DWI与MRI动态增强扫描在子宫内膜癌诊断中的应用

目的：探讨DWI与MRI动态增强扫描对子宫内膜癌的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法：收集20例健康志愿者及121例子宫内膜癌患者,受试者均行MRI常规T₁WI、T₂WI、DWI及动态增强扫描,测量ADC值,绘制TIC,比较不同时相信号强化差异,对照分析正常子宫内膜、子宫内膜癌的DWI与动态增强扫描特征。结果：正常子宫内膜的ADC值（1.483±0.233）×10^-3 mm²/s,显著高于子宫内膜癌的ADC值（0.867±0.175）×10^-3 mm²/s;动态增强扫描时子宫内膜癌主要表现为TIC Ⅰ型,正常子宫内膜则表现为TIC Ⅲ型。在不同时相（30、60、90、120、150 s）信号强化差异方面,正常子宫内膜显著高于子宫内膜癌（均P<0.05）。2种检查方式对子宫内膜癌浸润的诊断敏感度、特异度和准确率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：在子宫内膜癌浸润程度判断方面DWI优于MRI动态增强扫描,可为子宫内膜癌早期诊断提供临床依据。     

DWI对宫颈癌化疗效果的评价

目的：探讨ADC值在宫颈癌化疗效果预测中的应用价值。方法：收集43例Ⅱa期以上宫颈癌患者,均接受化疗,在化疗前、化疗2～3周及化疗结束后行常规MRI及DWI检查,测量治疗前后不同时间点肿瘤最大径和ADC值,分析ADC值差异性,以及与肿瘤最大径缩小率的相关性。结果：宫颈癌化疗后ADC值升高,化疗前、化疗2～3周及结束时ADC值两两比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）;化疗前与化疗2～3周的ADC值差值（T值）为（0.43±0.12）×10^-3 mm²/s,化疗前后肿瘤最大径缩小率为（80±11）%,T值与肿瘤最大径缩小率呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：宫颈癌病灶的ADC值在化疗后升高,且早期升高幅度与肿瘤最大径缩小率呈正相关,可作为预测宫颈癌化疗效果的理想手段之一。     

多模型体素不相干运动成像对直肠癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨体素不相干运动（IVIM）不同模型参数诊断直肠癌的可行性。方法：回顾性分析直肠癌组（32例）和直肠正常组（35例）的MRI-IVIM序列资料,测算并比较正常直肠组织和癌组织的单指数、双指数、拉伸指数模型参数值,利用ROC曲线评估不同参数诊断直肠癌的阈值和效能;评价同组间同类型参数彼此间的相关性,并分析原因。结果：直肠癌组的标准扩散系数（ADC-stand）、慢速扩散系数（ADC-slow）、拉伸因子（α）、分布扩散系数（DDC）值均低于直肠正常组（均P<0.05）,ROC曲线下面积依次为0.929、0.911、0.849、0.718,相关阈值分别是1.275×10^-3 mm²/s、0.838×10^-3 mm²/s、0.737和1.045×10^-3 mm²/s;在直肠正常组与直肠癌组中,ADC-stand、ADC-slow、DDC三者之间均呈一定程度的正相关（均P<0.05）。结论：IVIM不同模型参数具备区分正常直肠组织与直肠癌组织的潜力,且不同参数之间存在一定的相关性,其可作为一种新的直肠癌影像评估手段应用于临床。     

MRI对卵巢颗粒细胞瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨卵巢颗粒细胞瘤（OGCT）的MRI及DWI特点,以提高对该病的认识。方法：回顾性分析经手术确诊的12例OGCT的临床及MRI资料,并对所有患者行DWI（b=0、800 s/mm²）及ADC值测量。结果：12例中,幼年型OGCT 3例,成年型OGCT 9例。囊性2例,囊实性9例,实性1例。实性成分T₁WI呈等或稍高信号,T₂WI呈稍高或等信号,DWI呈不同程度高信号,平均ADC值0.612×10^-3 mm²/s;囊性成分T₁WI呈低等或稍高信号,T₂WI呈高信号,DWI上部分囊液呈等或稍高信号,部分呈低信号,平均ADC值2.207×10^-3 mm²/s;增强扫描实性部分呈中等至明显强化,囊性部分未强化。11例肿瘤囊变区可见数量不等的出血信号。结论：OGCT的临床特点不典型,但其MRI表现具有特征性,有助于作出较为准确的术前诊断。     

原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤（PAL）的MRI及CT表现。方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的12例PAL的临床及影像学资料。12例均行CT平扫及增强扫描,其中7例同时行MRI检查,观察其影像学特点。结果：双侧8例,单侧4例,共20个肿瘤,肿瘤直径2.1～13.2 cm,中位数为6.0 cm;肿块型16个,类肾上腺型4个。MRI冠状位检查的11个肿瘤中,6个呈三角形。T₁WI呈稍低信号8个,等信号3个,T₂WI呈稍高信号,DWI呈明显高信号,b值为800 mm²/s,ADC值为（0.95±0.04）×10^-3 mm²/s。CT平扫13个肿瘤呈稍低密度,7个呈等密度。增强扫描动脉期轻度强化12个、中度强化8个,门脉期持续中度强化;6个强化不均匀,6个边缘不清。结论：PAL影像学表现为双侧肾上腺钻缝样生长、密度/信号均匀的软组织肿块,DWI呈高信号,ADC值明显较低,动态增强扫描呈渐进性轻中度强化。     

ADC及FA值对腰椎间盘退变程度的评估价值

目的：探讨表观扩散系数（ADC）及各向异性分数（FA）定量评估腰椎间盘退变程度的价值。方法：收集腰椎MRI检查资料完整的患者84例,其中44例临床诊断为腰椎间盘退行性疾病,另40例腰椎间盘正常;84例均行常规MRI、矢状位DWI及DTI。测量各椎间盘的修正Pfirrmann分级、ADC值和FA值,行修正Pfirrmann分级评级：正常（1～2级）、轻度退变（3～4级）、重度退变（5～8级）,分析不同退变分级椎间盘与ADC值、FA值的相关性,并比较ADC值与FA值的诊断价值。结果：ADC值、FA值与修正Pfirrmann分级均具有相关性,且ADC值与修正Pfirrmann分级的相关性强于FA值;正常椎间盘与退变椎间盘平均ADC值及FA值比较,差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：ADC、FA值能够为腰椎间盘退变的早期诊断和其退变程度的定量评估提供参考,且ADC值比FA值诊断价值更高。     

IVIM-DWI对TACE序贯氩氦刀治疗肝癌疗效的评估价值

目的：探讨基于体素内不相干运动（IVIM）双指数模型肝脏多b值DWI扫描对TACE序贯氩氦刀冷冻治疗肝癌后肿瘤活性的评估价值。方法：随机选取符合纳入标准的肝癌患者40例作为研究对象，先行TACE治疗；并于TACE术后4周内行氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗。所有患者于氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗后1~4个月行肝脏IVIM-DWI、MRI多期动态增强扫描及CT增强扫描。由3位副高以上职称专家单独阅片，根据影像学表现将治疗后病灶分为坏死灶、残留灶、新发灶。临床通过病理学检查或长期随访确定坏死灶、残留灶、新发灶，通过影像学与临床判断对比，比较双指数IVIM模型DWI与单指数DWI、CT平扫加增强扫描对病灶性质的评估价值，以及扫描对肝癌TACE序贯氩氦刀治疗后活性评估的敏感度、特异度。结果：CT平扫加增强扫描、MRI平扫加增强扫描在肝癌TACE序贯氩氦刀治疗后病灶性质判断方面差异无统计学意义（P=0.076），但DWI与CT平扫加增强扫描在判断病灶性质方面差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。肝癌介入治疗后坏死灶、残留灶、新发灶的ADC、Slow ADC及f值差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）；残留灶与新发灶的ADC、Slow ADC值明显低于坏死灶（均P<0.01）。DWI对TACE序贯氩氦刀治疗肝癌后活性评估，当界值ADC=1.29×10^-3 mm²/s时，对肝癌活性诊断的敏感度及特异度分别达77.0%、90.8%；IVIM模型DWI当界值Slow ADC=1.18×10^-3 mm²/s时，对肝癌活性诊断的敏感度及特异度分别达82.5%、95.9%；CT增强扫描当CT净增值界值取14.40 HU时，对肝癌活性诊断的敏感度及特异度分别达75.0%、85.7%。结论：IVIM-DWI可对肝癌TACE序贯氩氦刀治疗后活性情况进行有效评估，且其评估肝癌TACE序贯氩氦刀治疗疗效价值明显优于单指数模型DWI及CT增强扫描。     

3.0T磁共振扩散加权成像在前列腺癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用

 目的 探讨3.0T磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和表面弥散系数(ADC)在前列腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析65例经穿刺活检病理证实的前列腺疾病患者,其中前列腺癌组21例,前列腺炎组19例,良性前列腺增生(BPH)组25例,测量病变区及前列腺增生外周带的ADC值,并在癌与非癌组之间进行受试者操作特征曲线(ROC)分析。结果 前列腺癌组ADC值为(0.74±0.10)×10^-3 mm²/s,前列腺炎组为(0.98±0.07)×10^-3 mm²/s, BPH组中央带为(1.21±0.09)×10^-3 mm²/s,外周带为(1.38±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s,组间ADC值两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。根据ROC曲线,当ADC值为0.95×10^-3 mm²/s时,诊断的敏感性达92.8%,特异性达100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.995。结论 磁共振DWI和ADC值可用于前列腺癌的诊断和鉴别诊断,具有很高的临床应用价值。     

ADC值在腰椎间盘退行性变诊断中价值的初步研究

目的应用能反映腰椎间盘中水分子扩散运动的平均表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficent,ADC)值,探讨椎间盘髓核ADC值与椎间盘退行性变Pfirrmann分级的相关性。资料与方法对63例腰椎间盘退行性变患者进行腰椎MR常规序列和扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)扫描,并测量L1/2～L5/S1椎间盘髓核ADC值。根据Pfirrmann分级法由两名放射科医师盲法阅片将椎间盘分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ组。对比Ⅰ～Ⅴ组椎间盘髓核的平均ADC值,并对各组之间的相关关系进行分析研究。结果 63例301个腰椎间盘中,未发现符合Pfir-rmannⅠ级和Ⅱ级的椎间盘。PfirrmannⅢ～Ⅴ级椎间盘髓核平均ADC值分别为(1.59±0.23)×10-3mm2/s、(1.14±0.21)×10-3mm2/s、(0.84±0.23)×10-3mm2/s。Ⅲ～Ⅴ组椎间盘髓核的ADC值之间差异有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腰椎间盘髓核的ADC值可以反映腰椎间盘退行性变,且随着退变程度的增加ADC值逐渐降低。     

腰椎间盘退变患者的髓核ADC值与解剖位置关系的初步研究

目的:应用DWI探讨腰椎退行性变患者椎间盘髓核ADC值是否与椎间盘的解剖层面相关。方法:对72例腰椎间盘退变患者行腰椎MRI普通序列和DWI扫描,并测量L1~2至L5~S1椎间盘髓核的ADC值,分析椎间盘髓核平均ADC值与解剖层面之间的相关性。结果:L1~2至L5~S1椎间盘平均ADC值分别为(1.47±0.33)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.47±0.31)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.42±0.34)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.33±0.35)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.32±0.38)×10-3 mm2/s。从L1~2至L5~S1随着椎间盘位置的下移,ADC值有下降趋势。椎间盘的平均ADC值仅在L1~2与L4~5、L1~2与L5~S1、L2~3与L4~5、L2~3与L5~S1之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:椎间盘髓核的ADC值能反映腰椎间盘退行性改变,且L4~5与L5~S1椎间盘ADC值较L1~2与L2~3低,差异有统计学意义。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.