Standardization of the report on clinical effects of surgical treatment of patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities

To achieve the objectivization of the operation results performance, to compare them, to conduct a dynamic control of the reconstructed arterial segments passability and the course of the disease as well, the estimation of treatment efficacy in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities arteries must be standardized for some factors, considering the change in the patient state and locus morbi. The authors had performed the analysis of approaches to solve this problem and proposed the criterions of the operative treatment efficacy estimation in patients with intermittent claudication and critical ischemia of lower extremities.     

Transcranial puncture through the parietal and mastoid foramina for the treatment of dural fistulas. Report of four cases

In this report the authors describe the endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) through transcranial puncture of the feeding arteries. Four patients had DAVFs that were fed by occipital arteries (OAs) that supplied blood to the intracranial meningeal arteries via the transcranial branches and coursed through the parietal and mastoid foramina. Due to the excessive tortuosity of the OA, conventional endovascular navigation had failed in all cases. Transcranial puncture of the meningeal feeding arteries was performed through the parietal or mastoid foramen, allowing navigation with a microcatheter until the level of the shunts. Complete cure of the DAVF was attained in all patients after injection of acrylic glue.     

Transposition of the great arteries with aortic arch obstruction. Anatomical review and report of surgical management

Transposition of the great arteries (S,D,D) is a common congenital cardiovascular malformation that is occasionally associated with ventricular septal defect and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Recently right ventricular outflow tract obstruction associated with an aortic arch anomaly has been recognized as an infrequent but important variant of transposition of the great arteries, and this constellation presents a unique surgical challenge. Five infants with this constellation whose systemic circulation was dependent on flow through the ductus arteriosus have undergone definitive surgical treatment with four survivors. An anatomical review of 129 specimens with transposition of the great arteries revealed that 17% had right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and 7% had associated aortic arch obstruction as well. All specimens with aortic arch obstruction and ventricular septal defect except one had a malalignment type ventricular septal defect. Although several treatment options may be considered, recent experience with arterial switch repair in the neonate with transposition of the great arteries (S,D,D) prompted repair in these patients by arterial switch, ventricular septal defect closure, repair of aortic arch obstruction, and augmentation of the right ventricular outflow tract.     

Thrombolytic therapy of acute thrombosis of the major arteries in the legs with streptokinase preparations

Thrombolytic therapy was used in treatment of 40 patients with acute thromboses of the aorta, major arteries of the pelvis and lower extremities. Complete lysis of the thrombus was achieved in 21 patients, partial lysis in 13 patients, 6 patients had no effect. The authors consider that the effectiveness of the treatment of acute thrombosis of major arteries is dependent on duration of the disease, character, level and distance of the occlusion, degree of ischemia of the extremity. It is stressed that the method of choice is the selective administration of streptokinase drugs (Awelysin, Celiase).     

Remote results of surgical treatment of the patients with multilevel atherosclerotic damage of the main arteries of the lower extremity

The results of treatment of 131 patients, suffering multilevel atherosclerotic affection of abdominal aorta and the main arteries of the lower extremity, are adduced. Algorhythm of arterial reconstruction performance depending on the spread of the aorto-iliac and femoro-politeal segments affection, was elaborated. There were applied two methods of treatment: reconstruction of aorto-iliac segment only and simultaneous reconstruction of arteries on two levels. The differentiated approach to performance of arterial reconstruction application have permitted to achieve positive result in 80% of patients in terms of 5-year follow-up. The lower extremity was secured in 83% of them, mortality had constituted 20%.     

Surgical treatment of carotid artery aneurism

Surgical treatment of 36 patients with aneurisms of common and internal carotid arteries was analyzed. 34 patients had reconstructive operations, whereas the rest 2 had ligative operations. One patient died postoperatively of the acute cerebrovascular insufficiency. Generally, 4 patients developed symptoms of the acute cerebrovascular insufficiency. The lethality within 5 years after the operation was 16.6%. The reconstructive carotid surgery proved to be the effective and safe method for the treatment of aneurisms of extracranial portions of carotid arteries.     

Functional and anatomic classification in the surgery of combined thoracoabdominal aorta aneurysms

The functional and anatomic classification of occlusive lesions of arterial system is proposed. This classification permits to evaluate the sate of arterial bed, the bulk and priority of affected arteries revascularization at patients with thoracoabdominal aorta aneurysms, to choice optimal treatment tactics, and to carry out the dynamic evaluation before and after surgery.     

Reconstructive reoperations on abdominal aorta and main arteries of extremities in the synthetic prosthesis thrombosis

The results of surgical treatment of 176 patients aging from 42 to 75 years, to whom earlier the reconstruction operation on abdominal aorta and the lower extremities main arteries was performed, were analyzed. The causes of the synthetic prosthesis thrombosis occurrence were studied, individualized surgical tactics, depending on the hip arteries inflow and outflow, was substantiated. There was proposed an access to a. femoris profunda and the profundoplasty method. The immediate and late follow-up results of their application are satisfactory.     

选择性双侧髂内动脉栓塞治疗异基因造血干细胞移植术后重度出血性膀胱炎

目的 探讨栓塞治疗在异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）术后重度出血性膀胱炎（HC）中的应用价值。方法 6例接受allo-HSCT的患者在移植后24～80 d发生重度（Ⅲ～Ⅳ度）HC，经保守治疗无效，在数字减影血管造影（DSA）下行选择性双侧髂内动脉脏支栓塞术治疗。结果 6例患者共行8次栓塞治疗，4例治愈，1例好转，1例无效，有效率达83％。4例治愈的患者肉眼血尿消失时间为栓塞术后7～10 d，镜下血尿消失时间为栓塞术后20～30 d。6例患者均未出现严重并发症。结论 应用选择性双侧髂内动脉栓塞治疗重度HC是一种安全有效的措施，是治疗allo-HSCT后难治性、迁延不愈的重度HC的一种新的治疗手段。     

Adventitial stripping of the radial and ulnar arteries in Raynaud's disease

Adventitial stripping of the palmar arch, the palmar common digital arteries, or the proper digital arteries is a last resort in the treatment of refractory primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Seven patients who had adventitial stripping of the ulnar and radial arteries proximal to the wrist and resection of the nerve of Henle, if identifiable, are presented. All of them were evaluated by telethermography, acral rheography, and a questionnaire before and after surgery. All were asymptomatic after surgery with satisfactory healing of the ulcers at the fingertips. None of them relapsed during the follow-up time of 1.5 years.     

Surgical treatment of the brain ischemic disease

There were examined 825 patients, in whom affection of extracranial arteries was revealed, including 340 (41.2%) men and 485 (58.8%) women, 27 to 73 years old. Atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusion of extracranial arteries was diagnosed in 305 (40.0%), pathologic kinking of vessels on atherosclerosis and hypertonic disease background--in 196 (23.8%), pathological kinking, caused by aortoarteriitis and fibrose--muscular displasia--in 197 (23.9%), hypoplasia of arteries--in 54 (6.5%), aortoarteriitis--in 73 (8.8%) patients. Stages I-IV ischemia together with proven affection of extracranial arteries served as indication for surgical treatment of chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency. Depending on character of the arteries affection 11 kinds of operative interventions were conducted, using complex intraoperative program of the brain defense. Total number of reconstructive operations performed was 967. In 752 (91.2%) patients immediate good and satisfactory results were noted. In the late period 450 patients were examined: good results were achieved in 64.9%, satisfactory--in 22%, in 30 (6.7%) improvement did not occur and 28 (6.2%) died. Introduction of the proposed complex examination and surgical treatment program have permitted to improve the results of treatment of the patients, suffering chronic brain ischemia.     

Acute occlusion of the abdominal aorta with concomitant internal iliac artery occlusion

Acute aortic occlusion is a rare but catastrophic pathology with high mortality even after revascularization. We describe four patients who underwent thrombectomy or bypass surgery for acute aortic occlusion with concomitant internal iliac artery occlusion. Two patients (82- and 75-year-old men), who had insufficient reperfusion of bilateral internal iliac arteries after treatment (thrombectomy alone and axillobifemoral bypass, respectively), died on postoperative day three of uncontrollable hyperkalemia and multiple organ failure, respectively (mortality: 50%). The third patient (74-year-old man), in whom the left internal iliac artery was reperfused after an axillobifemoral bypass, underwent right lower limb amputation but survived. The fourth patient (63-year-old man) with sufficient internal iliac artery reperfusion bilaterally after aortobifemoral and right internal iliac artery reconstruction, had an uneventful postoperative course. Elevated creatine phosphokinase and myoglobinuria levels were observed in all four patients but were notably higher in the two patients with no reperfusion in either of the internal iliac arteries. Our results suggest that reperfusion of one or more internal iliac arteries may be a crucial factor in reducing mortality in revascularization treatment of acute aortic occlusion with concomitant internal iliac artery occlusion.     

Surgical strategy for combined gun-shot wounds of extremities with injuries of main arteries

An investigation of materials of treatment of 130 wounded with combined wounds (CW) of extremity blood vessels during war in Afghanistan and in counter-terrorist operations in the Northern Caucasus has shown that the specific feature of surgical treatment of wounds of the extremity arteries associated with severe wounds of other localizations consists in limited possibilities to save the extremities. The scale MESS of a severity of extremity wounds was improved. It allowed a reliable prognosis for wounded with gunshot injuries of the arteries concerning necessary amputation (97%) or a possibility to save the extremity (100%). A strategy of surgical treatment of CW of the extremity arteries is proposed on the basis of an estimation of the general severity of the trauma, the V.A.Kornilov classification of the severity of acute ischemia and a FS-MESS scale of extremity injuries.     

Occlusive Fibromuscular Disease of Arteries Supplying the Brain: Results of Surgical Treatment

n = 36) or two (n= 29) internal carotid arteries, and one (n= 18) or two (n= 14) vertebral arteries. Twenty-seven patients had simultaneous involvement of both carotid and vertebral arteries. Ten patients had FMD at another site, four had intracranial aneurysm, and four had an aberrant right subclavian artery. Seventy-seven carotid procedures including 67 graduated intraluminal dilatations were performed and 18 vertebral arteries were revascularized. One patient (1.4%) died postoperatively from hemorrhagic stroke and two patients (2.8%) presented nonlethal stroke. Sixty-two patients were followed postoperatively from 2 to 184 months (mean 86.2 ± 54.4). Actuarial survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 96.4 ± 5.0% and 82.1 ± 14.9%, respectively. Actuarial primary patency rate at 5 and 10 years was 94.3 ± 5.5%. Actuarial probability of stroke-free survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 94.2 ± 5.6% and 88.6% ± 10.3%, respectively. We conclude that improvement of symptoms, prevention of stroke, and stable long-term results justify surgical treatment in symptomatic patients with FMD of arteries supplying the brain.     

Interobserver variation in interpretation of arteriography and management of severe lower leg arterial disease.

OBJECTIVE: arteriography is the reference standard for the assessment of the lower leg arteries in patients with severe lower limb ischaemia. Interobserver variation in arteriography interpretation may cause disparities with non-invasive imaging modalities. We determined interobserver variation in lower leg artery assessment with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IaDSA) and subsequent patient management. MATERIALS: iaDSA studies of patients evaluated for severe claudication (n =5) or critical ischaemia ( n =43). METHODS: arteriograms were independently judged by four observers. The popliteal and tibial arteries were graded as fully patent, severely diseased, occluded or non-diagnostic. The dorsalis pedis, common and deep plantar artery were graded as directly, indirectly or not filling the pedal arch or non-diagnostic. Agreement on grading arteries was expressed as kappa-values. Treatment plans (conservative, PTA, surgery, amputation, non-diagnostic) proposed by each observer based on clinical information and iaDSA were compared. RESULTS: the rate of non-diagnostic judgements ranged from 1% in the popliteal to 22% in the pedal arteries. Overall agreement was good for grading the popliteal arteries (kappa=0.64), moderate for the tibial (kappa=0.47--0.54) and fair for the pedal arteries (kappa=0.39). Agreement was good to excellent for grading occluded or fully patent popliteal and tibial artery segments, and fair to moderate for grading severe disease. In 57% of cases at least 3 observers proposed identical treatment, which indicates fair overall agreement (kappa=0.33). CONCLUSION: interobserver agreement on iaDSA is good to determine occluded or fully patent popliteal or tibial arteries, but not for severe disease. This should be taken into account when other diagnostic modalities are compared with iaDSA. Evaluation of diagnostic modalities as concordance in treatment plans is flawed by interindividual variation.     

Hemoptysis from collateral arteries 12 years after a fontan-type operation

A 20-year-old patient who had a single ventricle and pulmonary stenosis presented with recurrent hemoptysis 12 years after a Fontan-type operation. He was referred to us because of unsuccessful treatment with a tentative diagnosis of lung tuberculosis for 3 months. He had been relatively well for the prior 12 years, although he had attacks of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and had underwent successful catheter ablation 3 years ago. Aortography revealed multiple collateral arteries as a cause of hemoptysis and coil embolization of these collateral arteries successfully stopped the hemoptysis. This case illustrates that collateral arteries may stay open or develop, and these collateral arteries can become a source of hemoptysis long after a Fontan-type operation.     

A preliminary study of the role of duplex scanning in defining the adequacy of treatment of patients with renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia.

Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is a well-known cause of hypertension whose presence is confirmed by its typical arteriographic appearance. The functional significance of these lesions is often difficult to determine, particularly when both renal arteries are involved. Duplex scanning has been shown to be accurate for the detection of renal artery stenosis and estimation of the degree of narrowing. To test whether duplex scanning results after intervention correlate with clinical outcome, we reviewed the studies on nine patients with renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia who had been treated by either angioplasty or surgery. A total of 18 arteries were treated. Fourteen of the 18 treatments were successful as measured by a reduction in blood pressure and antihypertensive drugs. In four instances treatment was unsuccessful. For those patients who had clinical improvement, the hemodynamic parameters from the renal artery also improved. In the patients for whom treatment failed, the velocities recorded from the site of narrowing did not improve after intervention. Thus it appears that duplex scanning along with the clinical results may be used to document the basis for failing to improve after treatment be it angioplasty or operation.     

Endarterectomy from the distal arterial bed in prosthetics of the aorta and iliac arteries

The work presents an experience with surgical treatment of 32 patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities developed against the background of two-levels occlusive lesion of the arterial bed of the lower extremities. All the patients had atherosclerosis. Occlusion of the abdominal part of the aorta was the cause of reconstruction of the aorta and iliac arteries in 15 patients, occlusion of the iliac artery - in 14 patients, aneurysm of the abdominal aorta - in 3 patients. In all the patients the proximal lesion was associated with occlusion of the femoral arteries. In addition to proximal reconstruction, retrograde endarterectomy was made with a special instrument from the femoral arteries through the arteriotomy opening intended for distal anastomosis of a synthetic prosthesis. Complete revascularisation of the arterial bed of the lower extremities was obtained in all the patients. There were no lethal outcomes.     

Treatment of aneurysms with wires and electricity: a historical overview

Endovascular treatment of aneurysms has only recently become an accepted therapeutic modality. Nonetheless, treatment of aneurysms with the aid of various foreign bodies such as needle and wire insertion with or without electrical current has been reported since the first half of the 19th century. In 1832 Phillips induced clot formation in the femoral and carotid arteries of dogs by leaving needles in the arteries for variable lengths of time. Simultaneously, in France, Velpeau had proposed using "l'acupuncture des arteres dans le traitement des anevrismes." Later, Phillips and Pelrequin connected the offending needles to a source of electrical current in an attempt to increase thrombus formation and aneurysm occlusion. Subsequently, Moore introduced the concept of packing the aneurysm with wire inserted through a needle transfixed to the vessel wall. To this method, Corradi added electrical current. Widely known as the Moore-Corradi technique, it was used in ensuing years with variable success. The early phase of endovascular aneurysm treatment culminated when Blakemore and Moore treated a case of symptomatic cavernous sinus aneurysm by passing wire through the patient's orbit. These pioneering cases combined with technological advances in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms paved the way for further refinements in coil embolization of aneurysms.     

The structure of the pulmonary circulation in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. A quantitative cineangiographic study

Cineangiograms of 172 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed retrospectively. Findings: Twenty-eight (16%) patients had congenital absence of the central and unbranched hilar portions of the left or right pulmonary artery or both, and thus had congenitally nonconfluent pulmonary arteries. Five additional patients (3%) with originally confluent pulmonary arteries had nonconfluent ones because of an end-to-end surgical shunt, as did seven others (4%) because of thrombosis of one pulmonary artery. Among the 132 patients with confluent right and left pulmonary arteries, 70 (53% of 132) had incomplete arborization (distribution) of one or both, as did 23 (82% of 28) of those with congenitally nonconfluent pulmonary arteries (P for difference = 0.005). Ten (36% of 28) of the latter group had fewer than 10 pulmonary vascular segments (normal is 20) in continuity with central pulmonary arteries, compared with four (3%) of the former group. The proximal left and right pulmonary arteries were small but variable in size in all groups (median value 1.05 McGoon ratio), but were largest in the patients with confluent pulmonary arteries. Seventy-nine (60% of 132) patients with confluent left and right pulmonary arteries had large aortopulmonary collateral arteries, as did 100% of those with congenitally nonconfluent pulmonary arteries (P less than 0.001). The number of large aortopulmonary collateral arteries correlated inversely with the completeness of arborization of the left and right pulmonary arteries (P less than 0.0001). Inferences: Most patients with tetralogy and pulmonary atresia have gross morphologic abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature and differ quantitatively in this regard from those with tetralogy and pulmonary stenosis. The prevalences of the various types of these abnormalities are considerably interrelated.