腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部大面积软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣治疗16例足踝部大面积软组织缺损患者,缺损范围17 cm×7 cm^20 cm×13 cm。切取皮瓣面积为18 cm×8 cm^21 cm×14 cm。结果术后14例皮瓣完全成活;2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经清创换药后愈合。患者均获得随访,时间3~12个月。皮瓣色泽、质地、血运良好,无破溃。结论腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣不破坏小腿主干血管,同时切取皮瓣面积更大,供血可靠,是修复足踝软组织缺损的较好方法。     

以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣的临床应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支供血的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣在足踝部软组织缺损、骨感染修复中的临床效果。方法2007年3月至2010年9月,对23例足踝部软组织（跟腱）缺损及骨感染的患者,设计以腓动脉终末穿支为血管蒂,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣转位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。采用腓动脉下段穿支供血携带腓肠神经逆行岛状（复合）皮瓣或肌皮瓣进行修复。皮瓣切取范围3cm×5cm～10cm×18cm。结果术后21例皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,后经过二期扩创游离植皮后痊愈,平均住院时间21d。随访2～9个月,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,无色素沉着、溃疡,皮瓣感觉恢复约S2,跟腱重建患者踝关节达功能位,恢复了劳动能力。结论以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣血供可靠,变异率低,切取方便,供区隐蔽,可恢复部分感觉,且不牺牲肢体主要血管,是修复小腿中下部、踝关节周围及足部软组织缺损的一种良好方法。尤其对修复足踝部骨外露,骨髓炎,跟腱缺损,复合组织瓣（携带跟腱及肌肉）是一种较好的选择。     

两套血供的小腿外侧皮瓣逆行转位修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 介绍两套血供的改良小腿外侧皮瓣逆行转位修复老年人足踝部软组织缺损的临床体会。 方法 对足踝部软组织缺损、创面骨肌腱外露、需作皮瓣修复的老年病例,在传统的小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣及穿支带腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的基础上,利用小腿外侧皮瓣中下段穿出的骨皮动脉皮支及腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的供血穿支均发自腓动脉的特点,将皮瓣设计于小腿后外侧,用兼顾传统小腿外侧皮瓣及腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣在供m范围的重叠区域而形成两套血供的改良小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复。结果临床共应用11例,所有皮瓣术后均顺利成活,供区植皮愈合良好,经3～9个月随访,6例皮瓣外观满意,踝关节伸屈功能正常,基本恢复行走功能;5例合并伸肌腱缺损者3个月后作肌腱移植重建后恢复行走功能。 结论 采用两套血供的改良小腿外侧皮瓣逆行转位是修复老年人足踝部软组织缺损的好方法。     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损与骨髓炎创面

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床疗效.方法 采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面26例,创面缺损范围5 cm×3.5 cm~18 cm×10 cm,皮瓣切取面积6.0 cm×4 cm～18 cm×12 cm.结果 26例均得到随访,时间3～12月.患者皮瓣均存活.术后发生皮瓣血管危象2例,予拆除缝线、高压氧治疗好转;皮瓣边缘部分坏死2例,供区植皮坏死1例、感染2例,均经换药治愈.皮瓣外观及功能满意.结论 腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,损伤小,不需要显微外科技术,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的较理想皮瓣.     

不同类型皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果

目的探讨不同类型皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对30例足踝部软组织缺损患者进行皮瓣修复,其中足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部软组织缺损7例,股前外侧皮瓣修复足背、足内侧软组织缺损12例,腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损11例。结果患者均获得随访,时间1~5年。29例皮瓣完全成活,仅1例股前外侧皮瓣发生坏死,二次手术给予植皮。13例患者因皮瓣臃肿,二期行皮瓣修整术;2例患者因术后长期从事体力劳动足跟部发生溃疡;其余患者皮瓣质地柔软,踝关节功能恢复满意。供区均未出现并发症。足底内侧皮瓣修复患者皮瓣感觉功能完全恢复,股前外侧皮瓣修复患者感觉均部分恢复,5例吻合神经腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣患者于术后3~5个月感觉功能完全恢复,剩余患者感觉功能部分恢复。结论足底内侧皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣各有优缺点,应根据足踝部软组织缺损面积、部位的不同选择合适的皮瓣,以提高皮瓣成活率,重建肢体功能。     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣游离移植的手术方法及临床应用效果.方法 切取由腓动脉发出单一皮穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,游离移植修复手背及涉及足前部的足踝部皮肤软组织缺损.皮瓣穿支动脉、小隐静脉分别与受区邻近的主干动脉分支及头静脉或大隐静脉吻合建立血液循环;亦可单纯吻合穿支动、静脉供血.皮瓣腓肠神经与受区皮神经吻合.结果 2005年1月至2007年12月,于临床应用12例.皮瓣切取面积12 cm× 7 cm～18 cm×11 cm,皮瓣全部成活.术后随访7～27个月,皮瓣外观、质地优良,两点辨别觉7～12 mm,肢体功能恢复满意.结论 本术式综合了游离皮瓣、穿支皮瓣与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的优点,皮瓣设计灵活,切取方便,惨复位置随意,血供可靠,是修复手足皮肤软组织缺损的较好方法.     

Experience with the distally based sural neurofasciocutaneous flap supplied by the terminal perforator of peroneal vessels for ankle and foot reconstruction

The distally based sural fasciocutaneous flap has been proved an excellent option for coverage of the soft tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, ankle, and foot. In this article, we reported on a series of foot and ankle reconstructions with a distally based sural neurofasciocutaneous flap supplied by the terminal perforating branch of the peroneal artery. The vascular pedicle of the flap includes the terminal perforator branch of the peroneal artery and concomitant veins. The pivot point is approximately 5 cm above the tip of lateral malleolus. Fifteen patients with soft tissue defects of the foot and/or ankle underwent the procedures of reconstruction. The flaps were designed with the size measuring 8 x 9 cm to 13 x 31 cm. Thirteen flaps survived completely and 2 with partial or margin necrosis. Our experience has demonstrated that this sural flap with a thin perforator pedicle can be easily rotated, used for coverage of a large tissue defect including the forefoot area, and provide a good texture match and contour for the recipient area.     

Reversed superficial sural artery adipofasciocutaneous flap: is it a versatile flap?

One of the major problems faced by the reconstructive surgeon is how to cover soft tissue defects having exposed bones and tendons in the lower third of the leg, ankle, heel, and foot. The distally based superficial sural artery flap is an effective alternative for such reconstructions. The distally based superficial sural artery adipofasciocutaneous flap is supplied by the perforators of peroneal artery as a reverse flow flap. From 1999 to 2004, we used a distally based superficial sural artery flap for the reconstruction of the ankle heel and foot in 11 patients. The largest flap used was 15 cm in width and 18 cm in length. Nine flaps survived completely and two necrosed partially. Mild edema and congestion were observed in most of the flaps, but these observed conditions improved with time. The main advantages included reliable blood supply without sacrificing any major artery of the limb and easy, simple, and quick elevation.     

腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣急诊修复下肢创伤性皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨急诊一期修复小腿中下段及足部创伤性软组织缺损的方法. 方法 2000年2月～2003年12月,应用同侧腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣急诊一期修复小腿及足部皮肤软组织缺损18例,并分析其可行性及手术注意点;切取皮瓣4 cm×5 cm～11 cm×12 cm. 结果除2例皮瓣远端1/3发绀并坏死经换药Ⅱ期愈合外,其余皮瓣均Ⅰ期愈合.随访1～2年,有2例皮瓣臃肿,其余外观满意,功能均恢复正常. 结论腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣急诊修复创伤性皮肤软组织缺损,具有早期闭合创面、促进早期功能锻炼的优点,尤其适合于急诊修复小腿下1/3及其足踝部的皮肤软组织缺损.     

腓动脉穿支供血的腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣肌皮瓣临床应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支供血的腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣、肌皮瓣在足踝部软组织缺损、骨感染修复中的效果.方法 1997年6月～2004年10月,对21例足踝部软组织缺损及骨感染的患者,采用腓动脉穿支供血的腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣或肌皮瓣进行修复.其中男20例,女1例,年龄6～78岁.创伤致软组织缺损18例,电烧伤3例,其中足部贴骨瘢痕、骨髓炎4例.术中切取岛状皮瓣17例,肌皮瓣4例.皮瓣、肌皮瓣切取范围5 cm×4 cm～22 cm×16 cm.供瓣区拉拢缝合4例,游离植皮17例.结果术后21例皮瓣、肌皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合.随访3～6个月,无任何并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,术后皮瓣感觉恢复欠佳.结论腓动脉穿支供血的腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣、肌皮瓣为一可靠的皮瓣,切取方便,供瓣面积大,血供丰富且不牺牲主要动脉,是修复小腿中下部、踝关节周围及足部软组织缺损的一种良好方法.尤其对修复足踝部深洞状缺损、骨髓炎,肌皮瓣是一种较好的选择.     

Thirteen-Year Follow-Up Reverse Sural Artery Flap for Plantar Calcaneal Wound: A Case Report

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the lower leg and foot after traumatic injury is a challenging problem owing to lack of locally reliable flaps. The traditional options for wound coverage often do not provide feasible or adequate treatment for many of these wounds. The lack of skin laxity in the lower leg and foot often make local flaps unavailable. Split-thickness skin grafts will not be robust enough. Free tissue flaps have a litany of potential complications and guaranteed comorbidities. The present case reinforces that appropriately selected patients with significant open bony and soft tissue trauma to the foot and ankle can be treated with a reverse sural artery fasciocutaneous flap. The reverse sural artery flap allows for full-thickness skin coverage with its own blood supply, maximizing the healing potential and should be considered a viable first option for soft tissue coverage.     

The reverse sural flap: modifications to improve efficacy in foot and ankle reconstruction

The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of the reverse sural flap in covering defects in the foot and ankle region when certain technical modifications are employed. We provide a retrospective review of 32 consecutive reverse sural flaps for foot and ankle defects, and compare the technique and results with other reports. There were 23 fasciocutaneous flaps, 7 fascial flaps, and 2 tissue-expanded flaps. Four flaps (12.5%) suffered significant flap loss, and 4 patients had delayed healing.Several modifications are suggested to increase the versatility of the sural flap in covering foot and ankle defects, including preserving the mesentery connecting the sural nerve to the deep fascia, inclusion of skin of the upper third of the leg, limiting pedicle width to 2 cm with preservation of a tongue-like skin process all along its length, and generous release of the fascia over the peroneal compartment. In addition, we describe the use of tissue expanded sural flaps.     

特形腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的介绍特形腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移植修复足踝部皮肤不规则软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法根据足踝部创面缺损的具体情况,采用不同形状的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣对21例患者进行修复。结果21例皮瓣中19例顺利成活,修复后的足踝部外形及功能良好;1例皮瓣远端坏死,经换药愈合;1例皮瓣肿胀、静脉瘀滞持续2个月后消退。结论特形腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损一种简单易行、安全可靠的术式．值得推广。     

改良带腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的总结改进带腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法2004年8月~2005年4月,对15例足跟、踝关节和足前部皮肤缺损患者,应用以腓肠神经营养血管链为皮瓣提供血供,设计逆行岛状皮瓣进行修复,蒂部最远可达外踝平面。其中切取单纯皮瓣12例,复合皮瓣3例,皮瓣范围7cm×6cm~11cm×8cm。供区伤口直接缝合或游离植皮覆盖。结果术后15例皮瓣全部成活,无皮瓣肿胀或血运障碍,供、受区创面均期愈合。术后获随访3~6个月,皮瓣外形满意,质地柔软,色泽与受区近似,无局限性臃肿,能穿鞋正常行走,皮瓣受力处无破溃,足部功能恢复良好。结论带腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足、踝部皮肤缺损不需吻合血管,操作简便,安全可靠,是修复足踝部皮肤缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Using the Distally Based Sural Artery Flap Versus the Medial Plantar Flap: A Comparative Study

Soft tissue defects around the foot and ankle region often present an awkward problem for plastic surgeons. The medial plantar artery flap raised from the non-weightbearing instep of the plantar foot offers a thick, sensorial, durable, and glabrous skin. The reversed sural artery flap offers a reliable option for coverage with the advantages of a wide arc of rotation, adequate dimensions, and a reliable blood supply. The present study compared the outcomes of the medial plantar artery flap and the distally based sural artery flap in foot and ankle reconstruction. The present comparative cross-sectional study included 30 adult patients with soft tissue defects in the foot and around the ankle, who were divided into 2 equal groups. One group underwent reconstruction with the proximally based island medial plantar artery flap (MPAF). The second group underwent reconstruction with the reversed sural artery flap (RSAF). The operative time and complications were carefully recorded. The surgical outcomes in terms of flap survival, durability of coverage, and functional outcome were assessed for all patients. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in age, sex, etiology, or site of the defect. The defect size was significantly smaller in the MPAF group than in the RSAF group (22 ± 2.7 cm² versus 66.2 ± 7.7 cm²; p < .001). However, the operative time was significantly longer in the MPAF group than in the RSAF group (100 ± 2.9 minutes versus 80.5 ± 3.1 minutes; p < .001). The flap survived in all cases in the MPAF group, but total flap necrosis occurred in 1 patient in the RSAF group. The mean follow-up period was 13.2 months. Weightbearing was significantly earlier in the MPAF group than in the RSAF group (5.8 ± 0.26 weeks versus 6.9 ± 0.19 weeks; p = .003). None of the 30 patients developed recurrent ulceration. The incidence of complications (33.3% versus 80%) was significantly less in the MPAF group than in the RSAF group (p = .01). Significantly greater improvement was found in the functional outcomes in the MPAF group compared with the RSAF group (p = .004). In conclusion, the MPAF and distally based sural artery flap are the 2 flaps available for foot and ankle reconstruction. However, the MPAF offers better functional outcomes with a lower frequency of postoperative complications. Thus, the sensate MPAF is recommended for reconstruction of moderate-size defects of the foot and ankle region.     

吻合腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的应用解剖和临床应用

目的 报道腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与游离移植的临床效果.方法 用明胶-氧化铅液灌注12侧标本的胭动脉,观测腓肠内侧血管及其穿支的分支、蒂长、管径等;取下标本皮肤软组织拍摄X线片,利用Photoshop与Scion Image分析穿支分布的趋向性和供血面积.临床上吻合腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣修复5例手部软组织缺损,皮瓣面积为7 cm×4 cm～12 cm×8 cm. 结果 所有标本的腓肠内侧血管至少存在1支穿支,平均2.1支;位于距横纹9～18 cm、距后中线1～5 cm的范围内;其深筋膜处的外径为(1.03±0.22)mm;穿支供血的总面积为(107.5±23.9)cm2,单穿支的供血面积为(58.3±17.0)cm2.5例移植皮瓣全部成活,随访6～12个月,手部修复后外形与功能恢复满意.结论 明胶-氧化铅液灌注造影是皮瓣血管解剖学研究的可靠方法;腓肠内侧血管恒定存在的穿支,可作为腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的血供来源;该皮瓣外形美观,是修复手部中、小面积皮肤软组织缺损的良好选择.     

Increasing the success of reverse sural flap from proximal part of posterior calf for traumatic foot and ankle reconstruction: Patient selection and surgical refinement

In this report, we present our experience on the use of the reverse sural flap for traumatic foot and ankle reconstruction. The patient selection and surgical refinement are discussed. From 2007 to 2010, 11 consecutive patients underwent modified reverse sural flap at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The defects were located at the ankle (three cases), foot (two cases), and heel (six cases). Particular attention was paid to precise patient selection and surgical refinements. Patient selection was based on the lower limb vascular status by palpable distal pedal pulses and ankle brachial index ranging from 0.9 to 1.2. Surgical techniques were refined as precisely locating the perforators of peroneal artery, placing the skin paddle in upper third of leg for a distal region coverage, designing a 7‐cm‐wide adipofascial pedicle with a 2 cm skin paddle on it, preserving the mesentery structure of sural nerve and concomitant artery with or without including gastrocnemius muscles cuff, no tunneling when inset this flap and supercharging with lesser saphenous vein whenever needed. All the flaps survived completely. Only one patient required immediate anastomosis of lesser saphenous vein to local vein around defect in order to relieve the venous congestion during operation. Patients felt diminished but adequate recovery of sense of touch and temperature at the flap. Following the precise patient selection and surgical refinements, the modified reverse sural flap seemed to be a reliable and effective local flap for reconstruction of the soft tissue defects on ankle and foot. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:342–349, 2013.     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法　2003年1月至2011年1月,在腓动脉穿支与腓肠神经营养血供的解剖基础上,根据足踝部皮肤缺损大小,设计腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,逆行移位修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损13例.切取皮瓣而积9 cm×8.5 cm～ 28 cm×13 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7～3.3 cm.结果　本组中11例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药治愈.全部患者随访6～12个月,皮瓣外形及功能满意.结论　腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

带蒂腓肠浅动脉岛状皮瓣修复小腿外伤性皮肤缺损

目的　为了寻找修复小腿下段及踝足部皮肤缺损较好的皮瓣。方法　对21例小腿行腓动脉插管美蓝灌注、造影、显微解剖，了解腓肠浅动脉走行。手术16例，小腿下段6例、足跟部7例、足背部1例、踝部2例，皮瓣完全成活。结果　腓肠浅动脉在小腿中上段穿出深筋膜与腓肠神经伴行并发出许多营养支，营养小腿2/3后侧皮肤。结论　该皮瓣解剖恒定、血供良好、手术简单，Ⅰ期完成手术。它是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部皮肤缺损较好的皮瓣。     

足踝部皮肤缺损的修复

目的探讨足踝部皮肤缺损的修复方法及疗效。方法2000年1月~2005年10月,对36例足踝部皮肤缺损分别采用同侧外踝上皮瓣或逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣修复,其中男35例,女1例。年龄6~62岁,平均38岁。损伤原因:机器伤12例,车祸伤22例,感染1例,冻伤1例。其中急诊行皮瓣修复24例,12例于伤后7 d~1个月手术,修复部位包括足背、足跟、前足和内、外踝,皮肤缺损范围5 cm×4 cm~20 cm×10 cm。其中外踝上皮瓣15例15个皮瓣,切取皮瓣范围5 cm×4 cm~15 cm×8 cm;逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣21例22个皮瓣,切取皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm~20 cm×10 cm。就其术后疗效及两种皮瓣的成活率进行比较。结果术后外踝上皮瓣完全成活10个,完全坏死3个,尖端部分坏死2个。逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣完全成活21个,其中3个尖端出现表皮坏死;1个在术中即出现动脉供血不足,改行其他方法修复。术后经3周~6个月随访,两种皮瓣修复后的疗效相似,皮肤质地、厚度与足踝部相接近,皮瓣的痛、触觉为S0~S1。修复足跟跖侧的两种皮瓣术后均较臃肿,皮瓣与跟骨之间存在滑动,皮瓣表面出现压迫性表皮坏死。结论外踝上皮瓣适用于内外踝部、足背近侧等距皮瓣供区较近的部位,皮肤缺损面积相对较小的创面;对于缺损较大或距离踝关节较远的足部创面,应采用逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣,但有踝关节动脉网破坏严重时需谨慎应用。