Estimation of daily human intake of food flavonoids

The daily intake of food flavonoids was determined using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 4-day food record (4DFR) in a group of 45 female Flemish dietitians. The subjects were asked to report their food intake three times: day 1 using the FFQ (FFQ1); between days 2 and 13 using a 4-day non-consecutive food diary (4DFR); and again using the FFQ on day 14 (FFQ2). The total flavonoid intakes (mean and standard deviation) as estimated with the different methods were: for FFQ1, 166.0 +/- 146.6 mg/day; for 4DFR, 203.0 +/- 243.2 mg/day; and for FFQ2, 158.3 +/- 151.8 mg/day. There was a significant different estimate for the amount of flavan-3-ols, flavanones and flavones when comparing the two FFQs with the 4DFR. The two research methods classified 88% of the 45 dietitians in the same or in an adjacent quartile for total flavonoid intake. The findings of this study indicate that the developed FFQ seems to be a simple and reliable method to assign subjects in quartiles of flavonoid intake.     

Folic acid and cobalamine intake in daily food rations of women from the region of Lower Silesia

The aim of paper was to assess the folic acid and cobalamine women (n = 960). The information about vitamins intake were collected using 24-hour recall and diet history questionnaire. The intake of vitamins folic acid and cobalamine was too low. The mean folic acid content in the diets of 100 women from Lower Silesia was 221.5 mcg and complied in 79% recommended level. The mean cobalamine content in the diets of 100 women from Lower Silesia was 2.9 mcg and complied in 97% recommended level. In examined group low knowledge about importance role of folic acid and cobalamine in health was noticed. Educational interventions are required to inform women and to increase its intake among them.     

Estimated daily intake of phenolics and antioxidants from green tea consumption in the Korean diet

To estimate daily intake of total phenolics and flavonoids from green tea and the contribution of green tea to the antioxidant intake from the Korean diet, 24 commercial brands of green tea were selected and analyzed. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 and 2011 indicate that the green tea consumption in these 2 years was 2.8?g/tea drinker/day and 2.9?g/tea drinker/day, respectively. Based on data derived from direct measurements of green tea phenolics and the dataset of the 2008 KNHANES, we estimated the daily per tea drinker phenolics intake to be 172?mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), the total flavonoids to be 43?mg catechin equivalents (CE) and the total antioxidants to be 267?mg vitamin C equivalents (VCE; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay) and 401?mg VCE (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay). In 2011, we estimated the daily per tea drinker total phenolics intake to be 246?mg GAE, the total flavonoids to be 60?mg CE and the antioxidants to be 448?mg VCE (DPPH assay) and 630?mg VCE (ABTS assay). The daily intake of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidants from green tea consumption increased from 2008 to 2011.     

The major sources of daily dietary intake of micronutrients in the adult rural population of the Republic of Chuvashia

The paper presents the results of determination of the basic sources of micronutrients in the nutrition of the rural population of the Chuvash Republic. The importance of foodstuffs, the sources of nutrients, was determined by factor mathematical analysis, by estimating the weight factors. All the products used in the daily ration were studied, which permitted elucidation of the importance of individual Russia-specific products. By reason of the uniform pattern of nutrition in Chuvashia, virtually all study micronutrients were found to come with baked goods, milk, and potatoes. The quantity of fresh vegetables and fruits in the actual diets of the examinees is so low that it exerts no significant effect on the intake of vitamins and minerals. In addition, all vegetables and fruits used in the daily ration are generally used in the personal subsidiary plots. Berries that commonly grow in Chuvashia, such as cranberry, bilberry, sea-buckthorn, and red whortleberry, were also observed to be virtually unused in nutrition, although it is just the berries that are gold mines of vitamins and minerals.     

The evaluation of nitrates and nitrites in daily food intake of adults

During the research work the contents of nitrates and nitrites in whole day's food of adults were examined. The study were carried out in February 1996. In the evaluation of the degree of exposure highest permissible daily intake was considered of nitrites (0.2 mg NaNO2) and nitrates (5 mg KNO3) for one kg of body weight, and the assumed average body weight was 60 kg for adults. The contents of nitrites and nitrates were determined spectrophotometrically of the basis of Griess reaction. Nitrate was determined colorimetrically using sulphanic acid and N-1-naphtyl-ethylene-diamine. The quantity of collected nitrates and nitrites in whole day's food oscillates between 69.5 and 737.5 mg KNO3 and the average quantity is 304.55 mg KNO3. The quantity of collected nitrites is in the average 1.8-8.4 mg NaNO2, and the average quantity is 4.39 mg NaNO2.     

固体食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸的液-液萃取及分离分析

目的:建立固体食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸的萃取及气相色谱分离分析的方法。方法:将固体食品制成稀浆状的水溶混合物,再以有机溶剂萃取,经色谱分离分析,并对色谱条件进行实验研究和优化。结果:同一样品测得值:山梨酸0.32 g/kg、苯甲酸0.29 g/kg,而直接取捣碎的固体样品进行萃取,其测得值为样品的检测限(山梨酸0.009 g/kg、苯甲酸0.010 g/kg)。结论:所建立的方法,对固体食品中山梨酸和苯甲酸萃取效果显著提高,组份分离彻底,重现性好,灵敏度高。     

气相色谱法测定食品中山梨酸 苯甲酸的不确定度分析

目的:评估气相色谱法对食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸的检测结果的影响。方法:根据测定方法建立数学模型,然后对不确定度的分量逐一进行计算,最终合成不确定度报告。结果:当K=2(95%置信概率)时,山梨酸、苯甲酸的含量分别为406.8±11.39 mg/kg和905.2±79.66 mg/kg。结论:掌握气相色谱法分析山梨酸、苯甲酸不确定度的方法,确保测量结果的准确性。     

Folate intake and food sources in the US population

Dietary data from 24-h recalls collected in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) were analyzed to determine intake and food sources of folate in US adults between ages 19 and 74 y. Mean daily folate intake was 242 +/- 2.8 micrograms (means +/- SEM) for all adults, 281 +/- 3.6 micrograms for males, and 207 +/- 2.9 micrograms for females. Daily intake per 1000 kcal was 130 +/- 1.3 micrograms for all adults 122 +/- 1.3 micrograms for males, and 137 +/- 1.7 micrograms for females. Based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 400 micrograms/d, our results suggest that folate intake in the United States is low, particularly among women and blacks. Intake by age, education, and poverty index is discussed. Orange juice, white breads, dried beans, green salad, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals are the major food sources of folate on a given day, contributing 37% of total folate intake.     

离子色谱法测定食品中的甜蜜素和苯甲酸

目的：采用离子交换-电导检测离子色谱法测定食品中的甜蜜素和苯甲酸。方法：选用IonPacAS11-HC分析柱，25．0mmol／L NaOH＋5％甲醇淋洗液，外接水自动再生，样品经沉淀处理，过滤后进样分析。结果：方法的线性范围广、相关性好（r〉0．999），甜蜜素和苯甲酸样品及标准测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为0．2％～4．8％、3．5％、0．1％～7．6％、0．6％，样品加标回收率分别为90．4％～105．1％、92．0％～106．8％，检出限分别为0．48、0．57mg／kg。结论：与国标方法对比测定的结果表明，该方法的准确度高，适用性较好。     

Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of U.S. adults

Estimating flavonoid intake is a first step toward documenting the protective effects of flavonoids against risk of chronic diseases. Although flavonoids are important dietary sources of antioxidants, insufficient data on the comprehensive food composition of flavonoids have delayed the assessment of dietary intake in a population. We aimed to estimate the dietary flavonoid intake in U.S. adults and its sociodemographic subgroups and to document major dietary sources of flavonoids. We expanded the recently released USDA Flavonoid Database to increase its correspondence with the 24-h dietary recall (DR) of the NHANES 1999-2002. We systematically assigned a particular food code to all foods that were prepared or processed similarly. This expanded database included 87% of fruits and fruit juices, 86% of vegetables, 75% of legumes, and, overall, 45% of all foods reported by the 24-h DR of the NHANES 1999-2002. Estimated mean daily total flavonoid intake, 189.7 mg/d, was mainly from flavan-3-ols (83.5%), followed by flavanones (7.6%), flavonols (6.8%), anthocyanidins (1.6%), flavones (0.8%), and isoflavones (0.6%). The flavonoid density of diets increased with age (P < 0.001) and income (P < 0.05). It was higher in women (P < 0.001), Caucasians (P < 0.001), and vitamin supplement users (P < 0.001) and lower in adults with high levels of nonleisure time physical activity (P < 0.01) compared with their counterparts. The greatest daily mean intake of flavonoids was from the following foods: tea (157 mg), citrus fruit juices (8 mg), wine (4 mg), and citrus fruits (3 mg). The proposed relation between flavonoid intake and the prevention of chronic diseases needs further investigation using the estimates introduced in this study.     

Nutrition quality of daily food intake of the Warsaw population in the years 1993-2001. Warsaw Pol-MONICA bis project

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in dietary habits and the realization degree of the recommended dietary allowances of vitamins and minerals intake in the diet of the Warsaw inhabitants in the 8-year period. In years 1993 and 2001 dietary habits where assessed according to 1485 and 836 randomly selected 35-64 year old men and women. Over the observation period substantial changes in food consumption pattern were noticed: the percentage of energy from fat decreased from 39.9% to 37.8% in men and from 38.2% to 35.9% in women, the percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids decreased from 14.0% to 12.4% in men and from 13.5% to 11.9% in women, the percentage from carbohydrates increased from 46.0% to 47.5% and from 47.5% to 49.6% and dietary fibre intake from 21.5 g to 22.8 g and from 15.7 g to 17.5 g respectively. In 2001 in comparison with 1993 intakes of vitamins C and B2, calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron were higher in both genders, vitamin B1 in men and E in women. Despite those positive changes still in year 2001 fibre, vitamins B1 and B2 and analyzed minerals intake was on too low level. The highest deficiency has been noticed in calcium intake in both genders and iron in women-the realization degree of recommended intake has stayed on 60-67% level.     

Serum phospholipid fatty acid profile and dietary intake in an adult Mediterranean population with cystic fibrosis

The relative importance of the usual diet in serum phospholipids in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been poorly studied. To compare the fatty acid profile in serum phospholipids from adult CF subjects with that of healthy subjects, and determine the role of the normal diet in this profile, we studied thirty-seven adult CF subjects with stable pulmonary disease and thirty-seven healthy controls matched for age, sex and nutritional status. A dietary questionnaire was obtained, anthropometric data were recorded, and the fatty acid profile measured by GLC. Compared with the controls, the percentages of myristic, palmitoleic and stearic acids and total MUFA were significantly higher in the CF group, and DHA, linoleic acid, total PUFA and n-6 fatty acids were significantly lower in the CF group. The CF subjects with worse pulmonary function and with pancreatic insufficiency had significantly lower levels of linoleic and n-6 fatty acids. The total energy intake was significantly higher in the CF subjects, although the energy distribution in the CF subjects and the controls was not different for the carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. No differences were detected in fat intake for MUFA (51 (SD 4) v. 52 (SD 4) %) or saturated fatty acids (33.5 (SD 5) v. 31.2 (SD 3.8) %), but the PUFA were slightly lower in the CF subjects (15.4 (SD 4.5) v. 17.4 (SD 4.2) %; P=0.02). The usual dietary intake of fatty acids by adult CF subjects does not appear to explain the difference in the fatty acid profile compared with controls. This suggests an abnormal fatty acid metabolism in CF subjects.     

复方苯甲酸酊剂中苯甲酸及水杨酸的含量检测

目的:探索复方苯甲酸酊剂两种主要成分稳定有效的含量测定方法.方法:用中和法测定两酸的总量,用紫外分光光度法测定水杨酸的含量,从总量中减去水杨酸的含量即为苯甲酸的含量.结果:回收实验苯甲酸平均回收率为100.13%,RSD为0.73%;水杨酸平均回收率为99.95%,RSD为0.23%.结论:结合使用中和法和紫外分光光度法能较好地同时检测复方苯甲酸酊剂中两种主要成分的准确含量.     

Estimated daily phthalate exposures in a population of mothers of male infants exhibiting reduced anogenital distance

Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants in animal studies. A recent epidemiologic study showed certain phthalates to be significantly associated with reduced anogenital distance in human male infants, the first evidence of subtle developmental effects in human male infants exposed prenatally to phthalates. We used two previously published methods to estimate the daily phthalate exposures for the four phthalates whose urinary metabolites were statistically significantly associated with developmental effects in the 214 mother-infant pairs [di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) , diethyl phthalate (DEP) , butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) , diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) ] and for another important phthalate [di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) ]. We estimated the median and 95th percentile of daily exposures to DBP to be 0.99 and 2.68 microg/kg/day, respectively ; for DEP, 6.64 and 112.3 microg/kg/day ; for BBzP, 0.50 and 2.47 microg/kg/day ; and for DEHP, 1.32 and 9.32 microg/kg/day. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference doses for these chemicals are 100 (DBP) , 800 (DEP) , 200 (BBzP) , and 20 (DEHP) microg/kg/day. The median and 95th percentile exposure estimates for the phthalates associated with reduced anogenital distance in the study population are substantially lower than current U.S. EPA reference doses for these chemicals and could be informative to any updates of the hazard assessments and risk assessments for these chemicals.     

Evaluation of cadmium, mercury and lead intake with daily food rations

Using the data of the Central Statistical Bureau concerning the consumption of about 90 basic food products daily food rations were reproduced as taken by medium-income worker families. The diets were reproduced in Lublin, Olsztyn, Poznań, Warsaw and Wroc?aw determining in them cadmium, mercury and lead by atomic absorption spectrophometry. It was found that weekly intake of cadmium with food rations was in the range from 133 to 189 mcg, that of lead was 504 to 952 mcg, and mercury from 61.6 to 154.0 mcg. The obtained results were not exceeding 50% PTWI for any of these metals but they were rather higher than those in previous years, which indicates increasing contamination of food products with toxic elements. In areas with higher industrialization level the dietary intake of metals was as a rule higher than in areas with lower accumulation of industry.     

液相色谱-质谱联用检测食品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠

目的：建立高效液相-质谱联用仪检测各类食品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠的方法。方法：采用HPl00高效液相色谱一质谱联用系统；C18柱；流动相：甲醇：0．02mol／L乙酸铵=5：95；流速：1ml／min；检测波长：230nm；质谱扫描（m／z）：50～500amu；苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠选择性荷质比（m／z）为：121；111；182。结果：在质量范围内线性良好，r=0．9999，苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠回收率92％～105％。结论：方法具有高度的灵敏性和专属性，能对食品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠进行准确定性和定量检测，是可行有效的检测方法。     

膨化食品中的山梨酸、苯甲酸、糖精钠的超高效液相色谱测定法

目的 建立一种用超高液相色谱法测定膨化食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸、糖精钠的方法.方法 参考国标中高效液相色谱法,改用超高液相色谱并确定测定条件.结果 采用该法得出的校准曲线的相关系数分别为山梨酸:r =0.999 6;苯甲酸:r =0.999 9;糖精钠:r=0.999 9.检出限均为0.001 mg/kg.3种物质的回收率范围为97.2％ ～99.1％.结论 采用超高液相色谱法测定膨化食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸、糖精钠,该法具有灵敏、准确、回收率和重现性好的特点,使得测定山梨酸、苯甲酸、糖精钠的方法更加简便快速、准确可靠.