21例经胸骨前路径腔镜甲状腺切除术

目的探讨腔镜甲状腺切除术的可行性及安全性。方法经胸骨前路径行腔镜甲状腺切除术21例。其中甲状腺瘤13例、结节性甲状腺肿4例、原发性甲状腺机能亢进4例,行甲状腺瘤摘除术6例,单侧甲状腺次全切除11例,双侧甲状腺次全切除4例。结果手术过程顺利,平均手术时间(116±16.7)min,平均术中出血(40.0±23.6)mL,无中转开放手术,术后2、3d拔除引流管,无声嘶或甲状旁腺损伤等并发症,平均住院时间(7±3.5)d,术后随访3～14个月,无复发病例,美容效果满意。结论腔镜甲状腺手术是安全、有效、可行的。     

单孔腋下入路腔镜手术在甲状腺良 性疾病中的临床应用

目的 研究单孔腋下入路腔镜甲状腺手术在甲状腺良性疾病手术中的可行性、安全性及美容效果。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月～2013年1月,88例经单孔腋下入路腔镜甲状腺手术术中术后情况;比较左右侧两组不同疾病部位的美容效果评分。结果 88例患者均行单孔腋下入路腔镜甲状腺手术,无中转开放手术。术中出血量：（30.2±16.6）mL;手术时间：（124.2±32.8）min;术后病理：甲状腺腺瘤38例,结节性甲状腺肿50例。术后第1天引流液量（98.3±34.8）mL;术后复查甲状腺功能及血清钙离子均正常范围内。平均住院时间（3.6±1.4）d;颈部感觉异常21例,术后1～3个月后无感觉异常;皮下积液3例,经穿刺抽液后治愈,无切口感染情况;暂时性喉返神经损伤3例,喉上神经损伤1例。均在术后3～6个月后恢复正常,无永久性损伤。无甲状旁腺损伤表现。美容效果评分优良,两组不同疾病部位的美容评分差异均无显著性（P >0.05）。结论 经单孔腋下入路腔镜甲状腺手术是安全的,可行的,美容效果优越。     

经胸部乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术21例分析

目的评价经胸部乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术的临床应用价值。方法采用经胸部乳晕入路施行腔镜甲状腺切除术,其中单纯甲状腺结节摘除术8例,单侧甲状腺大部切除术6例,一侧甲状腺大部切除并对侧甲状腺结节摘除4例,单侧甲状腺腺叶切除术3例。结果21例全部成功,手术时间95～245min,平均(112.0±30.2)min,平均术中出血(65.8±19.5)mL,术后并发1例暂时性喉返神经损伤。结论经胸部乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术具有极佳的美容效果,是安全和可行的。     

腋乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除治疗甲状腺功能亢进

目的 总结腋乳入路下腔镜治疗甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)的经验.方法 33例甲亢患者,经腋乳入路腔镜下行甲状腺切除术,术中行一侧甲状腺全切,对侧甲状腺次全切除术,保留残余甲状腺组织6～8 g.结果 33例手术均成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间130～260min,平均202.1min;术中出血量20～200mL,平均59.4mL.术后暂时性低钙血症2例,暂时性声嘶1例,无术中、术后大出血等并发症.术后恢复良好,近期随访美容效果满意.随访6～12个月,平均8.1个月,3例复发,5例出现甲状腺功能低下.结论 腔镜治疗甲亢技术安全、可行.     

经上胸前壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术21例

目的探讨经上胸前壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术的可行性及临床价值。方法应用经上胸前壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术完成手术21例。结果21例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,手术时间60～330min,平均(165±25)min,术中出血2～50mL,平均(20±5)mL,术后无严重皮下气肿及呼吸困难,无喉返、喉上神经、甲状旁腺损伤,无术后出血及伤口感染,原发性甲亢患者无甲状腺危象。结论经上胸前壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术安全可行,皮下分离范围小,手术适应范围广,能达到较好的微创效果与好的美容效果。     

乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术与开放手术的对比研究

目的对腔镜手术和开放甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺疾病的临床效果进行对比研究。方法回顾性分析113例腔镜甲状腺切除术(腔镜组)和104例开放甲状腺切除术(开放组)患者的临床资料,比较两组的手术时间、出血量、引流量、住院时间、术后住院时间、术后恢复活动时间、术后镇痛药的需求、术后并发症、住院费用等。结果两组的手术时间、住院时间、术后住院时间差异没有显著性;腔镜组的出血量(42.5±62.7)mL明显少于开放组(118.2±120.8)mL,差异有显著性(t'=5.183,P<0.05);而腔镜组引流量(84.9±76.11)mL比开放组(44.04±38.72)mL多(P<0.05);腔镜组术后恢复活动时间为(2.2±0.9)d,与开放组(2.5±1.1)d比较差异无显著性(t'=1.845,P=0.06);腔镜组术后镇痛药需求比开放组明显减少,而住院费用腔镜组高于开放组;腔镜组术后并发症以喉上和喉返神经损伤为主,而开放组主要是出血。结论腔镜甲状腺手术是一种安全、可行的方法,具有美容、疼痛轻和出血少的优点。     

经胸乳径路腔镜下甲状腺手术(附58例报告)

目的 探讨经胸乳入路腔镜下甲状腺手术的适应证及手术要点.方法 回顾分析2003年4月至2010年12月采用经胸乳径路腔镜下甲状腺手术58例患者临床资料.58例中结节性甲状腺肿31例,甲状腺腺瘤24例,甲状腺乳头状癌3例.结果 双侧腺叶次全切除18例,一侧腺叶次全切除+对侧腺叶部分切除2例,单侧腺叶次全切除30例,肿瘤切除5例,峡部切除2例,中转开放手术1例(甲状腺癌).手术时间65～135min,平均95min.术中失血量20～100ml.并发症:颈部皮肤Ⅱ度烫伤1例,面积约0 5cm2,经换药皮肤有色素沉着;2例出现暂时性声嘶,2～3个月后发音完全恢复.结论 只要掌握手术适应证及手术要点,经胸乳径路腔镜下甲状腺手术是一种安全的手术方式,其优点颈部无创疤、微创.     

经胸乳径路腔镜下甲状腺手术

目的探讨经胸乳人路腔镜下甲状腺手术的适应证及手术要点。方法回顾分析2003年4月至2010年12月采用经胸乳径路腔镜下甲状腺手术58例患者临床资料。58例中结节性甲状腺肿31例,甲状腺腺瘤24例,甲状腺乳头状癌3例。结果双侧腺叶次全切除18例,一侧腺叶次全切除＋对侧腺叶部分切除2例,单侧腺叶次全切除30例,肿瘤切除5例,峡部切除2例,中转开放手术1例（甲状腺癌）。手术时间65-135min,平均95rain。术中失血量20-1OOml。并发症：颈部皮肤Ⅱ度烫伤1例,面积约0．5cm^2,经换药皮肤有色素沉着;2例出现暂时性声嘶,2～3个月后发音完全恢复。结论只要掌握手术适应证及手术要点,经胸乳径路腔镜下甲状腺手术是一种安全的手术方式,其优点颈部无创疤、微创。     

经乳晕径路腔镜甲状腺切除术临床分析

目的探讨经乳晕径路腔镜甲状腺切除术的安全性和可行性。方法采用经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术89例。术前诊断甲状腺腺瘤49例,结节性甲状腺肿24例,桥本甲状腺炎6例,甲状腺功能亢进7例,甲状腺癌3例。行甲状腺肿块切除33例,甲状腺次全切除38例,甲状腺腺叶切除18例,行颈中央区淋巴结清扫9例。结果腔镜下成功完成手术85例,4例中转开放手术,术后2～4d拔除引流管。平均手术时间(83&#177;36.7)min,平均术中出血量(42&#177;21.9)mL,平均术后住院(3.5&#177;1.1)d。术后并发症3例,其中2例喉返神经损伤,1例低血钙。术后随访4～47个月,4例复发。结论经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术安全,可行,美容效果满意,对合适的病例可以常规应用。     

腔镜下甲状腺手术并发症的防治体会

目的探讨腔镜下甲状腺手术并发症的特点及防治方法。方法回顾性分析105例腔镜下甲状腺手术的临床效果和并发症发生情况。结果105例平均手术时间85min,因出血转开放手术5例,因术中病理为乳头状癌转开放手术11例。术后皮下淤血5例,皮下气肿10例,颈部及胸前皮肤发紧不适7例,甲状旁腺损伤2例。105例均无喉上、喉返神经损伤。结论在严格控制手术适应证的前提下,熟练细致的腔镜操作技巧,熟悉甲状腺的解剖结构,术后并发症的及时、妥善处理,可以减少和预防并发症的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.