圆孢子虫感染者T细胞亚群数量变化的逻辑质研究

目的：采用逻辑质方法探讨圆孢子虫病患者的T细胞亚群数量的变化特点。方法：采用生物素-链霉亲和素（Biotin-Streptavidin，BSA）法对卵囊阳性患者分别进行外周血T细胞亚群检测。结果：圆孢子虫卵囊阳性患者的CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD4^＋／CD8^＋阳性百分率，经逻辑质的t1-4。指标分析，与正常人的T细胞亚群数量存在显著的逻辑差异性（t=0．0611，P〉0．05；t≥3．681，P〈0．05）。结论：圆孢子虫病患者的T细胞亚群数量低于正常人。     

肾移植受者血清可溶性白介素-2受体和超敏C反应蛋白变化研究

目的 探讨肾移植患者血清中可溶性白介素_2受体(sIL-2R)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)表达水平的变化,了解其在移植排斥反应中的临床意义.方法 测定91例肾移植患者血清及1130名正常体检人员的血清中slL-2R和hs-CRP浓度.使用乳胶增强免疫透射比浊检测hs-CRP,同时采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测可溶性白介素-2受体(sIL-2R)的表达水平.结果 急性排斥组sIL-2R和超敏C反应蛋白表达水平均显著高于肾功能稳定组及正常对照组,慢排组超敏C反应蛋白表达水平高于肾功能稳定组及正常对照组,肾功能稳定组可溶性白介素-2受体、hs-CRP的表达水平与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 监测sIL-2R和超敏C反应蛋白的表达水平有助于肾移植排斥反应的诊断.     

微小隐孢子虫pcDNA3.0-23重组质粒免疫效果评价

目的 比较微小隐孢子虫表面抗原CP23真核表达载体pcDNA3.0-23经不同免疫途径产生的免疫效果.方法 提取微小隐孢子虫基因组DNA,PCR扩增CP23基因片段,克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA.3.0,构建pcDNA3.0-23重组质粒,分别通过肌肉注射和滴鼻(粘膜)免疫2种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫3次,2周后检测抗CP23特异性抗体IgG滴度、小鼠脾脏、血清中CD4+和CD8+T细胞、细胞因子γ干扰素(IFN-γ);用微小隐孢子虫攻击感染被免疫小鼠,收集小鼠粪便,计算小鼠排出的卵囊量.结果 肌注组与滴鼻组小鼠血清抗CP23特异性抗体IgG滴度随免疫次数增加均明显升高,高于对照组及空质粒组(P＜0.05),肌注组高于滴鼻组(P＜0.05);肌注组与滴鼻组小鼠的CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+比值均高于磷酸缓冲液(PBS)对照组及pcDNA3.0空质粒组(P＜0.05),但2种免疫途径的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);肌注组和滴鼻组脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ明显高于对照组及空质粒组(P＜0.05);微小隐孢子虫攻击小鼠后,2种免疫途径的小鼠排出卵囊量明显少于对照组,且排出时间缩短,2种途径的差异无统计学意义.结论 pcDNA3.0-23重组质粒作为基因疫苗,可产生较好的细胞及体液免疫反应;不同的免疫途径可产生不同的免疫反应.     

慢性酒精中毒患者血清IL-6水平与脑萎缩

目的　探讨慢性酒精中毒患者白细胞介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )水平的变化及其与酒精中毒性脑萎缩的关系。方法　用双抗体夹心ELISA法对 32例慢性酒精中毒患者和 30例健康对照血清中IL - 6水平进行测定 ,并结合头颅CT扫描进行分析。结果　 (1)慢性酒精中毒组脑萎缩出现率为 5 0 % ;(2 )慢性酒精中毒组血清IL - 6水平〔(2 86 31±10 4 79)ng/L〕显著高于健康对照组〔(2 0 5 4 3± 4 8 6 7)ng/L〕(P <0 0 0 1) ;慢性酒精中毒伴有脑萎缩者血清IL - 6水平〔(343 75± 99 5 9)ng/L〕高于无脑萎缩者〔(2 2 8 88± 75 74 )ng/L〕(P <0 0 0 1) ;无脑萎缩者虽然较健康对照组增高 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(3)慢性酒精中毒患者血清IL - 6水平与脑萎缩程度相关 :与三脑室宽度 (r =0 4 95 ,P <0 0 1)及Huckman值 (r=0 5 5 7,P <0 0 1)呈正相关 ;与脑室指数 (r=- 0 6 6 5 ,P <0 0 1)及侧脑室体部指数 (r =- 0 6 39,P <0 0 1)呈负相关。结论　慢性酒精中毒患者存在免疫功能异常 ,血清IL - 6水平增高与酒精的萎缩性脑损害有相关性。     

关于人源隐孢子虫排卵规律的探讨

目的探讨昆明小鼠在免疫抑制和非免疫抑制条件下,感染相同剂量3株人源隐孢子虫分离株的排卵规律。方法饮水中加地塞米松(DEX)抑制小鼠免疫功能,人工灌胃隐孢子虫卵囊(CSO)感染小鼠,观察小鼠粪便中CSO排出规律和小鼠临床表现。结果1号和2号分离株感染小白鼠后的排隐孢子虫卵囊规律几乎一致,二者与3号分离株感染小白鼠后的排隐孢子虫卵囊规律差别较大。结论可见能够感染人的隐孢子虫的虫种具有广泛性,这些研究结果,为进一步了解隐孢子虫的人畜互传途径和隐孢子虫病的防治提供了重要的理论依据,并为人源隐孢子虫病的分子流行病学研究打下了良好基础。     

妊高征患者血清新喋呤、白介素2及可溶性受体的变化与意义

目的:通过观察妊高征患者血清新喋呤、白介素2及可溶性受体(sIL-2R) 水平的变化, 探讨妊高征患者细胞免疫功能的变化及意义。方法: 采用酶联免疫吸附分析法与放射免疫分析法测定28例妊高征(轻、中度12例, 重度16例)和30例正常孕妇的血清新喋呤、白介素2和sIL-2R水平; 比较二组间新喋呤、白介素2和sIL-2R水平的差异; 观察新喋呤、白介素2和sIL-2R水平与妊高征病情的关系。结果: 妊高征患者血清新喋呤、白介素2和sIL-2R水平显著高于对照组(t'=4 543, P<0 .001; t=2. 946, P<0. 01; t'=2 .251, P<0. 05); 重度妊高征患者新喋呤水平显著高于轻、中度患者(t'=2 .913,P<0 .01), 重度妊高征患者与轻、中度患者组比较白介素2和sIL-2R均无显著性差异(t=0 .888, P>0 .2; t=0. 444, P>0 .5)。结论: 妊高征患者血清新喋呤、白介素2及可溶性受体水平显著增高, 新喋呤水平随妊高征病情加重而增高, 提示细胞免疫活性增强可能与妊高征的发生和发病有关。     

结核病鼠T细胞γ-干扰素及白介素-2表达

目的 探讨结核病鼠T细胞亚群中CD4~+、CD8~+及CD4~+CD8~+(DP)T细胞γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和白介素-2(IL-2)的表达水平.方法 将30只实验小鼠随机分成对照组和结核病组,饲养6周后取血,以流式细胞仪检测分析CD4~+、CD8~+及(DP)T细胞内表达IFN-γ、IL-2的阳性细胞计数和各自占淋巴细胞百分率.结果 表达IFN-γ的CD4~+T细胞占同亚群细胞总数的比值(t=1.83±0.59)高于对照组(t=1.04±0.22),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);表达IL-2的CD4~+T细胞、CD4~+CD8~+(DP)T细胞占同亚群细胞总数的比值(t=2.13±0.93,t=0.06±0.04)低于对照组(t=2.86±1.78,t=0.26±0.79),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 结核病鼠CD4~+T细胞表达IFN-γ的水平升高;结核病鼠CD4~+、DPT细胞表达IL-2的水平降低;结核病进展期早期T细胞亚群表达IFN-γ与IL-2呈矛盾现象,提示该阶段虽然保护性免疫已经启动,但仍为非特异性免疫占优势.     

北京、河南、新疆地区HIV/AIDS相关慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染检测分析

目的 了解北京、河南、新疆地区HIV感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)相关慢性腹泻患者中隐孢子虫感染状况。方法收集3个地区HIV/AIDS相关慢性腹泻患者粪便,采用甲醛-乙酸乙酯沉淀法集卵,用改良抗酸染色法染色检测隐孢子虫卵囊。同时检测患者血液CD4+T淋巴细胞计数。结果253例HIV/AIDS相关慢性腹泻患者的粪便标本中有32例为隐孢子虫阳性,感染率为12.6％。北京、河南、新疆地区艾滋病慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染率分别为5.97％(4/67)、16.1％(24/149)和10.8％(4/37),地区间差异有统计学意义(x2=4.431,P＜0.05)。男性和女性艾滋病慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染率分别为11.2％( 16/1 43)和14.5％(16/110),差异无统计学意义（x2=0.634,P＞0.05）;城市和农村艾滋病慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染率分别为6.5％(7/104)和16.8％(25/149),差异有统计学意义(x2=5.596,P＜0.05);夏秋季与其他季节的艾滋病慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染率分别为14.0％(30/214)和5.1％(2/39),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);艾滋病慢性腹泻患者处于HIV感染无症状期、有症状期、艾滋病期隐孢子虫感染率分别为0％(0/7)、21.3％(19/89)、8.3％( 13/157),差异有统计学意义(x2=9.822,P＜0.01);不同CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平（cell/μl）艾滋病慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染率有差异,＜200为20.4％ (20/98),200～499为9.23％(12/130),≥500为0％( 0/25),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.33,P＜0.01)。艾滋病中晚期慢性腹泻患者,尤其是CD4+T淋巴细胞计数＜200 cell/μl的患者其感染率明显增加。结论3个地区艾滋病慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染率与性别无关;患者来自农村地区、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平降低、疾病为中晚期患者易发生隐孢子虫感染。     

二十碳五烯酸影响T细胞膜脂肪微区域中IL-2受体的分布

目的:研究二十碳五烯酸(EPA)对T细胞膜脂肪微区域(lipidrafts)中IL-2受体(IL-2R)分布的影响。方法:EPA(20︰5)处理JurkatE6-1T细胞为实验组,硬脂酸(18:0)处理为阴性对照。用流式细胞仪检测对T细胞表面分子CD25(IL-2α受体)表达的抑制作用。应用蛋白免疫印迹分析,化学发光法检测IL-2α受体所在的T细胞膜脂肪微区域分离组分。结果:用硬脂酸处理T细胞,细胞表面CD25阳性表达细胞为39.53%,不同浓度的EPA(5、12.5、25,50、75μmol/L)处理,CD25阳性表达细胞分别为36.12%、31.30%、23.59%、16.67%和11.65%,EPA可抑制T细胞表面分子CD25的表达。蛋白印迹分析确定IL-2α、IL-2Rβ和IL-2Rγc都存在于微区域组分中,EPA处理使部分IL-2Rα、IL-2Rβ和IL-2Rγc从膜脂肪微区域移位到可溶膜区域。结论:膜脂肪微区域为IL-2受体信号传导的功能性亚区域,EPA通过调节IL-2Rα、IL-2Rβ和IL-2Rγc在膜脂肪微区域的分布,使部分IL-2R从功能性脂肪微区域移位到非功能性可溶膜区域,而产生免疫抑制作用。     

不同剂量隐孢子虫感染正常和免疫抑制小鼠的效应研究

目的探讨昆明小鼠在灌服地塞米松、地塞米松+隐孢子虫卵囊(150万)、地塞米松+隐孢子虫卵囊(300万)的免疫功能的变化。方法采用MTT法检测40只昆明小鼠的免疫功能。随机分组:空白对照组(n=10),免疫抑制组(n=10),免疫抑制+隐孢子虫卵囊150万(n=10),免疫抑制+隐孢子虫卵囊300万(n=10)。结果实验组小鼠与对照组小鼠比较,巨噬细胞吞噬功能明显降低,T、B淋巴细胞的增殖明显降低,NK细胞活性均明显降低(p<0.01)。结论40只昆明小鼠吞噬功能、脾细胞增殖、NK细胞活性检测结果见表(1-3),从表中可以看出,实验组小鼠与对照组小鼠三项检测指标比较均有明显降低,差异显著(P<0.01),实验组小鼠各组间比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.