临床药师参与慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期伴肾功能不全患者抗感染治疗的药学监护实践

目的:探讨临床药师参与慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)伴肾功能不全老年患者的药学监护过程。方法:临床药师参与1例AECOPD伴肾功能不全患者的会诊,发挥自身药学特长,为医生提供个体化用药信息,对药物选择、用法用量、不良反应的评价提出建议。结果:临床药师参与AECOPD伴肾功能不全患者抗感染治疗,疗效较为显著。结论:临床药师利用药学专业知识,在治疗团队中对提高疗效、保障患者安全用药发挥着积极的作用。     

对伴有肾功能不全患者的药学服务

目的探讨临床药师在肾功能不全患者用药监护的作用.方法针对具体病例,对伴有肾功能不全患者的药物治疗过程进行监护并总结分析.结果临床药师在用药过程中与医生一起在降糖药选择、抗菌药物剂量方面进行必要的调整,并使得患者取得较好的治疗效果.结论临床药师配合医护人员参与临床药物治疗工作,使用药更规范合理.     

1例脑动脉瘤破裂伴蛛网膜下腔出血患者伴肾功能异常临床用药的药学监护

目的:分析临床药师参与脑动脉瘤破裂伴蛛网膜下腔出血伴肾功能异常患者临床治疗的药学监护.方法:名床药师通过参与1例脑动脉瘤破裂伴蛛网膜下腔出血伴肾功能异常患者的会诊,协助临床医生制定个体化治疗方案,并实施用药的全程监护,重点监护治疗药物的选择和药品不良反应;提出的用药合理化建议,得到医师认可.结果:临床药师结合患者的病情,监测肝、肾功能,及时分析治疗药物的作用,减少和避免了治疗用药对肝、肾功能的损害.结论:临床药师参与药物治疗方案的制定,并实施药学监护,减少了药物不良反应的发生,确保了患者的临床疗效.     

肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护

目的:探讨临床药师如何提供药学监护。方法:临床药师参与肾移植术后肺部感染患者的治疗,从"协助医生制订和调整用药方案、保护患者肾功能、关注药物不良反应和相互作用、提供患者用药教育"等方面实施药学监护。结果:患者肺部感染得到有效控制,治疗期间肾功能良好,康复出院。结论:临床药师参与治疗团队,根据患者具体情况制订个体化的用药监护,可保证患者用药安全、有效。     

糖尿病肾病患者伴慢性肾功能不全时的药学监护切入点

摘 要 目的： 探讨临床药师在糖尿病肾病伴慢性肾功能不全患者中的药学监护切入点。方法: 通过对主要治疗药物包括降糖药和降血压药,以及治疗并发症药物如利尿剂、降脂药及改善微循环药物进行监护,结合糖尿病肾病患者的饮食健康教育,发挥临床药师的药学服务作用。结果: 临床药师提高了患者的依从性以及对临床药师的信任度,并保证了药物的安全性与有效性。结论: 临床药师为提高糖尿病肾病伴慢性肾功能不全患者的安全合理用药,并延缓其疾病的发生发展提供了保障。     

1例重症肺炎合并肾功能不全患者的抗感染药物选择和药学监护

目的探讨临床药师在重症肺炎合并肾功能不全患者治疗过程中的药学服务方法。方法临床药师参与1例重症肺炎合并肾功能不全患者抗感染药物治疗的病例进行分析。结果临床药师参与临床治疗,促进合理用药,提高临床药物治疗的疗效和安全性。结论临床药师与医师合作,提供合理用药及监护建议,使患者用药更加安全、有效,体现了临床药师在参与药物治疗中的积极作用。     

1例难治性高血压患者临床治疗的药学监护

目的：分析临床药师对难治性高血压患者临床治疗的药学监护。方法：临床药师在1例难治性高血压患者的治疗过程中,参与临床医师制订治疗方案,监护患者用药全过程,针对患者用药提出用药注意事项。结果：临床药师参与制订治疗方案,真正做到治疗个体化,使患者治愈出院。结论：临床药师通过药学监护,避免了不良反应的发生,提高了患者的治疗依从性,取得了良好的临床效果。     

临床药师在神经内科开展药学监护的切入点探讨

目的:探索临床药师在神经内科实施药学监护、参与制订治疗方案的切入点。方法:临床药师通过在神经内科实施药学监护,重点监护反复发热及长期应用广谱抗菌药物的患者、肾功能不全的老年患者、应用安全性低的药物或用药依从性差的患者及有特殊用药注意事项的药物和药品不良反应,参与临床治疗,与医护人员组成治疗团队。结果:通过药学监护,促进合理用药,减少药品不良反应发生,提高了临床治疗的有效率和成功率。结论:临床药师可为临床提供多种形式的药学服务,以使药物应用更加安全、有效。     

肝肾联合移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护

目的:探讨临床药师提供药学监护的工作思路与实践。方法:临床药师参与1例肝肾联合移植术后肺部感染患者的治疗,从"协助医生制订和调整用药方案、保护患者移植物功能、关注药物不良反应和相互作用、对患者进行用药教育"等方面实施药学监护。结果:患者肺部感染得到有效控制,治疗期间肝、肾功能稳定,康复出院。结论:临床药师加入临床治疗团队,进行个体化的药学监护,有利于保障患者用药的安全、有效。     

1例肾功能不全伴胆总管结石患者临床治疗的药学监护

目的:临床药师通过参与肾功能不全伴胆总管结石的老年女性患者临床治疗的药学监护,探讨临床药师以药物治疗为目的的临床药学思维。方法:临床药师对1例老年胆总管结石伴肝肾功能不全患者的临床分析,评估了其肠外营养支持、抗菌药物调整、保肝药物选择的药学监护过程。结果:临床药师通过参与其抗感染、肠外营养药物治疗方案的优化,和临床全程药学监护,确保了临床合理用药,提高了临床疗效。结论:临床药师发挥了专业知识,评估患者的营养状况制订了肠外营养和抗菌药物的选用,确保了临床疗效。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.