体外循环下闭合重症未闭动脉导管体外循环的经验体会

<正> 动脉导管未闭(PDA)合并重症肺动脉高压,血管弹性较差者,用导管结扎或切断缝合术,可能发生导管破裂大出血。PDA 合并室间隔缺损或其它心内畸形者,经正中切口一期完成手术,用常规方法解剖游离动脉导管比较困难,出血危险性也较大,有些病例结扎动脉导管后,可能发生急性心衰。Kirklin 在1961年报告了在低温体外循环下,短暂停循环,经主肺动脉切口,直接缝合关闭 Potts 手术的吻合口,同期完成法乐氏四联症根治手术,取得成功,这一经验被以后的作者吸取应用。对于粗大的动脉导管,有肺动脉高压的,有钙化形成的,有感染性心内膜炎的,有动脉瘤形成的,高年龄的,再通的动脉导管,或合并其它心内畸形的动脉导管,用体外循环或深低温、停循环方法,经肺动脉或主动脉切口,直接缝闭动脉导管,取得较好结果,减少了常温手术下直接结扎缝合此类动脉导管出血的并发症。     

同期手术治疗动脉导管未闭合并心内畸形8例分析

目的总结动脉导管未闭合并其他心脏畸形的外科治疗经验,以提高手术效果。方法8例PDA合并心内畸形的病人,5例行经胸骨正中切口体外循环插管前动脉导管结扎术,3例行经胸骨正中切口体外循环转流后经肺动脉切口动脉导管缝闭术。结果本组无早期死亡病例,术后均恢复顺利,治愈出院,随访4个月至5年,无晚期死亡和导管再通。结论同期手术矫治动脉导管未闭合并心内畸形,可以减少手术风险和两次手术创伤的痛苦。     

动脉导管未闭术后残余分流的外科治疗

目的探讨动脉导管未闭(PDA)手术过程中存在的问题及PDA术后残余分流的防治方法.方法回顾分析1997年1月-2003年12月收治的21例PDA术后残余分流的病例.结果21例中死亡1例;痊愈出院20例;并发需要同期矫治的心内畸形者9例.结论预防PDA术后残余分流的方法为不同的患者采取不同的手术方法.PDA结扎术前应当仔细评价有并发并需要同期矫治的心内畸形.深低温低流量经肺动脉切口闭合残余分流的PDA是一种安全有效的方法.     

胸部正中切口动脉导管误扎和破裂的教训

胸部正中切口动脉导管误扎和破裂的教训天津市胸科医院心外科曾仪，左景珍，王仲伦动脉导管未闭（ＰＤＡ）常与其它先天性畸形同时存在。我科自１９８３年至１９９３年间，对１８例患者行胸部正中切口结扎ＰＤＡ，再建体外循环矫正其它畸形，其中误将左肺动脉结扎１例，分...     

体外循环下动脉导管未闭手术120例

目的探讨正中切口体外循环（CPB）下动脉导管未闭（PDA）的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析本院1993年10月至2008年2月正中切口下120例PDA的临床特点、手术方式及其转归。结果术后除右心功能不全2例及术后早期出现声音嘶哑5例外，无其他重大并发症发生，均痊愈出院。结论经肺动脉切口缝闭PDA是CPB下处理PDA的主要方法，可降低肺部、脑部并发症。     

浅低温心脏不停跳体外循环下动脉导管缝闭术

为探讨重症动脉导管未闭（PDA）的手术方法，在浅低温心脏不停跳体外循环下，经主肺动脉切口行动脉导管缝闭术12例，手术效果满意。此祛适用于成人粗大型PDA、PDA并重度肺动脉高压、PDA并感染性心内膜炎、PDA结扎后再通及PDA并存心内畸形。     

复杂性动脉导管未闭的外科治疗

目的 :介绍复杂性动脉导管未闭 (PDA)诊断和手术治疗。方法 :采用胸骨正中切口。一期治疗PDA和心内伴发畸形。依据导管粗细 ,肺动脉扩张程度 ,采用结扎法和深低温低流量法经肺动脉缝闭PDA。要确认PDA周围的解剖 ,包括主动脉、左、右肺动脉 ,以免误扎。结果 :本组 72例 ,女性占6 7% ;PDA直径 0 3～ 1 8cm。伴发心内畸形中以室间隔缺损为主占 6 0 % ,法洛四联症 18%。死亡 1例 ,系合并室间隔缺损伴主动脉弓离断 ,误扎生命依赖导管。结论 :一期治疗PDA及伴发的心内畸形 ,避免二次手术的损伤 ,为安全、有效的治疗方法。及时发现恰当处理PDA ,决定治疗的结果 ,需特别引起重视。     

259例室间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭的外科治疗

目的:回顾性分析259例室间隔缺损(VSD)合并动脉导管未闭(PDA)外科治疗的临床资料,探讨其外科治疗经验和浅低温心脏不停跳技术的应用。方法:采用浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳技术行动脉导管结扎或缝合术以及VSD修补术,其中男性121例,女性138例,年龄2个月~38岁;合并畸形有房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭;主动脉缩窄;主动脉瓣下狭窄;瓦氏窦破裂;二尖瓣重度关闭不全等;直接分离结扎导管89例;其余病例经肺动脉切口缝合;其中利用补片修补动脉导管3例;合并畸形均同期手术矫治。结果:全组早期5例死亡,病死率1.9%,1例死于顽固心律失常,2例死于低心排出量综合征,2例死于手术后肺动脉高压危象合并肺部感染,随访3个月~7年,复查心脏超声均未发现VSD残余分流,无远期死亡病例。结论:VSD合并动脉导管未闭一旦明确诊断,应该早期手术治疗,以避免肺动脉高压的发生,手术中探查和进行肺动脉压力/主动脉压力比值测定有助于手术方式的选择和制定围手术期处理方案,心脏不停跳技术可作为安全有效的方法应用于VSD合并PDA的外科治疗。     

14例动脉导管未闭的误诊原因分析

典型的动脉导管未闭(PDA),根据其特征性的连续性杂音、水冲脉及有关无创性检查结果多可确诊;但当合并其他心内畸形或肺动脉高压时,较易误诊。在心脏手术中,若忽视PDA的存在,可使手术发生困难而引起严重后果。近年来,我院对不典型PDA患儿误诊14例,均经心导管检查、心     

动脉导管未闭合并重度肺动脉高压Amplatzer法封堵治疗的临床应用--12例初步报告

目的评价Amplatzer封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)合并重度肺动脉高压(SPH)的初步疗效.方法对12例(女9例,男3例)PDA合并SPH患者实施封堵治疗.其中10例采用Amplatzer动脉导管未闭封堵器,2例采用Amplatzer房间隔缺损封堵器.结果全组12例PDA封堵器均放置成功.11例PDA封堵后30分至1小时肺动脉收缩压、肺动脉平均压均明显降低.1例封堵术后即刻肺动脉压无变化.术后36小时彩色多普勒估测肺动脉压明显下降,封堵术后30分降主动脉造影,无残余分流9例,微量残余分流2例,少量残余分流1例.全组术后24～48小时彩色多普勒检查,动脉水平左向右分流均完全消失.无重要并发症发生.随访1～24个月(平均8个月),患者症状改善,11例心脏缩小,无1例发生再通.结论采用Amplatzer法封堵治疗PDA合并SPH,近期疗效满意.     

Systolic time intervals in constrictive pericarditis and severe primary myocardial disease

In a retrospective study, the incidence of critical congenital heart disease in the State of Wisconsin was determined for the years 1969–1970. Two hundred sixty-two infants were identified in 5 pediatric cardiology centers giving an incidence of 1.7 cases per 1,000 live births. Patients were admitted to the study on the basis of cardiac catheterization (192), autopsy (53), or surgery without prior catheterization (17).Lesions most commonly encountered were ventricular septal defects (19 per cent), transposition of the great arteries (13 per cent), patent ductus arteriosus (11 per cent), hypoplastic left heart (10 per cent), and tetralogy of Fallot (9 per cent). Analysis was made to relate the specific cardiac anomaly to the age at which diagnostic and/or therapeutic intervention was required.One hundred nine surgical procedures were performed. These included: pulmonary artery banding (31), ligation of a PDA (24), systemic-to-pulmonary anastamoses (18), resection of aortic coarctation (8), and atrial septectomy (8). Survival rate of all surgical procedures was 71 per cent. At the end of 1 year of follow-up, 139 patients were alive (54 per cent). However, if patients who died without the opportunity for surgery or catheterization are excluded, survival rate was increased to 66 per cent.     

Initial results and medium-term follow-up of stent implantation of patent ductus arteriosus in duct-dependent pulmonary circulation

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the safety, efficacy, medium-term outcome, and complications of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stenting in duct-dependent pulmonary circulation. BACKGROUND: Patent ductus arteriosus stenting has been proposed as an alternative to surgical shunt on account of postoperative morbidity and complications of surgical shunting. METHODS: Between April 2000 and February 2003, 69 patients with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation underwent cardiac catheterization with the intent of PDA stenting as first palliative procedure. Patients with critical pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum post-radiofrequency valvotomy who had PDA stenting were excluded. Thirteen more patients were excluded because of branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis. The follow-up was by clinical examination, echocardiography, and repeat cardiac catheterization at six to nine months following the procedure. RESULTS: Patent ductus arteriosus stenting was successful in 51 patients (91.1%) and failed in 5 patients (8.9%). The mean narrowest PDA diameter was 1.9 +/- 0.6 mm. The mean procedure and fluoroscopy time were 95.7 min and 29.4 min, respectively. In one patient the stent dislodged and migrated to the left femoral artery and another patient developed transient intravascular hemolysis. There was no procedure-related mortality. Three patients (5.9%) died one day to two months after the procedure. At follow-up (3.2 months to 2.4 years), 8 patients developed significant stent stenosis requiring reintervention. Seven patients developed worsening of preexisting branch PA stenosis. The freedom from reintervention was 89% and 55% at 6 months and 1 year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patent ductus arteriosus stenting is an attractive alternative to surgical shunt in a majority of patients with duct-dependent circulation. An absolute contraindication to this technique is the presence of branch pulmonary stenosis.     

冠状动脉起源于肺动脉的超声诊断研究

目的：冠状动脉起源于肺动脉是一种罕见的先天性畸形，以左主干爱累多见，患者多夭折于婴幼儿期，存活至童年乃至成年仍有猝死的可能。早期诊治尤为重要。本文探讨超声心动图检出该病的可行性。方法：分析５例左主干起源于肺动脉病例的二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）和彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＦＩ）的发现。其诊断经心血管造影及手术证实。结果：５例均有左室增大，右冠状动脉增宽但起源正常，左主干增宽与主动脉左窦不连接，可探及其在肺动脉干后部的开口；ＣＤＦＩ检出了肺动脉中部的双期连续性血流，其中４例检出了室间隔右缘与之伴行的左右冠状动脉间的交通支。结论：该病具特征性的２ＤＥ与ＣＤＦＩ改变，采用综合超声技术可做出诊断或提示性诊断。     

Central pulmonary artery anatomy in right ventricular outflow tract obstructions

We reviewed the cine-angiograms of 190 patients with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstructions for size and anatomy of pulmonary arteries, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and major aorto pulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). Patients were grouped into three, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia (group 1, N=86), TOF with pulmonary stenosis (group 2, N=97) and 7 cases of pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum (group 3). Out of 86 patients in group 1, 49 had PDA alone, 30 had MAPCAs alone, six had both and one had none. In group 2, 31 patients had persistent PDA and one patient had MAPCAS and PDA. A discrete stenosis (DS) of pulmonary artery was seen significantly more in patients with RVOT obstructions associated with PDA compared to patients without PDA (67/84 vs. 5/96). Out of the 84 cases with ducti, 53 had stenosis of the pulmonary artery at the site of ductus insertion. Thus presence of PDA was an important factor in the development of DS. The likely cause of pulmonary artery stenosis in TOF with PDA may be the opposing flows through RVOT and PDA producing a watershed effect at the ductus-pulmonary artery junction. Diffuse hypoplasia of pulmonary arteries (DH) was seen more significantly in RVOT obstructions associated with MAPCAs, compared to other patient groups (19/36 vs. 14/87). These small pulmonary arteries had no discrete stenosis and this diffuse hypoplasia might be the result of inadequate blood flow during intrauterine life [Harikrishnan S, Tharakan J, Titus T, Bhat A, Sivasankaran S, Bimal F, Syam Sunder KR, James, KJ. Central pulmonary artery anatomy in right ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Indian Heart Journal 1997;49:624 (Abstract)[18]].     

房水平单向活瓣式补片在先天性心脏病并发重度肺动脉高压术中的应用

目的:探讨并发重度肺动脉高压的先天性心脏病患者的外科手术方式。方法: 采用房水平单向活瓣补片对48例本病患者进行手术治疗。其中,室间隔缺损30例,房间隔缺损3例,室间隔缺损并发房间隔缺损8例,室间隔缺损伴动脉导管未闭7例。结果: 术后1例（2%）死于低心排综合征。术后早期均有明显低氧血症。术后1周仍出现跨单向活瓣补片分流40例,术后3个月活瓣仍开放10例,术后26个月提示活瓣均关闭,分流消失,经皮血氧均为95%以上,肺动脉压均明显下降。结论: 房水平单向活瓣式补片治疗先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压,使患者度过术后危险期,提高手术成功率。     

四种超声心动图技术评价正常人心肌生物力学参数及其与心功能相关关系

目的: 比较直接二维测量法(D2D)、解剖M型(AMM)、组织速度成像技术(TVI)及二维斑点追踪技术(STI)评价正常人心肌生物力学参数及其与心功能相关关系的方法,比较他们在临床运用过程优点及存在问题。方法: 分别应用D2D、AMM、TVI及STI测量并比较40例正常人收缩、舒张期心肌在长轴方向、短轴和圆周方向的心脏生物力学参数。结果: D2D显示:正常人收缩期纵向应变(LS)及应变率(LSR):下壁>后间隔>前间隔>后壁>前壁>侧壁（P>005）;收缩期LS、LSR与左室射血分数（LVEF）相关系数(r)分别为-0523及-0550。AMM显示:正常人收缩末期径向应变(RS)及径向应变率(RSR)游离壁大于间隔:收缩期RS、RSR与左LVEF(r)分别为0533及0495。TVI显示:收缩期LS:心尖段<基底段、中间段(P<005);舒张早期LS中间段>基底段>心尖段;舒张晚期LS心尖段<基底段、中间段(P<005);收缩期LS、LSR与LVEF(r)分别为-0562及-0550。STI显示:收缩期LS从基底段到心尖段逐步递增;左室扭转运动表现为心底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转,心脏整体表现为心动周期内逆时针方向为主的扭转运动。心肌收缩期平均LS及LSR与左室收缩功能参数间r的绝对值均超过055。结论: D2D通过直接测量左室长轴方向心肌长度的变化,间接计算LS与LSR;AMM克服了M型超声测量的角度限制,比较适合体位不合作的患者;TVI适合评价长轴方向室壁运动特征;STI对二维图像的超声斑点回声进行逐帧追踪,可以更准确测量局部室壁V、S等参数,定量评价局部心肌的收缩和舒张功能,测量参数与传统超声测量LVEF相关性较好,但设备要求较高。     

Patent ductus arteriosus associated with aberrant right subclavian artery: two cases, one successful interventional closure of PDA

Two children were sent to the catheterization laboratory for transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). During the intervention, cineangiogram revealed associated aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA). Both patients had left-sided aortic arch. The first patient was sent to surgery after one unsuccessful attempt to close the PDA due to the proximity of the ARSA and also because of other concomitant cardiac lesions. We successfully treated the second patient by closing the PDA with a Nit-Occlud? PDA occlusion device (Pfm Medical, Carlsbad, California). Similar mirror cases of PDA closure with aberrant left subclavian artery and right aortic arch have been reported. Anatomic features, as well as the technique and management of the procedure, are discussed here.     

Bioptome-assisted coil occlusion of moderate-large patent ductus arteriosus in infants and small children.

Coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), although inexpensive, is technically challenging for the moderate-large ducts in small children. Bioptome assistance allows better control and precision. We describe case selection strategies, technique, immediate and short-term results of bioptome-assisted closure of moderate-large (>/= 3 mm) PDA in 86 infants and children 6 mm (> 4 mm for children under 5 kg) and/or shallow ampullae (by echocardiography) underwent operation (n = 41). Specific technical modifications included use of long sheaths (5.5-8 Fr) for duct delineation and coil delivery, cutting of coils turns (51 patients) to accommodate the coils in the ampulla, and simultaneous delivery of multiple coils (n = 43). As far as possible, coils were deployed entirely in the ampulla. Median fluoroscopy time was 7.3 min (1.2-42 min). Successful deployment was feasible in all (final pulmonary artery mean pressures, 20 +/- 4.6 mm Hg). Coils embolized in 14 (16%) patients (all retrieved). Complete occlusion occurred immediately in 63 patients (73%) and in 77 patients (89%) at 24 hr. Three patients had new gradients in the left pulmonary artery. Follow-up (62 patients; median duration, 13 months) revealed small residual Doppler flows in 11 patients (18%) at the most recent visit. Bioptome-assisted coil occlusion of moderate-large PDA in selected infants and small children is feasible with encouraging results.     

Congenital heart disease: diagnostic approaches, surgical indications and operative results

Our management policies of the main congenital cardiac defects which require emergency surgical intervention in neonate and infancy were reported. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD): Recent refinements in two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography have made it possible to operate for this anomaly using only this modality. When a combination of coarctation is suspected and/or the location of the drainage of the pulmonary vein is obscure, catheterization and angiocardiography are added for detailed diagnosis. It is, however, our policy not to perform right-sided angiocardiography for patients younger than three months of age. Symptomatic cases are operated urgently, although not always on an emergency basis. In our experience, a 12 approximately 24 hour delay with intensive cardiorespiratory and metabolic care may improve the preoperative conditions considerably and increase the chances of a successful surgical repair. Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) and interruption of the aortic arch (IAA): Diagnosis of CoA by echocardiography and aortography by radial artery injection is well established. In neonates and infants with CoA or CoA + patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and/or ventricular septal defect (VSD), emergency repair of coarctation (usually with subclavian flap aortoplasty) without pulmonary artery banding (PAB) is undertaken on the day of established diagnosis. If a combination of complex cardiac anomalies such as transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and Taussig-Bing anomaly is suspected, catheterization and angiocardiography are added for the detailed diagnosis. Repair of coarctation combined with PAB has been our choice of procedure in these infants. If IAA is suspected, catheterizaton, angiographic and detailed echocardigraphic studies are performed to define the precise anatomy of the aortic arch and associated intracardiac lesions, paying particular attention to the left ventricular outflow tract, as soon as such patients become clinically stable by intensive medical treatment using prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), digitalis and diuretics. Once the diagnosis is established surgical treatment should be carried out without delay. Initial palliation by aortic arch reconstruction with PAB followed by two-stage definitive intracardiac repair have been our choice of procedure in neonates and infants with IAA without severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Bicameral repair of right pulmonary artery to left atrial communication

A right pulmonary artery to left atrial communication is a very rare vascular congenital anomaly. Patients most commonly present in the neonatal period with congestive cardiac failure or at a later stage with central cyanosis and its complications. Various diagnostic modalities are available but angiography is the most important decision-making tool for the management of this lesion. We present an unusual case of right pulmonary artery to left atrial communication in a 14-year-old patient, who underwent successful surgical repair through a bicameral approach.