观察组母乳喂养自我效能得分、纯母乳喂养率显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。产后第3天观察组母乳喂养知识得分显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论基于自我效能理论的伴侣参与式护理干预能增强产妇母乳喂养自我效能水平,促进纯母乳喂养行为,提高纯母乳喂养率。     

早产初产妇互联网+医院-社区-家庭联动延续管理研究

目的探讨互联网+医院-社区-家庭联动延续性管理模式在早产初产妇延续性护理中的实施效果。方法将100例早产初产妇随机分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组接受常规产妇院外护理健康教育及门诊随访,观察组采用互联网+医院-社区-家庭联动延续性管理模式。结果对照组45例、观察组47例完成全程研究。观察组早产初产妇产后3个月内乳头皲裂、破溃,产后便秘发生率显著低于对照组,母乳喂养及母乳充足率显著高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01);观察组早产初产妇产后育儿胜任感得分显著高于对照组、抑郁得分显著低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论互联网+医院-社区-家庭联动延续性管理模式能显著改善早产初产妇心理健康状况,提高其育儿胜任感及母乳喂养率,但对早产儿生长发育状况改善不明显。     

家庭赋权护理对初产妇母乳喂养的影响

目的提高初产妇母乳喂养率。方法采取前瞻性非同期成组对照设计,将2020年4~6月建档并分娩的38例初产妇纳入常规组,2020年7~10月建档并分娩的39例初产妇纳入干预组。常规组给予常规护理,干预组给予家庭赋权护理。比较两组母乳喂养知识、家庭支持得分、母乳喂养自我效能、纯母乳喂养率。结果产后1周,干预组母乳喂养知识、家庭支持得分显著优于常规组(均P<0.01);干预组产后1周、1个月、6个月母乳喂养自我效能得分显著高于常规组,产后1个月、6个月纯母乳喂养率显著高于常规组(均P<0.01)。结论实施基于家庭赋权的护理能够改善初产妇母乳喂养自我效能,提高纯母乳喂养率。     

新生儿乳房爬行运动对早期母乳喂养的影响

目的 探讨新生儿乳房爬行运动对母乳喂养的影响,为促进母乳喂养提供参考.方法 采用随机数字表法将104例初产妇随机分为观察组和对照组各52例;观察组新生儿娩出后实施乳房爬行运动90 min;对照组新生儿常规护理后实施母婴皮肤接触,至母亲会阴伤口缝合并检查完毕(约30 min).比较两组首次母乳喂养得分和成功率、第2次母乳喂养新生儿自主含接乳头成功率、产后泌乳启动时间和泌乳素水平、出院时和产后1个月纯母乳喂养率.结果 观察组50例、对照组48例完成研究.观察组首次母乳喂养得分和成功率、第2次母乳喂养新生儿自主含接乳头成功率和出院时纯母乳喂养率显著高于对照组,泌乳启动时间显著短于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而两组产后泌乳素水平和产后1个月纯母乳喂养率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 乳房爬行运动能够实现新生儿自主觅乳行为,对早期母乳喂养有促进作用,缩短初产妇产后泌乳启动时间,提高出院时纯母乳喂养率.     

母乳哺育支持系统对初产妇产后母乳喂养的影响

目的探讨母乳哺育支持系统对初产妇产后母乳喂养的影响。方法将69例自然分娩的初产妇随机分为观察组35例和对照组34例,观察组新生儿出生后给予持续性母婴皮肤接触1h,由母乳哺育支持团队成员提供母乳喂养护理支持,出院后哺乳顾问持续跟踪并给予帮助;对照组则行皮肤接触至产妇会阴伤口缝合并检查完毕,给予常规产后护理。比较产后不同时间纯母乳喂养率及母乳喂养率。结果观察组出院时、产后7d、4个月及6个月的纯母乳喂养率显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01),观察组产后7d、4个月及6个月的母乳喂养率显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论医院母乳哺育支持系统能有效提高初产妇产后纯母乳喂养率和母乳喂养率。     

基于网络的医院-社区-家庭管理模式在抑郁症患者中的应用

目的探索基于网络平台的医院-社区-家庭管理模式在抑郁症患者出院管理中的应用效果。方法将150例住院抑郁症患者随机分成观察组和对照组各75例。对照组患者给予常规出院后随访,观察组采用基于网络APP的医院-社区-家庭联合的管理模式。分别在出院后1个月、3个月和6个月时评估两组患者的服药信念和服药依从性。结果观察组患者出院后不同时间点感知到的服药必要性得分显著高于对照组,抑郁及服药顾虑得分显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。出院后3个月、6个月,观察组患者服药依从性显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论构建基于网络平台的医院-社区-家庭联合的管理模式可以为抑郁症患者提供出院后的延续治疗护理,帮助其树立正确的服药信念,提高服药依从性。     

改良马迈式挤奶法在剖宫产后乳房疏通中的应用

目的疏通乳房,提高母乳喂养率。方法将160例产妇随机分为观察组和对照组各80例,对照组产妇剖宫产后采用传统的挤奶方法疏通乳房;观察组采用改良马迈式挤奶法进行乳房疏通。结果观察组产后乳房舒适度评分、乳房肿胀程度与对照组比较,组间效应、时间效应、交互效应均P0.05。观察组术后5d和6个月纯母乳喂养率显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论对剖宫产产妇应用改良马迈式挤奶法可有效疏通乳房,从而降低产后乳房胀痛度,提高纯母乳喂养率。     

乳房手法按摩对二胎剖宫产产妇母乳喂养的影响

目的探讨产后早期乳房手法按摩对二胎产妇母乳喂养的影响。方法将二胎产妇392例随机分为对照组和观察组各196例,对照组产后采用低频脉冲电治疗和药膳调理,观察组在此基础上行乳房手法按摩。结果观察组乳头含接正常率、纯母乳喂养率显著优于对照组,乳腺炎发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.01);两组两孩年龄差8岁产妇的纯母乳喂养率显著低于两孩年龄差≤8岁者(P0.05,P0.01)。结论随着二胎母亲年龄的增长、两孩年龄差距增大,产后乳房泌乳情况越差,通过产后及时乳房手法按摩和药膳调理干预,对二胎产妇的母乳喂养有重要意义。     

基于时机理论的持续性护理预防产后抑郁症研究

目的探讨以时机理论为框架的持续性护理对预防产后抑郁的作用。方法将101例产妇随机分成干预组50例和对照组51例,对照组实施产科常规护理,干预组在常规护理基础上实施基于时机理论的持续性护理模式,分别于干预前、出院当天、产后3个月应用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表、一般自我效能感量表,产后3个月应用母亲角色适应调查问卷进行调查。结果产后3个月,干预组抑郁得分及抑郁发生率显著低于对照组,自我效能感和母亲角色适应得分显著高于对照组(P 0. 05,P 0. 01)。结论基于时机理论的持续性护理可有效提高产妇自我效能感及母亲角色适应能力,预防产后抑郁症的发生。     

团体活动式延续护理对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者自我效能的影响

目的 通过实施团体活动式的延续护理,以提高社区慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者自我效能.方法 随机抽取长沙市某社区21例稳定期COPD患者为观察组,另外抽取另一社区20例稳定期COPD患者为对照组.对照组入组后由社区医护人员给予一般健康教育,发放课题组编制的COPD自我管理知识手册.观察组在此基础上接受每周1次、每次约60 min的团体活动式延续护理,共8周.结果 观察组观察期间平均住院次数、住院天数与总费用显著低于对照组;干预结束和干预后6个月自我效能得分显著高于对照组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.结论 团体活动式延续护理可以改善社区COPD患者的自我效能感,减少患者住院次数及医疗费用.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.