MRI appearances of the sphenoid sinus at the late follow‐up of trans‐sphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma

We aimed to demonstrate the appearances of the sphenoid sinus on MRI performed later than 2 years post‐ transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). We retrospectively reviewed 47 patients in whom follow‐up MRI scans had been performed at least 2 years post‐TSS. We specifically reviewed the clinical and imaging of those patients in whom the sphenoid sinus was filled with signal abnormality or masses were present arising from the sinus roof and classified them as tumour or indeterminate abnormalities on imaging criteria. We documented other clinicoradiological details. Twelve of 47 patients demonstrated sphenoid sinus filling or sinus roof masses and in six of 12 patients it was possible to classify them as tumourous using imaging and clinical criteria. The indeterminate and non‐tumourous sphenoid sinus abnormalities most frequently had a T1‐weighted signal similar to subsellar tumour and displayed rim enhancement and thus could not be reliably distinguished from tumourous abnormality on the basis of signal or enhancement characteristics. The presence of a well‐defined surgical defect in the sella floor was associated with resolution of abnormality on MRI follow‐up. We concluded MRI findings of sphenoid sinus filling or sinus roof masses are present in approximately 26% of scans performed longer than 2 years post‐TSS. Half of these are of indeterminate origin and follow‐up is required to discriminate tumour from non‐ tumour with certainty. A well‐defined surgical defect in the sella floor is, however, suggestive of a non‐tumourous abnormality.     

Imaging for Crohn disease: Use of 3‐T MRI in a paediatric setting

This study was carried out to review our experience with 3‐T MRI in the assessment of Crohn disease in a paediatric population. Twenty‐four patients with biopsy proven Crohn disease identified on the radiology information system underwent abdominal MRI, with or without pelvic MRI. Twenty‐eight studies were carried out on a 3‐T scanner at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Eight of 24 of these (30%) had a gastrointestinal barium study, 2 of 24 (8%) a CT and 9 of 24 (38%) an abdominal ultrasound. The different MRI sequences were rated for observation of the bowel wall and abnormalities (0–5). The findings were correlated to relevant findings on endoscopy, examination under anaesthesia (EUA) and where available surgery, barium studies, CT and ultrasound. In this study, the colon was involved in 5 of 28 (18%), small bowel in 7 of 28 (25%), terminal ileum in 5 of 28 (18%). All the perineal studies (9 of 9) showed abnormalities. Sinus tracts or fistulas were identified in 7 of 28 (25%) studies. The mean rating of the different MRI sequences in showing bowel wall and changes of Crohn disease was T2 TSE 3.6, T2 half fourier aquisition single shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) with a long TE 3.6, T2 HASTE with short TE 3.4, true fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP) 2.7, T1 4.1 and Post‐contrast T1 4.3. The T2 HASTE sequences with thinner slices improved observation. Detection of superficial abnormalities was similar on the 3D VIBE images and on the post‐contrast T1 spin‐echo (SE) sequences. In five of nine (56%) of those that had ultrasound, both studies were abnormal, with incomplete correlation of the abnormalities. Computed tomography and MRI were abnormal in two of two (100%) patients with good correlation of the abnormalities in one; in the other there was a minimal discrepancy in the estimation of the length of involved bowel. In 7 of 11 (64%) the barium study was abnormal. Good correlation to MRI findings was found in five of seven (71%) of patients. In two of seven (29%) both studies were abnormal, with incomplete correlation of the abnormalities. Barium underestimated the length of involved segment in these patients with inflammatory ileal thickening and ulceration. Notably, in both studies compression was limited because of patient discomfort and the involved segments obscured by overlap. Abdominal and pelvic MRI at 3 T is a useful imaging technique for evaluation of Crohn disease in the children. The extent of bowel wall involvement and extra‐intestinal complications, such as abscesses and fistulas can be accurately assessed non‐invasively, without the use of ionizing radiation or sedation.     

单发脑转移瘤的MRI诊断

目的:探讨单发脑转移瘤(solitary brain metastasis,SBM)的MRI表现,提高对其诊断的准确性。方法:回顾性分析经临床综合确诊的38例SBM的MRI平扫及增强表现,分析病灶的部位、大小、瘤周水肿程度和瘤体的强化特点。结果:本组38例SBM中,发生于幕上31例,其中位于脑皮质和皮质下区28例;幕下7例。瘤体直径＜1.0cm有12例,1.0cm-3.0cm 19例,＞3.0cm 7例。增强扫描所有病灶均出现强化,其中结节型强化19例,环型强化11例,混合型强化8例。瘤周无水肿7例,轻度水肿11例,中度水肿13例,重度水肿7例。结论:SBM的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,MRI增强扫描对其诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted MRI for identifying hepatocellular carcinoma with liver explant correlation

Background: The goal of this study was to use liver explant correlation to assess the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion‐weighted (DW)‐MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods: Thirty‐seven patients were retrospectively identified who had undergone liver transplantation and had preoperative, respiratory‐triggered, single‐shot echo‐planar DW‐MRI. Two independent blinded observers evaluated the DW‐MRI images for HCC and comparison was made with the explanted specimens. Results: By pathology, 29 HCCs (mean largest diameter 2.0 cm; range 0.7–4.0 cm) were identified in 20 patients. Sensitivity and specificity for reader 1 were 55 and 92%, and for reader 2 were 45 and 100%. There was ‘substantial’ inter‐observer agreement (kappa = 0.64). Conclusion: DW‐MR is not sensitive enough for HCC to be used as a stand‐alone sequence, although its high specificity suggests that it is likely valuable as a component of a liver MRI protocol.     

The Role of Surveillance Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scanning in Detecting Recurrent Brain Tumors in Asymptomatic Children

BACKGROUND: There is controversy regarding the utility of routine surveillance scanning for asymptomatic children with brain tumors. Although the role of CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning in this setting has been examined in several studies, none have focused on children followed exclusively by MRI. The purpose of this study was to determine how often recurrent brain tumors are detected by routine MRI surveillance in asymptomatic children. METHODS: The medical records of all children with brain tumors treated at Children's Hospital at Strong from 1990-1999 were reviewed. Recurrence was defined as an increase in size of the tumor on MRI scan. Astrocytomas and gangliogliomas were classified as low-grade tumors; high-grade astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and ependymomas were classified as high-grade tumors. RESULTS: Of the 112 evaluable children with brain tumors during this time period, 46 (41%) suffered an MRI-documented recurrence. Of these 46 patients, 13 (28%) had low-grade tumors and 33 (72%) had high-grade tumors. Twenty-seven of the 46 recurrences (59%) occurred in asymptomatic children. Ten of the 13 children (77%) with recurrent low-grade tumors were asymptomatic compared to 17 of 33 children (52%) with recurrent high-grade tumors (p = 0.18). The median survival from time of recurrence for the symptomatic children was seven months, while the median survival from time of recurrence for the asymptomatic children has not yet been reached (p = 0.025). When the analysis was confined to children with high-grade tumors, there was no difference in median survival from the time of recurrence for symptomatic versus asymptomatic children (5 mo. versus 7 mo.) (p = 0.25). The frequency of detection of recurrences by surveillance scanning in asymptomatic children was 4.2% (one recurrence detected per 24 surveillence MRI scans). CONCLUSION: The majority of recurrent brain tumors are detected by MRI surveillence in asymptomatic children. However, asymptomatic recurrences were detected in only a small proportion of surveillance scans and had no impact on survival in children with high-grade tumors.     

Early MRI findings in High Grade Glioma

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive than computerized tomography in the detection of many intracerebral lesions; however, the significance of some MRI findings may be unclear. Over four years, nine patients, aged 40–79 years, have been encountered whose initial MRI scans were negative or had minimal abnormalities and soon thereafter had high grade glioma. Initial MRI was performed in eight patients for new-onset seizures and one patient for a focal deficit. MRI was negative in four of the patients and mildly abnormal in five of the patients (small areas of increased T2 and/or minimal enhancement). The initial diagnoses usually included inconclusive differentials of stroke and infection with neoplasm less frequently considered. Radiographic progression leading to the diagnosis of high grade glioma became evident on repeat MRI in 1–8 months with six patients showing progression within three months. All patients underwent surgery and had histologic diagnosis of glioma. Although MRI is quite sensitive, four of the initial scans were negative with reasonable quality studies. Conversely, in five of the initial scans, the tumors were detected when so small that the radiographic findings were not typically diagnostic. Glioma must be considered as a possible cause of initial seizures or new neurologic deficits in adults with normal or minimally abnormal MRI. In this group, seizures were the overwhelming hallmark of presentation. In such a clinical situation, close follow-up with short interval repeat MRI should be performed.     

MRI of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (scimitar syndrome)

We report a case of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava (scimitar syndrome). Cine MRI and 3‐D contrast‐enhanced MR angiography provides an non‐invasive diagnostic technique in the evaluation of anomalous pulmonary venous return.     

A new look into kicking a football: An investigation of muscle activity using MRI

The kicking action predominantly used in Australian Rules football is considered to be responsible for many lower limb injuries. The aim of this study was to describe a non‐invasive method of identifying the thigh muscles involved in kicking an Australian Rules football, using MRI. Both upper thighs of 10 recreational footballers were examined using a 1.5‐T General Electric MRI scanner before and immediately after carrying out a set kicking exercise protocol. The signal intensity (SI) changes in 14 individual muscles were investigated using a standardized region of interest to determine the levels of muscle activity. Significant SI changes were observed in several muscles of the kicking and stance legs among all participants. In the kicking leg, the greatest SI changes were observed in the adductor longus and tensor fascia latae muscles (49.38% (±8.95) and 45.47% (±7.91), respectively; P < 0.05), whereas in the stance leg, the muscles displaying the highest changes were the semitendinosus and tensor fascia latae muscles (46.48% (±9.97) and 33.68% (±8.36), respectively; P < 0.05). This study has shown that MRI can be useful for observing the activity of individual muscles in the upper thigh during the kicking motion. This non‐invasive approach provides a detailed analysis of anatomy and emphasizes the muscles at high risk of injury.     

Failed magnetic resonance imaging examinations due to claustrophobia

A recognized cause of incomplete or cancelled MRI examinations is anxiety and claustrophobic symptoms in patients undergoing MR scanning. This appears to be a problem in many MRI centres in Western Europe and North America, where it is said to be costly in terms of loss of valuable scan time, and has led to researchers suggesting several anxiety-reducing approaches for MRI. To determine the incidence of failed MRI examination among our patients and if there are any associations with a patient's sex, age and education level, we studied claustrophobia that led to premature termination of the MRI examination in the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) in 3324 patients over 28 months. The incidence of failed MRI examinations due to claustrophobia in the UMMC was found to be only 0.54%. There are associations between claustrophobia in MRI with the patients’sex, age and level of education. The majority of those affected were male patients and young patients in the 25-45-year age group. The patients’education level appears to be the strongest association with failed MRI examinations due to claustrophobia, where the majority of the affected were highly educated individuals. Claustrophobia in MRI is more of a problem among the educated individuals or patients from a higher socio-economic group, which may explain the higher incidence in Western European and North American patients.     

椎管内肠源性囊肿的MR表现

目的：探讨椎管内肠源性囊肿的MRI表现及其鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析12例经手术和病理证实的椎管内肠源性囊肿的临床和MRI资料。所有病例均行MRI平扫,8例行MRI增强扫描。结果：12例均位于椎管内髓外硬膜下脊髓腹侧,4例病变位于颈段,5例位于颈胸段交界处,3例位于上段胸椎。T1WI图像上,10例囊肿呈低信号,其中4例与脑脊液信号相似,为均质低信号,6例略高于脑脊液信号;2例呈与脊髓等信号。T2WI图像上,囊肿均呈高信号,其中5例与脑脊液信号相似,呈均质高信号,7例呈明显高于脑脊液信号。8例行MR增强扫描,囊壁及囊液均未见强化。结论：肠源性囊肿在MR图像上具有一定的形态及信号特点,对于术前正确诊断具有一定意义。     

Isolated lipoma of filum terminale in adults: MRI findings and clinical correlation

Introduction: Fat within the filum terminale is frequently seen on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbosacral spine (LSS), with prevalence of 1–5%. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and MRI features of isolated lipoma of filum terminale (LFT) in adult population and its correlation with the patient clinical presentations. Methods: Prospective analysis of all lumbosacral MRI performed at King Abdullah University Hospital during a 21‐month period. A total of 37 patients with LFT were included. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A patients have neurological deficit manifested by either motor, sensory or sphincter abnormality. Group B patients have normal neurological examination. Clinical findings were correlated with: A: thickness of LFT, B: length of LFT, C: distance of LFT from conus medullaris (CM), D: age of the patient. Results: The prevalence of isolated LFT in our study was 3.2%. There was no significant correlation between the thickness or length of LFT and the presence of neurological deficit. The distance of LFT from CM was also not correlated with the patient clinical presentation. No significant difference in the age between the two groups. Conclusion: LFT in adult likely represent an incidental finding on routine lumbosacral MRI. Special attention for LFT in children is mandatory as it may indicate clinical tethering in otherwise normal appearing LSS.     

MRI在诊断宫颈癌复发中的价值

目的：探讨MRI在评估诊断宫颈癌复发中的价值。方法：36例经病理证实宫颈癌复发患者,均行盆腔的MRI轴位T1WI、T2WI、SPIR以及GD-DTPA增强扫描后T1WI轴位、矢状位扫描。在不同序列MRI图像上观察复发肿瘤的形态、大小及信号改变。结果：326例病人中出现复发36例,发生率为11%。25例宫颈癌手术后复发病例,MRI可见在阴道残端或盆腔内出现软组织信号肿块影,增强扫描可见肿块明显强化。其中5例可见肿块侵及一侧输尿管,其上方输尿管扩张积水。11例宫颈癌放化疗后复发病例,MRI可见宫颈较前明显增厚,肿块T1WI为略低信号,T2WI为略高信号,增强扫描可见肿块呈不均匀强化。其中2例可见肿块侵及膀胱壁。结论：由于MRI具有非常好的软组织分辨率,MRI成像已成为宫颈癌手术前后或放化疗前后检查和随访最重要的手段,它能够准确判断宫颈癌临床分期,并且可以早期、及时发现肿瘤复发;在评估宫颈癌复发诊断中有重要价值。     

儿童鞍区实性肿瘤的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨儿童鞍区实性肿瘤的MRI表现,提高鉴别诊断能力。方法:回顾性分析15例经病理证实的儿童鞍区实性肿瘤MRI表现。结果:单纯位于鞍上4例、鞍内1例,同时累及鞍内、鞍上或鞍旁10例,病灶大小7 mm～59 mm。颅咽管瘤3例,平扫呈长T1长T2信号,DWI呈等信号,增强明显均匀或不均匀强化,典型者呈“椒盐征”表现;毛细胞型星形细胞瘤4例,平扫呈稍长T1稍长T2信号,增强明显不均匀强化;生殖细胞瘤4例,平扫大多数呈等T1等T2信号,增强明显强化,3例呈“塑形样”生长,1例伴有松果体生殖细胞瘤及脑脊液播散;错构瘤4例,平扫呈等T1等T2信号,增强未见强化。结论:儿童鞍区实性肿瘤多种多样,根据肿瘤的MRI信号特点,并结合临床资料,多数术前可以基本明确诊断。     

Extent of disease burden determined with magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow is predictive of survival outcome in patients with multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND:

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable cancer. Treatment often is initiated at the time patients experience a progressive increase in tumor burden. The authors of this report investigated magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow (BM‐MRI) as a novel approach to quantify disease burden and validated a staging system by correlating BM‐MRI with common clinical and laboratory parameters.

METHODS:

The extent of bone marrow involvement was evaluated by BM‐MRI. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed in patients with active MM, and correlations between variables were assessed statistically. Bone marrow involvement by BM‐MRI was defined as stage A (0%), stage B (<10%), stage C (10%‐50%), and stage D (>50%).

RESULTS:

In total, 170 consecutive patients were evaluated (77 women and 93 men), including 144 patients who had active MM. The median age was 61 years (age range, 35‐83 years). Advance stage disease (stage >I) based on Durie‐Salmon (DS) staging or International Staging System (ISS) criteria was observed in 122 patients (84%) and 77 patients (53%), respectively. Lytic bone disease was noted in 120 patients (83%). There was a significant association between BM‐MRI involvement and DS stage (P = .0006), ISS stage (P = .0001), the presence of lytic bone disease (P < .0001) and mean β‐2 microglobulin levels (P < .0001). Among the patients with previously untreated MM, there was a significant association between BM‐MRI stage and overall survival (OS) (univariate P = .013; multivariate P = .045). Plasmacytosis on bone marrow biopsy at diagnosis was not predictive of OS (P = .91).

CONCLUSIONS:

BM‐MRI is a novel approach for quantifying disease burden in patients with MM. The current investigation in a large cohort of nontransplantion MM patients demonstrated that the extent of bone marrow involvement determined by BM‐MRI correlates accurately with other conventional parameters of disease burden and can independently predict survival in patients with MM at the time of initial diagnosis. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

卵黄囊瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的:探讨卵黄囊瘤CT及MRI的表现及在诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月至2015年5月经病理证实的40例卵黄囊瘤的CT或MRI表现及临床特征。结果:发病年龄9个月~50岁,平均年龄12.7岁;其中男17例,女23例。肿瘤位于卵巢18例,睾丸12例,骶尾部6例,阴道2例,膈肌1例,腹股沟1例。影像学表现为类圆形或不规则形肿块,呈实性或囊实混合性,肿瘤最大径1.5~28cm。增强扫描实性部分明显不均匀强化,实性部分及囊壁内可见迂曲血管影。结论:卵黄囊瘤在CT及MRI存在特征性的影像学表现,结合发病年龄、AFP升高等临床特征,可以提高对该病的鉴别诊断。     

MRI对78例鼻咽癌患者临床分期的影响

背景与目的：目前国内鼻咽癌按92’福州分期进行临床分期,其主要依据是临床检查和CT检查。随着MRI在临床上普及应用,其对显示鼻咽癌侵犯范围更加敏感、精细,势将影响鼻咽癌的临床分期。本文通过对78例鼻咽癌患者的CT与MRI图像的比较,探讨MRI相对于以CT为基础,对鼻咽癌92’福州分期造成的影响。方法：回顾分析我院2005年8月至2006年8月收治的78例鼻咽癌患者放射治疗前的CT和MRI图像,所有病例均经病理证实。采用χ2检验分别以CT和MRI图像为依据的鼻咽癌92’福州分期的差异。结果：MRI和CT对鼻咽癌病变检出率分别为：茎突前间隙82.0%,65.4%;口咽34.6%,20.5%;咽后淋巴结74.4%,55.1%;颅底骨质51.3%,30.8%;海绵窦/颅内19.2%,5.1%;副鼻窦33.3%,19.2%;翼腭窝16.7%,6.4%等,差异均有显著性（P〈0.05）。鼻腔28.2%,21.8%;茎突后间隙侵犯65.4%,67.9%;喉咽2.6%,1.3%;以及对颈部淋巴结各区检出率等,差异无显著性。对T、N分期的影响：按照92’福州分期标准,MRI使42.3%的T分期发生改变;25.6%（20/78）的N分期发生改变。对临床分期的影响：按照92’福州分期标准,MRI使28.2%的临床分期发生改变。结论：以MRI作为鼻咽癌的检测手段,诊断更准确,尤其对颅底颅内病变和咽后淋巴结;临床分期改变幅度大,将影响对临床预后的评估;应考虑将MRI图像作为鼻咽癌的临床分期标准。     

Perianal infections: Reader agreement and diagnostic performance of fat‐suppressed contrast‐enhanced MRI

We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the contrast‐enhanced fat‐suppression technique in the detectability of perianal infections and to compare this technique with different MR sequences used for this purpose. Thirty consecutive patients with clinically suspected anorectal infections were examined with fast spin‐echo (FSE) T2‐weighted, short‐inversion‐time inversion recovery (STIR), and fat‐suppressed and non‐fat‐suppressed T1‐weighted spoiled gradient‐echo (SGE) (in‐phase) dynamic contrast‐enhanced sequences. The results of MRI were correlated with the findings of surgery, which was considered as the standard of reference. Receiver‐operating‐characteristic curves were reconstructed to describe and compare the diagnostic value of each MR technique. The values of kappa were used as a measure of observer reliability. Diagnostic performances of STIR, FSE T2‐weighted and fat‐suppressed and non‐fat‐suppressed, contrast‐enhanced SGE T1‐weighted techniques showed statistically insignificant differences in detection of perianal infections. There was almost perfect interobserver agreement regarding the presence of lesions on each MR technique. Fat‐suppressed, contrast‐enhanced SGE T1‐weighted MRI showed adequate diagnostic performance in the detection of perianal infections. However, its significance is not different from the other MR sequences used for the present study.     

椎管内肠源性囊肿的MR表现

目的:探讨椎管内肠源性囊肿的MRI表现及其鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析12例经手术和病理证实的椎管内肠源性囊肿的临床和MRI资料。所有病例均行MRI平扫,8例行MRI增强扫描。结果:12例均位于椎管内髓外硬膜下脊髓腹侧,4例病变位于颈段,5例位于颈胸段交界处,3例位于上段胸椎。T1WI图像上,10例囊肿呈低信号,其中4例与脑脊液信号相似,为均质低信号,6例略高于脑脊液信号;2例呈与脊髓等信号。T2WI图像上,囊肿均呈高信号,其中5例与脑脊液信号相似,呈均质高信号,7例呈明显高于脑脊液信号。8例行MR增强扫描,囊壁及囊液均未见强化。结论:肠源性囊肿在MR图像上具有一定的形态及信号特点,对于术前正确诊断具有一定意义。     

侧脑室肿瘤的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:分析侧脑室肿瘤的MRI影像特点,提高侧脑室肿瘤诊断的准确性。方法:回顾性分析28 例经手术病理证实的侧脑室占位性病变的MRI影像学表现。 结果:大多数侧脑室肿瘤具有年龄和性别特征。如脑膜瘤好发于30~50岁,女性多见;中枢神经细胞瘤发病年龄在20~40岁;转移瘤均大于40岁。不同的侧脑室肿瘤,其好发部位不同。室间孔区好发中枢神经细胞瘤,侧脑室体部好发星形细胞瘤,脑膜瘤和转移瘤好发于侧脑室三角区。不同侧脑室肿瘤的MRI表现有所不同,部分具有特征性表现。脑膜瘤增强后呈明显均匀强化。星形细胞瘤,邻近脑组织受侵伴水肿,增强扫描可见不均匀强化。中枢神经细胞瘤,围绕透明隔生长,周围可见多发囊变,增强可见不均匀强化。少突胶质细胞瘤内可见多发钙化灶。转移瘤,增强扫描大多数可见环形强化。室管膜瘤,增强扫描明显强化,容易侵犯邻近脑实质。结论:MRI影像学表现结合肿瘤的部位、发病年龄、强化程度和磁共振波谱(MRS)表现等可以提高侧脑室肿瘤的术前诊断准确率。     

Value of magnetic resonance myelography in the diagnosis of disc herniation and spinal stenosis

Magnetic resonance imaging provides a good‐quality image over the entire length of the spine and can assess the morphology of the discs and cord. It is the imaging modality of choice in the investigation of spinal diseases. Magnetic resonance myelography (MRM) is non‐invasive, has comparable sensitivity to conventional myelography in visualizing lumbar nerve roots and allows overall assessment of the spinal canal even in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid block. Seventy‐two patients with pre‐surgical diagnosis of disc herniation were prospectively investigated prior to surgery to determine the value of MRM in the diagnosis of disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The difference between the sensitivity and accuracy of MRI (89.0–95.6%, 89.1–95.7%) and MRM (82.4–89.0%, 82.6–89.1%) was not significant for both observers. There was no significant improvement with the addition of MRM to MRI (91.2–97.8%, 91.3–97.8%). Although MRM did not significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy of MRI, it allowed a better overall view of the dural sac and root sleeves, therefore making it easier to diagnose spinal stenosis and disc herniation in a minority of cases.