穿琥宁注射液90例不良反应文献分析

目的:探讨穿琥宁注射液所致不良反应(ADRs)的一般规律与特点.方法:对1995年1月～2002年12月国内医药期刊文献报道应用穿琥宁注射液发生的90例ADRs进行分类与分析.结果:穿琥宁注射液所致的ADRs主要集中发生在用药过程中30min以内,其临床表现复杂多样,以过敏反应常见,严重者可出现过敏性休克或血小板减少症.结论:穿琥宁注射液所致ADRs确切机理较为复杂.建议厂家加强对其质量的控制,临床使用时应掌握合理用药并重视其ADRs的监测.     

穿琥宁注射剂致血小板减少69例文献分析

目的:了解穿琥宁注射剂致血小板减少的发生规律、相关因素和预后情况。方法:对国内1998-2003 年文献报道的穿琥宁致血小板减少69例进行分析。结果:血小板减少主要由穿琥宁注射剂引起,冻干粉针则很少发生。血小板减少多发生于连续用药1周以上,平均8.3±2．9 d,70％患者穿琥宁浓度超出说明书的标示浓度(1 mg·ml-1)。血小板减少表现为可逆性,血小板计数恢复正常的时间平均为9.3±6.5 d。结论:穿琥宁致血小板减少与用药时间、药液浓度、药品质量等密切相关,应引起高度重视。     

穿琥宁注射液的不良反应

目的综述穿琥宁注射液在临床应用中的不良反应，为临床用药提供参考。方法分析国内期刊的相关报道。结果穿琥宁注射液所致的不良反应主要有发热、过敏性休克、过敏性皮疹、血小板减少、小儿腹泻等。结论临床应用穿琥宁注射液时应对其不良反应加以重视，注意观察,以确保用药安全.     

穿琥宁注射剂致血小板减少62例文献分析

目的:探讨穿琥宁注射剂引起血小板减少的特点和诱发因素。方法:通过检索1994-2004年国内医药学期刊,收集穿琥宁注射剂致血小板减少病案62例,应用文献计量学方法对病历的资料进行整理与归纳。结果:男性33例(53.2%),女性29例(46.8%);其中<18岁的未成年患者31例,占53.4%;均为常规剂量静脉滴注给药;不良反应多发生在用药后2～6d(44.2%)。结论:。掌握穿琥宁致血小板减少的特点将有助于该药的安全使用。     

穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克63例文献分析

目的:探讨穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克的临床特点及发生规律,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:通过检索1994-2010年国内文献,收集穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克病案63例,应用药物流行病学方法对资料进行归纳分析。结果:报道的穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克病例多为速发型过敏性休克,发生在给药30min内的占95.24%。过敏性休克症状以循环系统、呼吸系统、中枢神经系统症状多见,其中61例痊愈,2例死亡,死亡率为3.17%。结论:穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克的原因主要为患者体质、药物因素、临床合理用药三个方面。     

穿琥宁所致不良反应分析

目的 :关注穿琥宁注射液所致不良反应发生的类型与特点。方法 :检索 2 0 0 0年～ 2 0 0 2年文献报道穿琥宁注射液出现的不良反应 ,进行类型归纳。结果 :穿琥宁注射液的不良反应临床表现大致有 8类 ,以过敏反应最为常见。结论 :临床医师、药师应重视其不良反应 ,用药时加强对患者的观察 ,以减轻不良反应的危害     

穿琥宁注射液引起血小板减少5例分析

穿琥宁注射液是从穿心莲叶中提取的一种纯中药针剂。具有清热解毒、抗菌消炎、抗病毒的作用 ,因其显著的疗效和较低的不良反应而广泛用于临床。近年来有关穿琥宁注射液不良反应的报道逐渐增加。我科 2 0 0 2年中有 5例因穿琥宁注射液引起的血小板减少。现报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　穿琥宁注射液引起血小板减少共 5例 ,男 3例 ,女 2例 ;年龄 45～ 80岁。入院诊断分别为 :肺炎、慢性支气管炎急性发作、胆囊炎、急性气管 支气管炎。入院时 (即用药前 ) 5例都进行了常规检查 ,全自动血液细胞分析 (采用美国雅陪CYN 170 0全自动血液细胞分析…     

穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克59例文献分析

目的探讨穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克的临床特点及发生规律,促进其合理应用。方法检索1994年4月至2011年10月国内文献,收集穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克病例59例,对资料进行统计、分析。结果59例患者中,多为速发型过敏性休克,其中发生在用药30min内的占93．22％,以循环系统、呼吸系统、中枢神经系统症状为主;57例痊愈,2例死亡,死亡率为3．39％。结论穿琥宁注射液致过敏性休克的原因主要有患者体质、药物因素、临床合理用药3个方面。     

189例穿琥宁注射剂不良反应文献分析

目的探讨穿琥宁注射剂所致不良反应的一般规律及特点,指导临床合理用药。方法通过检索1998～2010年国内公开发表的医学期刊报道应用穿琥宁注射剂致不良反应案例,并利用文献计量学方法进行分析。结果穿琥宁注射剂所致的189例不良反应与性别无关,多发生于<10岁年龄组,其出现时间多发生于用药后的前30分钟内,不良反应临床表现复杂多样,累及机体多个系统-器官损伤,主要以过敏反应和血小板减少症为主,经对症治疗,预后多良好。结论临床医师、药师应了解穿琥宁注射剂所致不良反应的规律和特点,加强其用药监测,以减少不良反应的发生。     

穿琥宁注射液与青霉素注射液治疗急性扁桃体炎的疗效比较

目的:比较穿琥宁注射液与青霉素注射液治疗扁桃体炎的疗效。方法:将患者随机分为两组A组120例,给穿琥宁注射液0.4加5%葡萄糖250ml中静滴,每日一次,用药3d; B组80例,给青霉素注射液800万u加5%葡萄糖250ml中静滴,每日一次,用药3d。结果:对于急性渗出型扁桃体炎穿琥宁疗效优于青霉素(P<0.05),而对急性化脓型扁桃体炎青霉素疗效优于穿琥宁。结论:对于急性扁桃体炎的不同类型临床上应采用不同的药物治疗。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.