梭形细胞/多形性脂肪瘤7例临床病理分析

目的探讨梭形细胞/多形性脂肪瘤(spindle cell/pleomorphic,SCL/PL)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析7例SCL/PL的临床及病理学特征,并复习相关文献,并将其与脂肪瘤样型孤立性纤维性肿瘤、硬化型脂肪肉瘤、梭形细胞脂肪肉瘤进行对比分析。结果 7例患者年龄41~77岁,平均54岁,均为男性。肿瘤部位:手部2例,颈部3例,肩部2例。病史1~8年。梭形细胞脂肪瘤镜下由温和的梭形细胞、束状排列的胶原纤维及数量不等的脂肪细胞组成。多形性脂肪瘤可见特征性的大的、多形性、花环状细胞。免疫表型:梭形细胞及多形性细胞CD34阳性,脂肪细胞S-100阳性。术后随访5~59个月,未见复发及转移。结论 SCL/PL为较少见的良性肿瘤,应与一些良性、局部侵袭性及低度恶性的软组织肿瘤及肿瘤样病变相鉴别。     

胃肠道钙化性纤维性肿瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨胃肠道钙化性纤维性肿瘤(calcifying fibrous tumor,CFT)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析7例胃肠道CFT的临床病理学及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果 7例患者中,男性2例,女性5例。发病部位:胃4例、小肠2例、直肠1例。临床表现:发生于胃的患者主要为上腹痛,发生于小肠的1例患者出现肠套叠,其余为体检或手术偶然发现,大体为黏膜下直径0.7~4 cm包块。镜下见肿瘤边界清晰,主要由丰富的透明变性的胶原纤维构成,呈漩涡状、束状及席纹状排列,肿瘤细胞呈梭形,无细胞异型性及核分裂象;7例均可见散在分布的砂砾体及多少不一的炎细胞浸润,2例可见营养不良性钙化。免疫表型:瘤细胞vimentin阳性,1例CD34局部阳性,1例可见CD117散在阳性细胞,desmin、DOG1、S-100、SMA、H-caldesmon和ALK均阴性,β-catenin胞核阴性,Ki-67增殖指数1%~3%。7例患者6例无复发,1例失访。结论 CFT是一种少见的间叶源性良性肿瘤,发生于胃肠道者临床罕见,临床表现及检查无特异性,特征性的组织学形态较易诊断,但需与其他间叶源性疾病鉴别。     

骨原发性孤立性纤维性肿瘤2例临床病理分析

目的探讨骨原发性孤立性纤维性肿瘤(solitary fibrous tumor, SFT)的临床病理学特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析2例骨原发性SFT的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断等,并复习相关文献。结果 2例影像学均表现为骨质破坏;镜下可见瘤细胞呈卵圆形、短梭形,瘤细胞间可见玻璃样变的胶原纤维分割,局部区域可见丰富的形状不规则血管。例1细胞有异型,核分裂象4个/10 HPF;例2肿瘤细胞形态温和,核分裂象罕见。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞STAT6、CD34、CD99和vimentin均阳性,CKpan、S-100、desmin、SMA、EMA、ERG和STAB2均阴性。结论骨原发SFT非常罕见,病理诊断主要依靠影像学、病理学形态和免疫组化标记,需与骨的其他原发肿瘤及转移性肿瘤鉴别。     

长骨炎症性肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤的临床病理观察

目的探讨骨内炎症性肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法采用HE、免疫组化En Vision两步法染色对4例骨内IMT的临床病理学特征进行分析并复习相关文献。结果 4例IMT中女性1例,男性3例,发生于胫骨、股骨各2例,其中3例同时累及骨及软组织。组织学上由肌纤维母细胞样梭形细胞增生伴浆细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等炎细胞浸润。免疫表型:vimentin、SMA、actin、H-caldesmon、CD34均呈阳性,部分细胞表达CD68。结论 IMT是具有局部侵袭性的交界性肿瘤,临床较罕见,应与一些良性及恶性的软组织肿瘤及肿瘤样病变鉴别。     

EBV阳性炎性滤泡树突细胞肉瘤8例临床病理分析

目的 探讨EBV阳性炎性滤泡树突细胞肉瘤的临床病理学特征。方法 回顾性分析8例EBV阳性炎性滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断等,并复习相关文献。结果 8例患者中男性5例(肝脏3例,脾脏2例),女性3例(肝脏2例,脾脏1例),男女比约1.7∶1。年龄36～85岁,中位年龄66岁,平均58岁。临床多为体检或因发热、腹泻等症状检查时发现肝脏或脾脏占位,2例具有乙肝病史,1例具有乳腺癌病史,1例合并肝细胞肝癌。影像学检查示肝脏或脾脏内见单个或多个境界清楚的结节。镜检：大量淋巴细胞及浆细胞背景内见不同比例的肿瘤细胞,肿瘤细胞具有轻度异型,细胞边界不清,梭形或卵圆形,呈席纹状、束状排列或单个散在分布。胞质淡染或略有嗜酸性,细胞核呈空泡状,染色质细腻,核仁可见。部分肿瘤细胞似R-S细胞。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞不同程度表达CD21、CD23和CD35。8例EBER原位杂交检查均阳性。随访1～15个月,除1例肝脏有2枚肿瘤患者于术后2个月复发外,其余均无瘤生存。结论 EBV阳性炎性滤泡树突细胞肉瘤少见,临床特征不明显,预后差异较大,诊断时需结合组织学及免疫表型特征。     

指趾纤维黏液瘤3例临床病理分析

目的探讨指趾纤维黏液瘤(digital fibromyxoma, DF)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析3例DF的临床资料、病理学形态及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果 3例DF中男性2例,女性1例,年龄30～57岁,平均44岁,且病变均发生于手指。肿瘤最大径1.5～2 cm。镜下见肿瘤细胞呈梭形和星形纤维母细胞样,束状分布于黏液样基质内;黏液样基质富含纤细的血管,瘤细胞异型性不明显或仅轻度异型,核分裂象罕见。免疫表型:梭形和星形细胞表达CD34、CD10和CD99,灶性表达EMA,不表达MUC4、desmin和S-100蛋白,Ki-67增殖指数1%～2%。3例患者手术切除后均痊愈。结论 DF属少见的良性肿瘤,为防止局部复发,临床上应行肿瘤完整切除术。     

儿童炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤临床病理特点

目的 探讨儿童炎症性肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)的临床、病理学特点及鉴别诊断.方法 对3例儿童IMT进行了组织形态学、免疫组化检查,结合文献复习进行分析并随访.结果 其中例1、2症状均为反复咳嗽、发热、呼吸困难,年龄分别为8岁、5岁,胸片均为支气管旁实性肿块.例3年龄为11岁,因乏力、食欲不振、贫血就诊,B超示盆腔实质性肿块.镜下可见肿瘤由肌纤维母细胞性梭形细胞、浆细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等炎症细胞构成.免疫表型:梭形细胞胞质内vimentin、desmin、MSA、SMA灶性或弥漫性阳性,myogenin、myoglobin、S-100和CD117为阴性,其中1例ALK阳性.结论 IMT是一种罕见的中间型肿瘤,原发于儿童和青少年的软组织和内脏,需与肉芽组织、结节性筋膜炎、平滑肌瘤、纤维组织细胞瘤或韧带样型纤维瘤病等鉴别.     

肝脏炎性假瘤与炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肿瘤的病理学诊断

目的探讨肝脏炎性假瘤及肝脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肿瘤的临床病理学特征及诊断、鉴别诊断要点。方法对肝脏炎性假瘤及肝脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肿瘤各1例进行临床病理分析、免疫组织化学染色及EBV-encoded RNA（EBER）原位杂交检测。结果肝脏炎性假瘤的临床症状包括右上腹不适或疼痛、发热、肝肿大、体重减轻等。大体肿瘤呈实性,境界清楚;镜下肿瘤细胞呈梭形,波浪状排列,其间可见大量淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润以及散在分布的大的多形性细胞。核仁明显。肝脏炎性假瘤样树突状细胞肿瘤的临床症状、影像学表现及镜下表现均与肝脏炎性假瘤十分相似。但肿瘤细胞边界不清,胞质嗜酸性,除R—S样细胞外,还可见到不少形态怪异的巨细胞,且免疫表型CD21、CD35阳性。EBER（EBV—encoded RNA原位杂交）阳性。结论肝脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肿瘤是罕见的肿瘤,诊断时需注意与肝脏梭形细胞肿瘤甚至霍奇金淋巴瘤鉴别,树突状细胞免疫标记CD21、CD35阳性,特别是EBER原位杂交阳性有助于诊断。     

类似胃肠间质瘤的胃梭形细胞间叶源性肿瘤31例临床病理分析

目的比较发生于胃的类似胃肠间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor, GIST)的梭形细胞间叶源性肿瘤,探讨其临床病理特征的关系。方法采用HE和免疫组化EnVision两步法检测31例与GIST类似的胃梭形细胞肿瘤,分析各类肿瘤的组织病理学特点、免疫表型及分子病理学特征。结果 31例类似GIST的胃梭形细胞间叶源性肿瘤,分别为平滑肌瘤14例,炎性纤维性息肉9例,神经鞘瘤5例,钙化性纤维性肿瘤1例,炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤1例,恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤1例。31例与GIST类似的梭形细胞肿瘤免疫组化均表达vimentin,不表达CD117和Dog-1;14例平滑肌瘤弥漫表达α-SMA和desmin;9例炎性纤维性息肉弥漫表达CD34;5例神经鞘瘤弥漫表达S-100,局部表达EMA;1例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤表达α-SMA,局部表达CD34和actin;1例恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤弥漫表达NSE和SOX10,不表达S-100、CD99、CD34、EMA等。31例与GIST类似的梭形细胞肿瘤除1例恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤Ki-67增殖指数约20%,其余Ki-67增殖指数均10%。结论诊断类似GIST的胃梭形细胞间叶源性肿瘤,应综合考虑肿瘤的临床病理特点、免疫表型以及分子病理学特征,避免误诊。     

CD34抗原在脂肪组织肿瘤中的表达及其病理意义

目的：研究CD34在脂肪组织中的表达并探讨其临床病理意义。方法：对11例脂肪瘤、4例血管脂肪瘤、4例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤、1例梭形细胞脂肪瘤和8例脂肪肉瘤进行CD34免疫组化法检测,观察CD34的表达分布怦况并结合各肿瘤的组织学特征进行分析。结果：除血管内皮细胞均为强阳性外,CD34阳性细胞包括梭形间质细胞和少数多泡状脂母细胞,成熟脂肪细胞为阴性。该抗原在11例脂肪瘤及2例血管脂肪瘤中均为阳性表达,在另2例血管脂肪瘤中为局灶阳性,在4例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤中为阴性表达,在梭形细胞脂肪瘤、脂肪瘤样型脂肪肉瘤及2例黏液性脂肪肉瘤中为强阳性表达,在5例去分化脂肪肉瘤中的表达情况多样,1例为完全阴性,1例为完全阳性,另3例存在阴性、阳性及强旨性区域混杂的情况。结论：脂肪组织肿瘤中存在一类CD34阳性的梭形间质细胞,CD34的表达情况可能与去分化脂肪肉瘤的去分化程度相关,该抗原可以作为梭形细胞脂肪瘤与其他梭形细胞肿瘤的鉴别诊断指标之一。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.