慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作患者机械通气撤机失败原因分析及对策

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作（AECOPD）患者机械通气撤机失败的原因及对策。方法回顾性分析我院ICU于2008年7月～2011年6月期间收治的128例行机械通气治疗的AECOPD患者,观察撤机结果,对两组相关临床指标进行对比分析。结果撤机成功84例（65.6%）,撤机失败44例（34.4%）。与撤机成功组相比,撤机失败组呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率、心功能不全的发生率、APACHEⅡ评分明显增加（P〈0.05）,而白蛋白水平明显降低（P〈0.05）,撤机失败组机械通气时间、入住ICU时间明显长于撤机成功组（P〈0.05）。结论 AECOPD患者存在较高的撤机失败率,应努力寻找撤机失败原因,采取针对性治疗措施,提高撤机成功率。     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

目的 评估降低扫描剂量对新生儿头颅64层MSCT图像的影响,计算最低剂量.方法 选择57例颅内出血患儿进行MSCT扫描,获得每例患儿后颅窝、基底节区及半卵圆中心3个层面实际扫描原始图像171幅.应用噪声添加工具,模拟扫描剂量减少25%、40%、50%和70%时的扫描情况,将相对应的不同模拟噪声添加到原始图像上,共获得5组855幅图像.2名放射科医师独立对图像质量进行评估,图像分析包括图像质量和图像噪声,即诊断接受率评分、图像主观噪声评分及客观噪声指数(noise index,NI).诊断接受率和图像主观噪声均采用5分制评分.图像噪声测量方法:分别在后颅窝、基底节区及半卵圆中心3个层面的小脑实质、丘脑及放射冠脑白质上放置ROI.测量NI值,然后计算平均值.应用Kappa法评价2名医师评定结果间的一致性,SPearman线性相关分析用于评估NI和诊断接受率评分之间的关系.结果 患者原始扫描剂量、模拟剂量分别减少25%、40%、50%、70%时图像诊断接受率评分分别为(4.47±0.51)、(3.96±0.33)、(3.21±0.45)、(2.92.±0.32)、(1.85±0.57)分,主观噪声评分(1.62±0.48)、(1.99±0.48)、(2.76±0.81)、(3.19±0.67)、(4.27±0.54)分,NI为1.90±0.19、2.17±0.20、2.44±0.25、2.68±0.28、3.37±0.39.2名医师的诊断接受率评分呈很好的一致性(K=0.860,P=0.017),图像噪声评分呈中度一致性(K=0.630,P=0.022).NI与诊断接受率评分之间呈正相关性(r=0.826,P=0.001).模拟扫描剂量减少40%,即管电流为107 mAs时,NI是2.44,诊断接受率评分是3.21,符合临床诊断需求.结论 在NI为2.44,模拟扫描剂昔减少40%时,可获得能满足临床诊断的图像.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病CT诊断及预后探究

目的研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的CT诊断及预后，探讨临床分度、窒息程度与CT分度的关系，以及CT分度与预后的关系，提高对该病的CT影像学认识。方法对83例有明确窒息史．且临床确诊为HIE的患儿进行临床资料和CT资料的整理分析。结果79例HIE患儿CT显示不同程度异常，主要表现为脑水肿、脑梗死。同时有合并颅内出血（42例），其中单纯蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）最为多见（28／42），混合出血次之（14／421。HIE临床分度与CT分度基本一致（r=0．7989，tr=11．95，P〈0．01）；窒息程度与CT分度呈正相关（r=0．692，tr=8．63，P〈0．011，程度越深，CT分度越重，脑损害也越严重；复诊CT资料显示CT轻、中度异常病例脑实质低密度范匍逐渐缩小或消失．SAH完全吸收。重度混合型颅内出血及脑梗死演变成局部软化灶、脑萎缩、脑积水、脑组织钙化、脑穿通畸形，随访死亡3例。HIE的预后与CT分度有密切关系（χ^2=30．95，P〈0．01），分度越重预后越差。结论HIE的CT表现主要为脑水肿、脑梗死和并发颅内出血，是CT诊断HIE的主要影像学依据。SAH是HIE的最常见并发症，CT检查能为临床HIE的诊断、治疗和评价预后提供客观科学依据。     

长期机械通气患者撤机困难的因素分析及防治对策

目的：分析长期机械通气患者撤机困难的相关因素,并总结有效的防治对策。方法回顾性分析本院急诊科住院行机械通气治疗120例患者的病例资料,比较发生撤机困难患者25例和未发生撤机困难患者95例。在年龄、性别、血清白蛋白水平、呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）、心理因素和机械通气时间等相关因素的差异性,并对其相关因素进行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果120例患者行机械通气治疗期间共出现25例撤机困难,发生率为（20.8%）,经Logistic回归分析显示,血清白蛋白水平＜30.0g/L,发生VAP,存在不良心理及机械通气时间≥7d均为撤机困难的相关因素。结论血清白蛋白水平、VAP、不良心理及机械通气时间均为撤机困难的相关因素,针对上述因素制定防治措施,可有效降低撤机困难的发生率。     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查失败原因分析

目的:分析64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像失败的各种因素,提高冠状动脉检查成功率。方法:255例64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像中13例检查失败,分析失败原因。结果:失败因素包括:心律不齐、心率过快6例,屏气不佳3例,没有把冠状动脉完全包在扫描范围以内2例,其它原因2例。结论:64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像失败主要因素有心律不齐、心率过快和屏气不佳等,合理控制可提高冠状动脉成像检查的成功率,改善图像质量。     

溺水后胸部的CT表现

目的:提高对溺水后胸部的CT表现的认识,利于诊断,便于抢救治疗。方法:10例溺水者,儿童6例,成人4例。清水9例,养鱼池1例。10例于离水1~4h首次作胸部CT检查,1~3天复查7例,7天复查3例。结果:CT表现:双肺纹理增多,肺内广泛性分布絮状、小结节状、斑片状阴影、不同程度肺气肿;6例病灶于1~3天明显吸收;1例病灶进行性增多,出现多发肺脓肿。结论:肺水肿、吸入性肺炎、合并感染征象是溺水的重要CT表现。     

胸部结节病的CT表现

目的:探讨CT诊断胸部结节病的影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析经临床和病理证实并在治疗前后均进行CT检查的20例胸部结节病的CT征象。结果:20例均可见胸部淋巴结增大,其中14例有广泛的纵隔和对称性肺门淋巴结肿大;4例纵隔和单侧淋巴结肿大;2例可见纵隔淋巴结肿大。13例出现肺部病(包括9例肺内多发结节,3例斑片状融合块影,1例肺纤维化);1例胸膜病变。结论:结节病的胸部平片及临床表现缺乏特异性,CT对胸部结节病的诊断及鉴别诊断有一定的价值。     

64层螺旋CT胸部图像后处理技术的临床应用

螺旋CT图像后处理技术是近年来研究较多、发展较快的一种新的影像诊断技术，它是利用计算机软件功能，将扫描数据经多种方法处理重建出人体器官多平面、三维立体以及空腔器官内表面图像。本文结合87例胸部扫描患者的CT轴位资料，评价图像后处理技术的临床应用价值和开发潜能。     

胸部CT图像上偶然发现的乳腺癌病变

目的:分析胸部CT图像上偶然发现的乳腺癌病变及其临床意义。方法:收集6 674例女性胸部CT图像,记录偶然发现的乳腺癌病变,并观察其CT特征。结果:19例(0.28%)发现乳腺癌病变。病灶外缘呈分叶状或毛刺征12例,病灶内含微小钙化点3例,均匀或不均匀强化12例,腋窝淋巴结稍大3例。结论:在胸部CT扫描时应注意观察乳腺的情况,提高对乳腺癌基本CT征象的认识是减少误诊的保证。     

胸部低剂量CT图像噪声和伪影分析

目的 分析胸部低剂量CT扫描图像噪声与伪影的影响因素及分布特点.方法 应用组织等效胸部模型置于Philips Brilliance 64层CT机以常规剂量(管电压120 kV,管电流250 mAs)和低剂量(管电压120 kV,管电流50、30和21 mAs)分别扫描,测量、记录模型各部位CT值、CT值噪声标准差(SO),分别行方差分析.对200例肺结节患者以30或21 mAs剂量组行小范围低剂量扫描,通过卡方检验分析不同剂量扫描影像噪声和伪影严重程度与患者性别、体型的关系及在肺部的分布特点.结果 不同扫描剂量条件下测量模型各部位CT值差异均无统计学意义:肺-777.3～-758.2 HU(F=0.992,P>0.05),胸壁107.9～111.3 HU(F=2.044,P>0.05),椎骨835.6～875.3 HU(F=1.453,P>0.05);而CT值SD差异有统计学意义:肺9.5～29.0 HU(F=108.7,P<0.01),胸壁10.1～32.4 (F=84.3,P<0.01),椎骨19.2～57.1 HU(F=30.6,P<0.01),且随电流降低而增加.临床患者低剂量扫描显示,不同性别组图像噪声和伪影严重程度(男性无或轻微者74例,严重者17例;女性无或轻微者81例,严重者28例)差异无统计学意义(X~2=2.294,P>0.05),不同体型组的体质量指数[(BMI)<18.5组无或轻微者29例,严重者2例;18.5≤BMI<24.0组无或轻微者120例,严重者13例;BMI≥24.0组无或轻微者6例,严重者30例]差异有统计学意义(X~2=128.274,P<0.01).低剂量扫描图像的噪声和伪影在上肺野(无或轻微者80例,严重者38例;X~2=18.918,P<0.01)、肺野后部(无或轻微者89例,严重者33例;X~2=6.760,P<0.05)较严重.结论 低剂量CT扫描图像噪声增加,噪声和伪影在肺野后、上部较严重,可能和骨骼分布有关.应根据受检者BMI调整扫描方案(mAs值),做到扫描方案个体化.